NEIGHBOURHOOD

Geographically localized community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighborhoods are
often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. . Researchers have
not agreed on an exact definition, but the following may serve as a starting point: "Neighbourhood is
generally defined spatially as a specific geographic area and functionally as a set of social networks.
◦ A neighborhood is a early diagrammatic planning model for residential development in
metropolitan areas.
◦ Geographically localized community within a larger city, town , suburb or rural area .
◦ Neighborhoods are often social communities with considerable , face to face interactions occurs
the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realise common values , socialize
youth and maintain effective social control
◦ Neighborhood is generally defined spatially as a specific geographic area and functionally as a
set of social networks
◦ A growing body of research is illuminating the connection between patterns of neighbourhood
development and the sustainability of our region. The mix of land uses, density of development,
and arrangement of streets describe a neighbourhood development pattern.

PATTERNS OF NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE IN HISTORY

◦ A neighbourhood is a early diagrammatic planning model for residential development in
metropolitan areas.
◦ Geographically localized community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area.
◦ Neighborhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to- face interactions
occurs- the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realize common values,
socialize youth, and maintain effective social control
◦ Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as a specific geographic area and functionally as a
set of social networks.
◦ Early cities Neighbourhood structure present with kuti for teaching student, primary health
post(baidya) and facilities of road, drain and water supply. There was a evidence of
Neighbourhood structure within the Indus vally civilization containing the pattern of city
planning in the form of pedestrian street with drainage, water supply facilities with multiple
storied building.

NEIGHBOURHOOD STRUCTURE PALEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT

◦ Settlement in the forms of caves and pits within the tribal communities. • Absence of
Neighbourhood structure. Neolithic settlement • Rural settlements, clustered or scattered
communities, pit dwellings, houses on piles and lakes, long houses with 50-100 clan units
forming cluster groups. • Population: 2-3 thousands people • Absence of Neighbourhood
structure, though it contains city with settlement.

INDUSTRIAL PERIOD OR MODERN PERIOD

◦ .The history plays an important role to have a change in the socities. The beginning of the 20th
century saw the first description of the local community as being a natural agglomeration. In
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 1915, Park described these groupings as the results of the competition for land use between
various businesses and groups of populations existing without formal organization. .
◦ A neighbourhood is often considered to be a living area as well as a place of work and a family
environment. One will find people interacting for utility (grocery stores, medical clinics, schools,
recreational parks, etc.), support or mutual aid (exchanges of services), or for pure socialization
(the need to create bonds between individuals).

HISTORIC NEIGHBOURHOOD
◦ Neighborhood size has been defined throughout planning history. • The neighborhood is the
planning unit for a town. • In the words of the urban scholar Lewis Mumford,

“Neighbourhoods, in permanent family dwellings; and many of the functions of the city tend to
be distributed naturally—that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political direction into
neighbourhoods.” • Clarence Perry defines the neighborhood as a component of a town and
defines its size based upon a five-minute walking radius. The radius is measured from the center,
and the center holds the cultural uses such as a school.

NEIGHBORHOOD PATTERN
◦ RURAL PATTERN
The Rural pattern arises when urban expansion encourages the removal of land from the edges of
agricultural areas for development as acreage homes. A discontinuous network, created through
infilling the existing wide-spaced agricultural road grid, characterizes the street system. Shops
and services are in distant malls and big-box malls along major streets. These streets may have
sidewalks but often no street trees, and have many lanes to move traffic quickly. Residential
streets are narrow with a crushed stone edge and swale instead of curb and gutter, and have no
street trees or sidewalks.
◦ VILLAGE PATTERN
The Village Pattern is a compact, urbanized area bounded by natural or agricultural land. Streets
are arranged in an interconnected grid. There is one major street at the centre of the
neighbourhood where cafes, shops and services are usually located. Sidewalks and street trees
also line the main street. Residential streets are typically narrow with a gravel edge and swale
instead of curb and gutter, but often have no street trees or sidewalks. Although the population is
grouped in the village core, the required band of undeveloped land results in a low overall
density of 618.6 people per square kilometre. At such a low density only 24.3% of residents are
within a 5-minute walk of daily destinations.

AUTO ORIENTED PATTERN

The Auto Oriented Pattern is laid out in a dendritic, or branching, street system. Houses front
onto residential streets that feed into collector streets, which feed into major streets located at
wide intervals. Major streets have sidewalks but often no street trees and are designed to move
many lanes of traffic quickly. Local streets are wide and often have neither sidewalks nor street
trees. Many local streets are dead-ended, which minimizes local traffic, but can interrupt the
district wide flow of auto, foot and bike traffic. The Auto Oriented Pattern has a greater mix of
housing types, which can meet the needs of a wider range of families (72.8% of benchmark), but
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 few Georgia Basin households could afford Auto Oriented single family homes (18%). The
housing alternatives, however, are more equitably priced, making the Auto-Oriented Pattern
overall affordable to 34.3% of families.

LANDSCAPE ORIENTED
This neighbourhood pattern is based on the interconnected street system and adapts to fit the
shape of stream corridors, parks, and steep slopes. This modified network of streets balances
sensitivity to landscape features with connectivity. Streets in this neighbourhood are pedestrian
friendly. Major streets have a central, tree-lined boulevard. Trees and sidewalks line both sides
of the street. Local streets are narrow with street trees and sidewalks on both sides. Auto access
to houses is usually via a back lane rather than a front driveway. By occasionally breaking the
grid in deference to landform, the modified street network creates unusual block shapes and
causes inefficiencies in lot configuration.

INTRODUCTION
Neighborhood planning is a right for communities to shape the way their local area is developed
through the use of Neighborhood Development Plans.
2. Introduced through the Localism Act 2011, Neighborhood Development Plans become part of the
wider Local Plan and are used to determine the outcome of planning applications.
3. Neighborhood Plans allow communities to have more influence and control over their local area
to ensure they get the right type of development for their neighborhood. However they cannot
influence or block development set out previously by the Local Plan.
4. Neighborhood Plans are led and produced by an authorised local community organisation such as
a parish or town council, or where one does not exist a Neighborhood Forum may be designated.
Neighborhood planning is a form of urban planning through which professional urban planners and
communities seek to shape new and existing neighborhoods. It can denote the process of creating a
physical neighborhood plan, for example via participatory planning, or an ongoing process through
which neighborhood affairs are decided.[1]
The concept of the neighborhood as a spatial unit has a long and contested history.[2][3] In
1915, Robert E. Park and E. W. Burgess introduced the idea of "neighborhood" as an ecological
concept with urban planning implications. Since then, many concepts and ideas of a neighborhood
have emerged,[4] including the influential concept of the neighborhood unit. The history of
neighborhood planning in the United States extends over a century.[5] City planners have used this
process to combat a range a social problems such as community disintegration, economic
marginalization, and environmental degradation.[6] The concept was partially employed during the
development of new towns in the United Kingdom. The process has been revived as a form of
community-led planning in England under the Localism Act 2011.

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 HOUSING PROBLEMS IN CITIES
In large urban centres poor housing conditions often manifest in the high proportions of people living in
one room and paying exorbitant rents. This is physical overcrowding, which is a determinant of two
major types of problems, namely, a health hazard and harmful social behaviour.
BENEFITS
 It can protect areas from types of change (such as too much of one type of business)
 It can include policies to influence new building design, or alterations to existing buildings.
 It can protect or propose the creation of open spaces (Green Gaps, Nature reserves / wildlife
corridors, allotments, sports pitches, play areas, parks and gardens, and important historic assets)
 It enables the local community to retain more of the money collected from development, to spend on
local projects.
 It gives us, the residents the of Sandbach more say and control over our community
 It enables us to ensure we protect the things we value the most
 It enables to manage change effectively and ensure they benefit our community.
 It allows us to encourage developers build what we believe our community needs and wants. (such
greater numbers of affordable houses, developments more suited to elderly residents)
 It can say where and what type of development should happen (new housing, or for businesses).

PROCESS OF NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING

There is no set process for neighborhood planning. In some cases, such as statutory neighbourhood
planning in England, regulations establish formal steps in the process such as being designated by
the Local Planning Authority. The following six steps are typical of a general neighborhood planning
process:

1. Defining the neighborhood boundaries

2. Public engagement and consultation

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 3. Evidence collection
4. Plan-writing
5. Implementation
6. Evaluation and monitoring
The first step in planning for a neighborhood is to define the boundaries of the neighborhood.
Neighborhoods can be difficult to define geographically, although neighborhood planning can work
with all scales of area, from urban neighborhoods to rural areas. The process of defining boundaries can
sometimes be problematic, for example if some areas do not want certain streets or houses to be
included within a neighborhood boundary. More than one neighborhood district may attempt to claim a
certain street or group of homes. Less problematic neighborhood boundary definitions are sometimes
based on existing natural boundaries such as rivers, existing administrative boundaries, or based
on census information.
After the boundaries of the plan are established, those leading the plan should decide how to get the
wider neighborhood involved with the planning process. To define the goals of the plan, public
participation of local residents and stakeholders is often considered central. A city official may do all of
the planning with minimal contact or input from the residents or the plan may undertaken by a self-
selected group of residents who do not seek or else ignore input from others in the neighborhood.
However it typically assumed that the involvement of as many residents as possible is desirable, or the
outcome may lack critical information and perspectives and thus not fully represent the desires of the
neighborhood residents.
Many strategies may be used to involve neighborhood residents in the planning process and outreach
methods may be used to generate interest. Planners can involve neighbors by collecting data and
information about the area and how the residents use it. Community development practitioners are often
asked to assist with consultation as they can act as an independent facilitator to engagement. Planners
can then combine the information they have gathered from residents with other evidence at their
disposal. This might include retail or employment surveys, demographic data or housing needs
assessments.
Once data from community consultation and evidence collection have been collated, a neighbourhood
plan can be drafted. Successful neighbourhood plans typically seek to deliver community wishes in
ways that are supported by the underpinning evidence. This may be achieved by generating policy
alternatives before consulting again with the wider community to decide among them. The next step is
to figure out how to implement the plan the committee has created. This requires the planning
committee to decide what actions need to take place effectively implement the plan. The committee
must decide what resources are available, and how to create more available resources.
The final step of neighborhood planning is generally considered to be evaluating and monitoring.
Planning and sustaining a functional neighborhood involves iterations of work and decision-making, and
so plans may also be revised or replaced by a new plan.
KEY FEATURES
o Safety
o Liveable
o Eco-friendly
o Affordability
o Walkability
o A vibrant street life
PRINCIPLES
1. Adequate space for street and efficient street network.
2. High density.
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3. Mixed land use.
4. Social mix.
5. Limited land-use specialization.
OBJECTIVES OF THE PRINCIPLES
 Promote high density urban growth, alleviate urban sprawl and maximize land efficiency.
 — Promote sustainable, diversified, socially equal and thriving communities in economically
viable ways.
 — Encourage walkable neighborhoods and reduce car dependency.
 — Optimise use of land and provide an interconnected network of streets which facilitate safe,
efficient and pleasant walking, cycling and driving.
 — Foster local employment, local production and local consumption.
 — Provide a variety of lot sizes and housing types to cater for the diverse housing needs of the
community, at densities which can ultimately support the provision of local services.

CONCLUSION
I. NEIGHBORHOOD PLANNING is quickly becoming a high priority for the city planning
departments and even human service providers.
II. Neighborhood planning is effective and provide inspire to those creative strategies that can
increase the residents in charting out their shared future.
III. It’s a vision of a better future.
The Neighbourhood Planning in India: A Case Study of Magarpatta City
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 I. INTRODUCTION
Neighbourhood is basically an American idea. Neighbourhood area may be seen as
specific area to provide all the functional necessity of people. Planning of neighbourhood
unit affects our daily lives. It also determines which facilities are available locally and
how far we go to the travel and much about our opportunities for interacting with our
neighbours. The neighborhood unit concept may be a residential plan show credited to
Clarence A. Perry for a neighborhood population of almost 5,000–9,000 residents, with
school, places of revere, and recreational regions at its middle. Commercial employments
were consigned to the edge of the neighborhood along arterial roads which characterized
the boundaries of the neighborhood. People were able to move openly along insides
curvilinear roads without obstructions from high-speed vehicular activity. The model
utilizing curvilinear lanes, emphasized a break with the conventional neighbourhood
grid-pattern road system of the early 1900s. Through his show, Perry trusted to
encourage social interaction and cohesion among inhabitants living within the
characterized neighbourhood. Arnold Whittick (1974) describes neighbourhood unit as
an integrated, and planned urban area related to the larger community of which it is a
part, and consisting of residential districts, a school or schools, shopping facilities,
religious buildings, open spaces, and perhaps a degree of service industry.
II. CONCEPTION OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT Clarence A. Perry suggested an
ideal neighborhood plan and guidelines for neighbourhood unit. It is an early
diagrammatic arranging show for private improvement in metropolitan area. He
described the neighbourhood unit as an area in need of an elementary school with 1,000
and 1,200 students. 160 acres of land of arrive with 5,000 to 9,000 people was suggested
to form a private neighbourhood unit. Centre the school within the neighborhood so that
a child's walk to school was only about one-quarter of a mile and no more than one half
mile and might be accomplished without crossing a major arterial street.
The concept engendered by Clarence A. Perry was carried forward by a few others with
certain varieties. the neighbourhood idea of Clarence Stein and Henry Wright,
exemplified in their plan for Radburn, New Jersey. The plan of the Radburn
neighborhood model was in essence a various leveled one comprising four levels. -
enclave, block and super block. The essential component was an enclave of twenty or so
houses. These houses were exhibited in a U-formation approximately a short vehicular
road called a lane, really a cul de-sac court with get to person garages. Three or more of
these enclaves were lined together to create a block (Usually four in number). A
superblock consists of several clustered 5 blocks together with the central parkway.

REFERENCES https://www.google.com/search?
q=HOUSING+PROBLEMS+OF+CITIES&oq=HOUSING+PROBLEMS+OF+CITIES&aqs=chrome..6
9i57j0i390l3.13986j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
http://www.sandbachneighbourhoodplan.org.uk/benefits/
https://www.slideshare.net/SatyamRai14/neighbourhood-development-strategy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_planning
https://www.wigan.gov.uk/Council/Strategies-Plans-and-Policies/Planning/Neighbourhood-
plan/What-is-neighbourhood-planning.aspx
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http://www.sandbachneighbourhoodplan.org.uk/benefits/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_planning