TAGBILARAN CITY COLLEGE

College of Tourism Management

Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course Code TMEL2 Instructor Crishaprill P. Estosata

Eco-Tourism
Course Title Management Email cestosata.tcc@gmail.com

Course Credits 3 Contact 0948-192-8297

Number
Course Tourism Consultation
Classification Management Core Hours
Consultation
Pre-Requisite(s) none Venue Registrar’s Office

Learning Module 4: The Principles of Ecotourism

Duration of Delivery: March 14, 2022

Due Date of Deliverables: April 18, 2022

Intended Learning Outcomes:

• Discuss each of the concept of Ecotourism.

• Narrate the principles of Ecotourism.
• Identify the variety of benefits of Ecotourism.
• Explain the guidelines of Ecotourism.
 Module 4
Ecotourism Management

THE PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM

Ecotourism refers to various principles and dimensions indicating natural and cultural
environments and social well-being of humans. The origin of the term “ecotourism” is not
exactly known. Hetzer was considered to be the first to use this term. Ecotourism is essentially
all about bringing nature/wildlife conservationists, local communities, and the responsible travel
industry together to ensure development focused on long-term sustainability rather than short-
term profits. Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to
include all plants, fungi, and other organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being
introduced by humans. Ecotourism is about responsible travel to natural areas that promote
conservation, bring harmony among communities, sustains wellbeing of local people. People
who implement and participate in ecotourism activities should adopt the following ecotourism
principles:

• Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts.

• Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.
• Provide positive experiences for both visitors and local people
• Provide direct financial benefits for environmental conservation
• Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry.
• Deliver memorable interpretative experiences to visitors that help raise sensitivity to host
countries’ political, environmental, and social climates.
• Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities.

Concept of Ecotourism
Now let’s discuss each Concepts of Ecotourism:

1. Sustainability
Ecotourism satisfies the objective of sustainability. While visiting the eco-sensitive areas
ecological balance is maintained.
2. Public Involvement
Ecotourism, whether tourism is included. Whether tourism helps the area of that region to
develop because of tourism, it has a sensitive effect on the community. The local people
should generate profit from the resources which they wish to share among the tourism.
3. Conservation
Ecotourism, conservation plays a vital role, the protection of forest areas is must. The flora
and fauna habitat should be reserved, and no human intervention should be allowed. Care
must be taken while visiting such areas the species should be allowed to survive and
thrive.
4. Education
Ecotourism, it should be necessary to educate the people about environment. The
educational program should be conducted among the people to make them understand
the importance to preserve the natural resources as well as their culture.
5. Green Efforts
Ecotourism consists of green. hotels. It is also popularly known as ecotels. Such hotels
used recycled water. They also do the conservation of energy. Thus, this helps in
conserving the valuable natural resources.

The first of these was held to be the most distinguishing characteristic of ecotourism. The concept
of ecotourism was addressed in Miller’s work on national park planning for eco-development in
Latin America and in the document produced by Environment Canada in relation to as set of road-
based ecotourism it developed from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. Ecotourism was developed
‘within the womb of the environmental movement’ in the 1970s and 1980s.

The word ecotourism became a buzzword in the early 1990s but so many people used it in so
many different ways that it has become virtually meaningless. Ecotourism has also been defined
variously as “an economic process where rare and beautiful ecosystems are marketed”, or as
“tourism with a specific motive of enjoying wildlife and underdeveloped natural area” or a
“purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of the environment
taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem”.

These definitions show two-specific trends – consumer item and satisfying experience.
Ecotourism then is an environment friendly activity as it does not involve consumptive attitude to
nature, it fosters environmental ethics and ensures that eco-tourist have an inspirational and
emotional satisfaction as it aims at benefiting the wildlife and environment and ultimately it
promotes local development and empowers the local communities.

These different conceptual definitions of ecotourism can be summarized as “ecotourism is tourism

and recreation that is both nature-based and sustainable. The nature component is descriptive or
positive because it simply describes the activity location and associated consumer motivations.
The sustainable component is prescriptive or normative because it reflects what people want the
activity to be. Sustainability incorporates environmental, experiential, socio-cultural and economic
dimensions.
VARIETY OF BENEFITS OF ECOTOURISM
Benefits of Ecotourism are follows.

1. Helps in protections of sensitive environmental locations.

Ecotourism helps in protections of sensitive environmental locations. The protection
should be given to the sensitive environmental areas to maintain their unique qualities of
environment. Preservation of nature must maintain ecological balance of
nature. Development should be prohibited near to the forest areas. It thus helps to
maintain biodiversity of the city by preserving environment.

2. Helps in minimizing the environmental impact on the earth.

Ecotourism helps in minimizing the environmental impact on the earth. The conservation
of forest, water, electricity, fuel, coal, etc., should be done. The awareness programs
should be conducted in the tour to make understand the people about importance of
environment.

3. It generates income opportunities for the local people.

Ecotourism helps in generates income opportunities for the local people. Benefits of
tourism help to boast the economy of the country. Tourism offers direct jobs to tourist
guides, agriculture, food, and Hotel ling industry. It helps in improving the standard of the
local people.

4. Helps in learning and understanding cultures of different communities.

Ecotourism helps in learning and understanding cultures of different communities. Its
helps to knowing the different religion and lifestyles of the people.

5. An awareness to conserve environment is created.

Ecotourism creates an awareness to conserve environment. The protection of forest
should be done on the large scale to preserve the nature. Everyone should take initiative
in planting more and more numbers of trees. The flora and fauna should be protected.

6. It helps to get closer to the nature beauty.

Ecotourism helps to get closer to the nature beauty. The trees, mountains, river, gardens,
etc. are created by the universe. The green gardens the salient canyons make the tourist
happy. By spending times in such a nature's beauty tourist gets closer to nature; he starts
preserving things, which are perishable in the nature. Thus, helps in establishing a bond
with the nature.

7. Awareness is created to protect endangered species of the earth.

Ecotourism creates a awareness to protect endangered species of the earth. Awareness
program should be conducted in the tour to educate a tourist, and to our generation about
endangered species. Ecosystem should be protected, which would not only preserve but
also increase the production of endangered species.
GUIDELINES OF ECOTOURISM
Ecotourism sets out guidelines for how tourists should behave when visiting fragile environments:

• Protect the environment - keep to footpaths, don't leave litter, or start fires.
• Don't interfere with wildlife - don't scare or feed the animals.
• Protect resources - don't take too many showers or use air conditioning.
• Support local communities - stay in locally owned accommodation and buy
produce from local people.
• Eat local food and drink - avoid products that have been imported
from MEDCs.
• Respect local customs and traditions - some communities are offended when
tourists wear inappropriate clothes in religious places, strip off on the beach or
behave in a rowdy manner. Locals appreciate tourists who try to learn the
language and show an interest in their culture.

Ecotourism is increasingly popular, and many people appreciate remote locations, small numbers
of tourists and less sophisticated facilities. If a resort becomes overdeveloped, then they will
choose alternative destinations.

The growth of ecotourism has occurred simultaneously with an increased recognition of the need
to implement biodiversity conservation. Ecotourism is increasingly presented as a panacea for
biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Ecotourism places importance on the
natural resources itself attaching to it aesthetic and conservation values rather only recognizing
its consumption worth.

There is no accurate statistical information regarding participation of national and international

tourists in wildlife related activities even though has a wide scope for ecotourism. Tourism is
changing rapidly as nature heritage and recreational destinations become more important
because conventional tourism or other forms of tourism are forced to meet tougher environmental
requirement.

FURTHER READINGS AND REFERENCES

• https://ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism/PrinciplesofEcotourism
• http://articles-junction.blogspot.com/2017/04/principles-characteristics-criteria.html
• https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zphp7hv/revision/2
 TAGBILARAN CITY COLLEGE
College of Tourism Management
Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course Code TMEL2 Instructor Crishaprill P. Estosata

Eco-Tourism
Course Title Management Email cestosata.tcc@gmail.com

Course Credits 3 Contact 0948-192-8297

Number
Course Tourism Consultation
Classification Management Core Hours
Consultation
Pre-Requisite(s) none Venue Registrar’s Office

Learning Module 5: Impacts of Ecotourism

Duration of Delivery: March 14, 2022

Due Date of Deliverables: April 18, 2022

Intended Learning Outcomes:

• Explain the impact of Ecotourism in people and the environment.

• Analyze the positive and negative impact of Ecotourism in terms of people, environment,
political and social.
 Module 5
Ecotourism Management

IMPACTS OF ECOTOURISM
Ideally, ecotourism impacts include life-changing experiences for tourists, increased revenue for
tour operators and guides, local communities and the need for the conservation and management
of biodiversity with healthy environment. The negative impacts could be many if ecotourism is not
undertaken and promoted in environment-friendly manner. Such impacts include degraded
environment, loss of local communities, cultures and traditions, the exploitation of people and the
environment, society, and economy are complex. As the nature-based tourism demand is mainly
for the pristine underrated areas, the pressure on such ecosystem can be quite high. The IUCN
lists tourism as the second major threat to protected areas.
If ecotourism grows rapidly beyond a certain extent several problems can emerge. These can be
environmental problems, cultural and social changes, disruption of the traditional economic
activities, etc. Even the local population may not be willing to tolerate visitors beyond a particular
limit. As any conservation of protected areas for the purpose of tourism entails huge welfare loss
to the society.

Positive impact of ecotourism on people

• Ecotourism can provide local people with employment opportunities, e.g., park
rangers, cooks, and cleaners in lodges. This employment provides an income
which is often higher than they would receive from selling their crops.
• Education is improved as locals are trained as wildlife guides, improving their
family's standard of living and lifestyle.
• Local communities can earn extra income from the creation of handicrafts which
they can sell to tourists.
• Ecotourism fosters respect for local cultures and the environment and increases
the awareness of conservation.
• Teachers who have taken part in ecotourism trips can teach young people to
realize the importance of the principles and practices of ecotourism, promoting
cultural understanding and environmental awareness.

Negative impact of ecotourism on people

• Locals can be exploited in various ways, such as using them for cheap labor.
• Local people lose their traditional way of life as they become accustomed to
'Western' cultures.
• Some locals are used as attractions to enable tourists to get traditional photos
of indigenous people.
 • Many companies who run ecotourism trips profit most, while local people earn very
little money.
• Infrastructure is often only beneficial to tourists, e.g., airports as local people
cannot afford to use it.

Environmental Impacts

Environmental impacts also arise from socio-cultural perspective. If the impacts are negative, tha
local sustainability of ecotourism will be jeopardized. In some areas, residents become sufficiently
unhappy with ecotourism development. Many ecotourism activities involve relatively intense
interaction between greatly differing cultures and these differences may exacerbate the negative
socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism.
Tourism relies on, and greatly impacts, the natural environment in which it operates. In many
cases, the environment is an essential resource that outdoor recreation and ecotourism cannot
exist without. Even though many areas of the world are conserved in the form of parks and
protected areas, tourism development can still have severe negative impacts from misuse,
overuse, and neglect. According to UNEP (2003b), these can include:

• Depletion of natural resources (water, forests, etc.)

• Pollution (air pollution, noise, sewage, waste and littering)
• Physical impacts (construction activities, marina development, trampling, loss of
biodiversity)

The environmental impact of tourism knows no boundaries and can reach outside local areas and
have detrimental effects on the global ecosystem. One example is increased emissions from
necessary tourism elements such as transportation. Air travel for instance, is a major contributor
to climate change.

Positive impact of ecotourism on the environment

• Money spent directly in the local economy helps give financial value to
rainforest preservation.
• The government and local communities can see the importance of ensuring the rainforest
is unspoiled.
• Most tourists are willing to pay for conservation through donations, park entrance fees and
tips for guides.
• Ecotourism can reduce the need to hunt animals for income.
• With ecotourism, income is earned from preserving the rainforest - deforestation is
discouraged, as it is detrimental to income from tourists.
• Money from tourists goes back into the conservation of the area.
Negative impact of ecotourism on the environment
• Ecotourism is now a large industry and there are not enough regulations to control how it
is operated.
• The destruction of local resources to make room for ecotourism is a problem, e.g., trees
felled to make lodges for tourists.
• Natural resources are destroyed to make souvenirs.
• Rare species are hunted down to use as tourist attractions.
• Destruction of natural features, e.g., overused tracks lead to soil erosion and damage to
vegetation.
• There is a real danger of some areas becoming overused.
• Tourist hotels sometimes dump waste into rivers causing water pollution.

Cultural Impacts may arise from commodification of culture in which cultural symbols are treated
as commodities to be bought and sold, changes in group social structure, the way in which lives
are ordered and patterned, changes in cultural knowledge, the body of information possessed
and changes in the way in which cultural property is used and viewed. The social and socio-
physical impacts depend on how tourism is developed, and the impacts may be positive or
negative.

Economic tourism can generate a wide variety of economic benefits such as jobs and economic
costs such as inflation. Disruption tourism can generate crime. Recreation facilities tourism can
increase both the number of recreation facilities and the demand for such facilities. Aesthetic
tourism can contribute to an aesthetically pleasing environment.

As tourism has grown globally, its impacts have also grown having an increasing impact on the
economy and on the environment. Tourism has many global implications because travel is
frequently international including both countries of the north and the south. Tourism is especially
important in developing nations because these nations see it as a way to propel regional economic
growth and, for this reason, strive to maintain or increase their tourist attractions as tourism has
such a beneficial impact in many areas in the economy.

Political Impacts
Political impacts are seen on the tourism rather than tourism impacts on the politics directly. But
indirectly, the governments of the developed countries, from where the well-off tourists come,
influences the governments for a congenial condition to be provided to the visitors. Everyone is
very much concerned about the safe and secure journey to the tourist destination and back to the
origin place. To get to know the visited area as well as fun and enjoyment is the main objective of
tourism. Tourists are for them and hence, they wish to go to those areas which fulfil their
objectives. They do not feel safe and secure at all the places of tourists interest in the world. A
tourism policy gives the direction to the tourism. This policy is a set of rules, regulations,
guidelines, and directives for development and promotion of tourism. It provides a framework with
which the collective and individual decisions affect the tourism development. Government can
create a code of conduct for a tourist. There are some outlooks which encourage tourism and
some create obstacles. Those are:
Negative Political Impacts
There are many negative political impacts on tourism particularly at the destination places.
Important among them are:

• Political instability and conflict at the destination area/country proves to be a hindrance. In

fact, political instability is a condition of a country where the government is unstable or is
being toppled. Sometimes, the government is run by a faction follower of the coup. In such
conditions, law and order is a big problem. Therefore, tourists refrain from visiting such
destinations.

• Sometimes, the governments of the tourist origin countries give a warning or issue
advisory to their citizens not to visit such countries where political instability or conflict
prevails.

• When the tourists are already visiting the country where some political instability comes
in, a warning is issued to the citizens to leave the country at the earliest.

• The unstable government is not able to maintain law and order situation for the citizens of
the country. They may not be able to take proper care of the foreign tourists. Hence, it
becomes a deterrent to tourism.

• Government is the only authority to formulate a policy of any concern. All the policy matters
concerning the tourism are taken care of by the government which in turn affects the
outcome of the policy.

Social Impacts
Because tourism experiences also involve human interaction, certain impacts may
occur. Generally, social impacts in tourism are related to guest-to-host or host-to-guest influences
and changes. Studies of these encounters often relate to the Social Exchange Theory, which
describe how tourists and hosts’ behaviours change as a result of the perceived benefits and
threats they create during interaction (Nunkoo, 2015).

Positive social impacts in tourism include learning about different cultures, increasing tolerance
and inclusion through LGBTQ+ travel, increasing amenities (e.g., parks, recreation facilities),
investment in arts and culture, celebration of Indigenous peoples, and community pride. When
developed conscientiously, tourism can, and does, contribute to a positive quality of life for
residents and a deeper learning and appreciation for tourists.

Unfortunately, tourism also has its shortcomings and is culpable for some detrimental
impacts. However, as identified by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP,
2003a), negative social impacts of tourism can include:

• Change or loss of indigenous identity and values

• Culture clashes
• Physical causes of social stress (increased demand for resources)
• Ethical issues (such as an increase in sex tourism or the exploitation of child workers)
FURTHER READINGS AND REFERENCES

• https://introtourism2e/chapter/1-x-impacts-of-tourism/
• 3GE COLLECTION ON TOURISM: Sustainable Tourism Development, 2019
 TAGBILARAN CITY COLLEGE
College of Tourism Management
Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course Code TMEL2 Instructor Crishaprill P. Estosata

Eco-Tourism
Course Title Management Email cestosata.tcc@gmail.com

Course Credits 3 Contact 0948-192-8297

Number
Course Tourism Consultation
Classification Management Core Hours
Consultation
Pre-Requisite(s) none Venue Registrar’s Office

Learning Module 6: Economic & Socio-Cultural Impact

Duration of Delivery: March 14, 2022

Due Date of Deliverables: April 18, 2022

Intended Learning Outcomes:

• Analyze the economic impact and Socio-Cultural impact of Ecotourism

• Discuss the positive and negative impact of economic and socio-cultural in Ecotourism.
 Module 6
Ecotourism Management

ECONOMIC IMPACTS
The importance of the economics of this sector could be judged by the number of people involved
in it as well the income generated. Directly or indirectly, large number of people are involved in
the tourism sector. It includes areas like transportation, accommodation, food, ticketing, guiding,
boating, rafting, trekking, maintenance of the tourist sites etc. Host provides all required services
and facilities to the guests. The guest pays for all these services. Hence, the tourism generates
considerable benefits for the people of the origin place of the tourist as well as people on
destinations. By developing the infrastructures in various tourism related activities enables. better
movement facilities from one place to another for both incoming or outgoing tourists. One of the
primary motives for developing a country like ours is to promote tourism destinations for foreign
tourists. It helps to get the foreign exchange. A good amount of foreign reserve helps to maintain
a country’s balance of trade. Apart from the balance of trade in the country, it also generates
employment opportunities for the unemployed youth. In this way they get their livelihood and the
income is generated for their survival and well being. But tourism is not all the time very good for
the economy; it has a negative impact as well. Let us see them one by one:

Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism

There are many negative impacts on the economy of destination of the tourist particularly in the
less economically developed countries (LEDC) or developing countries due to tourism. Some of
them are:

• There are many hidden costs of tourism which have an adverse effects on economy on
the destination countries. Most of the time, richer countries are better profited than the
poor countries. Many consumable products like food and drinks have to be imported by
host countries which are poor or developing. This is because local products are of inferior
quality. Thus, the profits go to the developed countries from where they are imported.
• In all-inclusive package tours, almost two-third of the expenditure goes to the airline,
hotels and other international companies and not to local businesses or workers.
• In all-inclusive package tours, tourists generally remain for their entire stay at the same
cruise ship or resort, which provides everything they need. There is no option left for
making profit to the local economy.
• In poor and developing destinations, the money is used to develop the infrastructures for
tourism by government. But the profit is exported to other developed countries when
overseas investors finance resorts and hotels.
• More and more demand for basic services and goods by the tourists lead to the price hike
in the destination nation. It negatively affects local people whose income does not increase
in that proportion.
• Development of tourism in destination nation increases the value of services and land.
Thus, basic needs of the people of that place becomes very difficult to meet.
 • Many countries do not support tourism because of the seasonality or harsh climatic
conditions. During the tourist season, the local people get some employment opportunity,
but there is no guarantee that they would get the same in the next season. Therefore, they
are insecure in getting their livelihood.
• People are displaced to construct airports, resorts, hotels, nature reserves, historical and
other attraction sites, and other tourism development projects.

Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism

There are many positive impacts on the economy of the local area of destination of the tourist
particularly in the less economically developed countries or developing countries due to tourism.
Some of them are:

• Expenditure incurred for the purpose of encouraging tourism generates income in the host
countries. This in turn increases the growth in the other allied economic sectors.
• As mentioned above, attracting foreign tourists to a host country fetches foreign currency.
This is a very good sign of having good international trading capacity.
• Government of a host country generates the revenue as taxes on the income from tourism
employment, business, and entry fee at various tourist sites/ monuments also through toll
taxes etc.
• Many items needed by the tourists are imported from other countries. When Government
levies import duty it gets financial benefits.
• Quickly growing national and international tourism has created significant employment
opportunities. It has piloted better economic status of the people involved in tourism,
directly or indirectly through hotels, restaurants, guides, nightclubs, taxies, local crafts,
paintings, local cultural products etc.
• Tourism motivates the government to invest more on many types of infrastructures leading
to better facilities for tourists as well as for the local people.
• Tourism also promotes local people by giving opportunities to get the livelihood in informal
sectors like street vendors, rickshaw pullers, tea/coffee stalls, magazine corners, shops
with packed food items etc.
• Employment in Informal sector pumps the money into the local economy. It has rippling
effects by investing and generating more income simultaneously for those people.

SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS

Society is a community or broad grouping of people living in a certain area that has common
traditions, institutions, activities and interests. In fact, society is a system of relationship of people
who share some sense of common identity. It may be small like a family/ locality or large as whole
of the nation. Culture is the practices of that society which binds people of the society together. It
includes manners, morals, beliefs, behaviour, values and norms.
A good manner is socially acceptable way of relationship. It includes respect, care and
consideration for others. Morality is a set of rules, principles and duties applicable to a group of
people or a society which is generally independent of religion. Belief is the foundation of attitude.
Attitude determines the outlook and thinking process of an individual and the society. Behaviour
is the way in which an individual or a member of the society behaves or acts. It is viewed with
reference to phenomena, incident or an action. It is, therefore, a response of the member. Norms
are the formal rules of the society. It regulates the members of the community, group or society
in maintaining harmony. Values are those ideals that a society holds above all, like honesty,
respect, faithfulness. These values are the building blocks of norms. These are certain basic rules
of social interaction and conduct of the people of the society.
When more and more people come from far flung places and interact with local residents of any
area, the social and cultural impacts are bound to take place.
Due to interaction, changes are observed in altering value system, behaviour, including losing
ones indigenous identity. Deviations are seen in community structure, family relationships,
collective traditional lifestyle, ceremonies and morality. Apart from this, some positive impacts are
also observed. They are as follows:

Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts

There are many negative social-cultural impact of tourism particularly at the destination places.
Important among them are:

• It reduces the bonding of family structure and promotes nuclear family norms.
• It encourages urbanisation emigration. z Friction and resentment with tourists happens
due to overcrowding and lack of recreational facilities for the local people.
• Drug abuse and prostitution are on rise at the certain tourist places.
• Commercial sexual exploitation of children and young women has increased with the
growing tourism industry in many parts of the world. Children are trafficked into brothel
houses and sold into sex slavery market.
• Misbehaviour and rape of foreign tourists hampers tourism.
• The tourists are welcomed in traditional style at certain places and hotels/ airports.
Sometimes, it leads to commercialisation of the traditional welcome and hospitality
norms, making a mockery.
• Intermingling with the people of various cultural groups leads to loss of the culture of the
destination area. Later on, it leads to crisis of cultural identity.
• Tourists are well off in comparison to the local unskilled people. Thus it leads to the greed
of the local people to extort money and equipment of the tourists. Greed of this kind leads
to crime committed by the local people.
• Moral conduct of the local people is deteriorating particularly when local youth try to
imitate foreigners. They try to adopt the habits of tourists by indulging in smoking, drinking
and gambling etc.
• Violation and breaking of local norms and customs by foreign tourists lead to the conflict
between host and guest.
• Erosion of local language and dialect in terms of the purity and mixture of the language
is on rise.
 • Cultural clashes are taking place because of the differences in cultures, ethnicity, religion,
values, behaviour, life-style, and level of prosperity.
• Many tourists come from different societies with varying life-style. They seek pleasure of
every kind, spend more money and sometime behave very arrogantly which may not be
acceptable even in their own society from where they are coming.
• There is a growing distinction between ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ especially in economically
less developed countries. It creates socio-cultural tensions.
• Due to carelessness and ignorance, tourists often fail to respect local customs and moral
values. This causes irritation among local people.

Positive Socio-Cultural Impacts

There are positive social-cultural impacts of tourism also particularly at the destination places.
Some of them are:

• Tourism provides an appropriate opportunity to get acquainted with people of many

cultural groups from national and international origins.
• Tourism has a component of education. Through education tourism promotes
understanding between peoples of two or more cultural groups together. It offers cultural
exchange between hosts and guests.
• Because of cultural exchange, people develop mutual sympathy and understanding about
each other and thus it reduces their prejudices.
• Finally, sympathy and understanding could lead to decrease tension between the two
communities/nations. In this way, peace and good relationship would prevail.
• Tourism supports the development of community facilities and services. These facilities
and services are also used by local people, thus leading to better living condition.
• Tourism creates awareness about the importance and value of natural, cultural,
archaeological or historical sites. It stimulates a feeling of pride in local and national
heritage. This leads to the consciousness of them.
• Tourists are interested in buying many arts and crafts of a particular area/ nation as a
souvenir to take back with them. Monetary gain to the residents through sale of souvenirs
helps keep these arts and crafts alive for ever.
• Festivals organised in certain parts of the year are very enthusiastically observed by
tourists. It encourages people to keep the local culture alive even if the local youth are well
educated and have broader look and understanding.

FURTHER READINGS AND REFERENCES

• https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/tourism_337_courseE/337_Tourism_Eng/337_Touris
m_Eng_L3.pdf
• 3GE COLLECTION ON TOURISM: Sustainable Tourism Development, 2019