Writing a literature review on flooding in Nigeria can be a challenging task.

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Risk of catastrophic losses due to flooding is significant given deforestation and the increasing
proximity of large populations to coastal areas, river basins and lakeshores. In 2012, water flowing in
from the Lagdo dam was blamed for 30 deaths in Nigeria. The result revealed that the 2012 floods
were mostly caused by heavy rainfall and anthropogenic activities such as construction on flood
plains. A sample size of 400 respondents was drawn from flood prone areas of the town and the data
was analyzed using descriptive statistics and a modified 4-point Likert Scale Rating System.
Recently, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto, and other parts of the country have been affected by
flooding chasing the inhabitants away and so many places. The final list included 2,678 events
reported by EM-DAT and 2,910 reported by DFO; 1,496 events were reported by both sources
yielding a total of 4,093 flood events affecting human populations. Alexander Decker Impact of
flooding on riverine communities Impact of flooding on riverine communities Alexander Decker
Country report of Cambodia Disaster Management Country report of Cambodia Disaster
Management Thanh Nguy?n Evaluation of the causes and effects of flood in apete, ido local
government. There have been several laws enacted to control flooding; agencies have been created to
prevent and manage flood disasters. The Human Impact of Floods: a Historical Review of Events
1980-2009 and Systematic Literature Review. There was an association between deaths and material
losses, close to half of flood events occurred in summer months, and 37% of deaths in the Black Sea
region. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Finally, comparisons of the
effectiveness of different policies and mitigation strategies can inform future strategy and policy
actions and ensure they are appropriate in specific contexts. The risks posed by future flood events
are significant given population growth, proximities of populations to coastlines, expanded
development of coastal areas and flood plains, environmental degradation and climate change 12. A
slight decrease in the average number of fatalities per event was observed which is in keeping with
broader natural disaster trends that show an increase in the size of the affected population and a
decrease in the average number of deaths per event 4. The framework is currently being tested to
assess various dimensions of vulnerability drivers in three urban communities in Ibadan metropolis,
the third largest city in Nigeria, focusing more on flood risk perceptions and behaviour of the risk
bearers. We recommend, among others that for sustainable development. The primary cause of flood-
related mortality was drowning. It's like a masterclass to be explored at your own pace. The majority
of flood-related deaths are concentrated in less developed and heavily populated countries, with
Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region experiencing the highest risk of flood-related deaths.
Inconsistencies and errors were common in data files from different sources, and in some cases
inclusion criteria were not ideal for the purposes of this review, which created a challenge in
reconciling event lists. In addition, we carried out a latent class cluster analysis aimed at identifying
the different groups present among the interviewees. The availability and quality of data has likely
increased and improved over time and the use multiple data sources increased reporting. To estimate
the total number of injuries due to flood events, it was presumed that injuries would occur in events
where deaths were reported. Your input will allow us to better serve the needs of the DRR
community. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 2008; 1: 43-56. FitzGerald G, Du W, Jamal A, et al.
Data were sourced from both primary and secondary sources through field survey. 91 Questionnaires
were purposively administered on the respondents. A total of 3,687 articles were retained for full
article review. Flooding induced by the effects of these natural causes have also been seen to cause
serious damage to people, damage of buildings, destruction of properties, health challenges,
reduction of the aesthetic beauty of the environment, increase in poverty level and death. Geneva:
UNISDR, 2008. Haque C. Perspectives of natural disasters in East and South Asia and the Pacific
Island States: socioeconomic correlates and needs assessment. To browse Academia.edu and the
wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
Causes of injuries included falls (16), near-drowning (1) and other (10). Again, findings show that
majority of the residents(48.7%) are aware that they are staying in areas rated to be at high risk of
flooding, but have remained in the area mainly because they don’t have an alternative. Floods are
also the most frequent natural disasters, affecting over 2.8 billion people in the world and causing
over 200 000 deaths over the past three decades. One prominent feature about it is that flooding does
not discriminate, but marginalizes whosoever refuses to prepare for its occurrence. Recently, Usman
Danfodio University, Sokoto, and other parts of the country have been affected by flooding chasing
the inhabitants away and so many places. Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and
Engineering Sciences (Series A), 2005; 363(1831):1271-1291. Since World War II, landslide has
exceeded flood mortality and is comparable to earthquake mortality. Pre-warning of the flood event
was generally lacking among flood area residents as only 8% of respondents indicated pre-warning,
which was based on personal observations. Bivariate tests for associations between flood mortality
and the following characteristics were performed using ? 2 (categorical measures) and ANOVA
(continuous measures): decade, region (defined by the World Health Organization (WHO)), income
level (World Bank), gross domestic product (GDP), GINI (measure of income inequality), and flood
magnitude. Flooding specifically related to hurricane storm surge and tsunamis were excluded. To
browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to
upgrade your browser. This was achieved by means of questionnaire survey administered to 248
flood area residents. To ensure consistent interpretation of inclusion criteria, percent agreement was
assessed across reviewers for a small sample of articles, and title screening began after 80%
agreement on inclusion was achieved. Issuu turns PDFs and other files into interactive flipbooks and
engaging content for every channel. In addition, the number affected, homeless, and total affected
(sum of injured, homeless, and affected) were reported by EM-DAT. Teams Enable groups of users
to work together to streamline your digital publishing. Download Free PDF View PDF Water Flood
Disaster Risk Perception and Urban Households’ Flood Disaster Preparedness: The Case of Accra
Metropolis in Ghana Dingde Xu Flood disaster has gained global attention due to the huge impact it
has on human lives, economies, and sustainable environments. Future research on the human impacts
of floods should focus on these less developed settings, most notably Asia where flood deaths are
concentrated, with the aim of identifying the most at-risk and vulnerable population sub-groups to
better target early warning and preparedness efforts. Statistical Bulletin of the Metropolitan Life
Insurance Company. 1974; 55:4-7. Avakyan AB and Istomina MN. And there's evidence to suggest
increasing rainfall over time. It uses participatory and mixed method approaches to socially construct
vulnerability of populations at risk. Despite huge roles attributed proper and constant management of
soil fertility, proper consideration and adequate attention were not given to it by farmers and there is
lack or no awareness from government to sensitization. There was great variation in the number of
events reported annually between EM-DAT (range 35-213) and DFO (42-235) (Figure 2). There was
an association between deaths and material losses, close to half of flood events occurred in summer
months, and 37% of deaths in the Black Sea region. Keywords: Flood, Natural disaster, property,
risk management, environmental policy. Social Posts Create on-brand social posts and Articles in
minutes. Both older and younger population sub-groups also face an increased mortality risk. This is
one of five reviews on the human impact of natural disasters. While the prevailing notion is that
women and children are more vulnerable in disasters 50, there is a paucity of research in less
developed countries where the majority of flood deaths occur. Impact of power outages on
developing countries evidence from rural household.
Between 1980 and 2009 there were an estimated 539,811 deaths (range 510,941 -568,584) and
361,974 injuries attributed to floods; a total of nearly 2.8 billion people were affected by floods
during this timeframe. Articles Get discovered by sharing your best content as bite-sized articles.
Soil sample was collected from Science Laboratory Technology farm at 15 cm depth with the aid of
soil auger. Hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities of anambra state. Future
floods If the impact of flooding is to be reduced in the future, the consequences of rapid
urbanisation and poor urban planning need to be addressed. Human Development Reports. (2009).
Available at: Accessed May 18, 2010. Also, awareness of flood risk was observed to discriminate the
most between the two groups of adopters and nonadopters of flood preventive and management
measures (proxy for disaster preparedness), followed by flood risk perception, age, location and
household size.Contribution: The study suggests an integrated approach (a combination of
preventive, protective and control. Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties
Rental Value in Ka. The human security index was used to determine the time a household will need
to recover from property damage. This year floods have killed almost 200 people with many
thousands displaced. The paper made some policy recommendations on mitigation of climate change
vulnerability.”. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers Jamba:
Journal of Disaster Risk Studies Flood risk perception, disaster preparedness and response in flood-
prone urban communities of Rivers State Olanrewaju Lawal Rapid urbanisation is contributing to
increasing societal vulnerability to disaster. Findings with respect to age-related vulnerability were
inconsistent. Evaluation of flood and landslide risk to the population of Italy. Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers: Water, Maritime and Energy. 2000;142(1):3-8. Graham W. A
procedure for estimating loss of life caused by dam failure. Loss of life caused by the flooding of
New Orleans after Hurrican Katrina: Analysis of the relationship between flood characteristics and
mortality. Morbidity surveillance following the Midwest flood--Missouri, 1993. MMWR. 1993;
42(41):97-798. Flood mortality was affected by severity of flood impacts and warning and
evacuation. Further, it critically evaluates the disaster management framew. Consistent definitions
and categorization of events across sources such as that initiated by EM-DAT in 2007 would be
useful for streamlining future analysis and comparing the impacts of different types of flood events.
Cumulatively, drowning accounted for 75% of deaths; other causes of death included falls,
electrocution, heart attack, hypothermia, trauma, snake bites, and carbon monoxide poisoning.
Environmental impact of flooding on kosofe local government area of lagos sta. Video Say more by
seamlessly including video within your publication. Future research on the human impacts of floods
should focus on these less developed settings, most notably Asia where flood deaths are
concentrated, with the aim of identifying the most at-risk and vulnerable population sub-groups to
better target early warning and preparedness efforts. Risk perception is an aspect of the social
construction of risk, the understanding of which is important in managing risks. Keywords:Flooding,
Perception, Risk, Household, Preparedness, Makurdi. Uju Ezenekwe Download Free PDF View PDF
RELATED TOPICS Nigeria Floods Rivers state See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog
People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. Published 27 September 2018 Share close panel Share
page Copy link About sharing Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Lokoja, where the Niger
and Benue rivers meet By Reality Check team BBC News Heavy seasonal rains are a regular feature
of life in Nigeria and towns close to the country's main rivers are particularly vulnerable. A Brief
Survey on Impact of Flood on Children, Water Sanitation and Hygiene i. In 2012, hundreds of
thousands of acres of land were flooded in Nigeria when the Benue and Niger over-spilled.
It's like a masterclass to be explored at your own pace. The two primary data sources were CRED
International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) 4 and the Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) Global
Archive of Large Flood Events database 13. Statistics Make data-driven decisions to drive reader
engagement, subscriptions, and campaigns. Siddique AK. Baqui AH. Eusof A, et al. 1988 floods in
Bangladesh - pattern of illness and causes of death. Upon full review, 27 articles were retained
including 17 that underwent standard data abstraction and 11 that were identified as review articles
(Figure 1). Add Links Send readers directly to specific items or pages with shopping and web links.
He is author several reports on migration and climate change. To browse Academia.edu and the
wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The
overall impact of flooding on human populations is summarized in Table 3. Flood Vulnerable Area
Assessment of Abakaliki Metropolis South-eastern Nigeria. Evaluation of the causes and effects of
flood in apete, ido local government. Advances in Geosciences. 2006; 7:223-229. United Nations
Development Program. Weather factors include heavy or sustained precipitation, snowmelts, or
storm surges from cyclones whereas important human factors include structural failures of dams and
levies, alteration of absorptive land cover with impervious surfaces and inadequate drainage systems.
Geographic regions such as coastal areas, river basins and lakeshores are particularly at risk from
storms or cyclones that generate high winds and storm surge 5. The survey covered households in
areas that had experienced heavy damage (Zone 1), medium (Zone 2) and light damage (Zone 3).
The two studies that captured a large number of injuries, both in the United States, found that
musculoskeletal injuries were most common (46% and 34%), followed by lacerations (21% and
24%). Mortality from flash flood: A review of National Weather Service Reports. Hussaini Ibrahim,
of the NSEMA, also points the finger at deforestation, which he says is happening across Nigeria.
Explanations for increased mortality include population growth, vulnerability of structures,
construction in flood-prone areas, flood protection system failures and changes in environmental
conditions. These range from pollution, earthquake, landslide, tsunami, hailstorm, heat wave,
deforestation. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take
a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Fullscreen Sharing Deliver a distraction-free reading
experience with a simple link. The study discovered structural measures like check dams, levees,
flood walls, and adequate drainage systems as well as non-structural measures like floodplain
management, the banning of specific building types, elevating buildings in floodplains, routine
drainage system inspection, sufficient public awareness, adherence to town planning regulations, and
political intervention as the solution to flooding in Rivers State. Protection Motivation and
Information-Seeking provided the framework to interrogate audience response to and use of risk
information. Flood fatalities in contemporary Australia (1997-2008). For multilevel humanitarian
responses at the temporary shelter camps, it becomes imperative to meaningfully engage the
community members on the challenging risks and vulnerabilities they experience following climate-
driven temporary displacement to inform adaptation and resilience research, policy change and
advocacy. The DFO database provides a comprehensive list of flood events recorded by news,
governmental, instrumental, and remote sensing sources from 1985 to 2009. More Features
Connections Canva Create professional content with Canva, including presentations, catalogs, and
more. Seven articles reported displacement or evacuation figures however none described risk
factors associated with flood-related displacement 15, 17, 21, 24, 25, 35, 37. While we believe GDP
to be a more precise measure of wealth, it was nonetheless excluded in the analysis because we did
not obtain GDP estimates that were time specific to each event. Mortality exceeded 10,000 in only 4
events and 100,000 in two.
The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2007; 21(3):199-222. UNISDR. Linking disaster risk
reduction and poverty reduction: good practices and lessons learned. Flash floods, characterized by
high-velocity flows and short warning times have the highest average mortality rates per event and
are responsible for the majority of flood deaths in developed countries 1, 3, 7. Morbidity surveillance
following the Midwest flood--Missouri, 1993. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
1993; 42(41):797-798. In addition, we carried out a latent class cluster analysis aimed at identifying
the different groups present among the interviewees. Data generated from laboratory analysis were
subjected to statistical analysis. These findings suggest the need for integrating these key variables of
social risk perception and local tailored information in emergency management plans, especially in
urban areas prone to flash-floods where response times are limited. The paper employs a
combination of theoretical and nontheoretical methods including residents’ self-perceived
vulnerability and concerns about flood risk, and the psychometric paradigm approach to examine the
perception of flood risk by residents in flood-affected communities in the city. The environmental
condition of the community is in a poor state with poor accessibility and vulnerable to flood. It
integrates some approaches that are applicable to African cities in a bid to create a versatile tool to
assess, identify and mitigate the effects of flood disaster risk and reduce urban poor’s vulnerability to
natural and human-induced hazards. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more
securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Adobe InDesign Design pixel-perfect
content like flyers, magazines and more with Adobe InDesign. Despite the availability of advanced
technological capabilities for dealing with floods in developed nations, flood disasters continue to
become more rampant and disastrous. Regional differences in reported mortality were also supported
by the analysis. No difference decline in deaths over time reported. 49% of deaths were motor-
vehicle related and 27% were attributed to high risk behavior. Dams burst too. This causes flooding
in numerous Nigerian states, among them Delta, Kogi, Anambra, Bayelsa, Adamawa and Niger.
Evaluation of the causes and effects of flood in apete, ido local government. The Chi square analysis
showed no association between perception of flooding and household preparedness behaviour. The
American Meteorological Society Fifth Conference on Hydrometeorology, 1983. For inclusion in the
EM-DAT database, one or more of the following criteria must be fulfilled: 10 or more people killed
or injured; 100 people affected; declaration of a state of emergency; or a call for international
assistance. Floods transpire on varying timelines, ranging from flash floods with little warning to
those that evolve over days or weeks (riverine). While the mortality estimate presented in this study
is consistent with the range of estimates presented in other studies 1, 38, approximations of numbers
injured and displaced are likely gross underestimates of the true values given the infrequency with
which figures are reported. Published 27 September 2018 Share close panel Share page Copy link
About sharing Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Lokoja, where the Niger and Benue
rivers meet By Reality Check team BBC News Heavy seasonal rains are a regular feature of life in
Nigeria and towns close to the country's main rivers are particularly vulnerable. This study aimed at
exploring the perception on flood risk and ascertaining the determinants of disaster preparedness
among residents in flood-prone urban communities. While we believe GDP to be a more precise
measure of wealth, it was nonetheless excluded in the analysis because we did not obtain GDP
estimates that were time specific to each event. World Health Statistics Quarterly. 1993; 46:227-233.
Creel L. Ripple effects: Population and coastal regions. This was achieved by means of questionnaire
survey administered to 248 flood area residents. Flood Vulnerable Area Assessment of Abakaliki
Metropolis South-eastern Nigeria. Another review suggested that the proportion of survivors
requiring medical attention is less than 2% 2. Data were sourced from both primary and secondary
sources through field survey. 91 Questionnaires were purposively administered on the respondents.
The funding body played no role in the design, writing or decision to publish this manuscript.
In Nigeria, flood disaster has been perilous to people, communities and institutions. Key to this is the
need for government, non-governmental agencies, community-based organisations and residents to
join forces and prepare for floods, reducing their impact. Descriptive statistics and Chi square test
were used to analyse the data. These include installing gauging stations, developing suitable models
for hydrological predictions, and collecting data that will enable accurate flood forecasting. Among
care seekers in flood-affected areas of Bangladesh 5.1% of wounds were infected. Add Links Send
readers directly to specific items or pages with shopping and web links. Emergency Medicine
Australasia. 2010; 22:80-186. Guha-Sapir, D. Natural and man-made disasters: the vulnerability of
women-headed households and children without families. No difference decline in deaths over time
reported. 49% of deaths were motor-vehicle related and 27% were attributed to high risk behavior.
Another review suggested that the proportion of survivors requiring medical attention is less than 2%
2. Disaster management Disaster management Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and
Microbiological Parameter. Many scholars have acknowledged the lack of appropriate vulnerability
assessment frameworks and policies, questioning the efficiency and effectiveness of the tested
models in Africa. Based on the Protective Action Decision Model, the empirical models were
constructed and estimated using the Tobit and binary logistic regression models. Geneva: UNISDR,
2008. Haque C. Perspectives of natural disasters in East and South Asia and the Pacific Island
States: socioeconomic correlates and needs assessment. The study discovered structural measures like
check dams, levees, flood walls, and adequate drainage systems as well as non-structural measures
like floodplain management, the banning of specific building types, elevating buildings in
floodplains, routine drainage system inspection, sufficient public awareness, adherence to town
planning regulations, and political intervention as the solution to flooding in Rivers State. Data was
obtained from the field via questionnaire survey. However man-made causes of flood disasters are
seen to occur in these towns and villages being the centre of activity in many countries. Journal of
Flood Risk Management. 2008; 1: 43-56. FitzGerald G, Du W, Jamal A, et al. The study also showed
that the inhabitants experienced effects such as displacement from homes, submerging of farmland,
loss of income, destruction of infrastructures, scarcity of food, overcrowding in shelter camps and
spread of communicable diseases. Heavy precipitation upstream on the Benue and Niger rivers - in
Cameroon, Mali and the country of Niger - contributes large volumes of water to Nigeria's river
system, according to Zahrah Musa at the IHE Delft Institute for Water Education. It would be
recalled that Lagdo Dam in northern Cameroon released water on Saturday, 26th of. It uses
participatory and mixed method approaches to socially construct vulnerability of populations at risk.
The Human Impact of Floods: a Historical Review of Events 1980-2009 and Systematic Literature
Review. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1985. Alajo SO, Nakavuma J, Erume J. The dumping of waste in
the streets can also prevent the steady flow of water and put pressure on the few urban drainage
systems. Human and social vulnerabilities and inequalities, urbanization, population density, terrain
and geo-physical characteristics and variation in the frequency and precipitating causes of floods by
region are also factors that contribute flood risk levels 3, 6, 12, 42. Many communities in some local
government areas of these states have. The two deadliest events occurred in Bangladesh (138,000
deaths in 1991) and Myanmar (100,000 deaths in 2008). Population density in coastal regions, which
are particularly vulnerable to flooding, is twice of the world’s average population density and many
of the world’s coasts are becoming increasingly urbanized 51. According to the study's findings,
flooding is a threat with a host of detrimental emotional, psychological, economic, and physiological
effects and necessitates prompt human involvement to control, limit, and perhaps avoid its
recurrence. Flood disaster preparedness, which can significantly be influenced by disaster risk
perception, has been highlighted as an effective way to manage flood disaster risk, as many other
means have proved futile, yet no study has attempted using multiple dimensions to analyze this
relationship in Ghana.
By 29 Sep, the floods had affected 134,371 people, displaced 64,473, injured 202 and killed 148. (
IFRC, 29 Sep 2012 ). Upon full review, 27 articles were retained including 17 that underwent
standard data abstraction and 11 that were identified as review articles (Figure 1). For multilevel
humanitarian responses at the temporary shelter camps, it becomes imperative to meaningfully
engage the community members on the challenging risks and vulnerabilities they experience
following climate-driven temporary displacement to inform adaptation and resilience research, policy
change and advocacy. This study examined the use to which residents in three flash-flood prone
communities of Ibadan metropolis (Apete, Odo Ona and Ogunpa who experienced the 2011, 2012
and 2013 floods), South West, Nigeria appropriate risk information. All covariates, with the
exception of GINI, which was not strongly associated with flood mortality in adjusted analyses, and
GDP, which was highly correlated with per capita World Bank income level, were included in the
final multinomial logistic regression model to assess the relative risk of mortality at a given level as
compared to events with no deaths. Environmental impact of flooding on kosofe local government
area of lagos sta. The paper assessed the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, the impact
of flood on the inhabitants and the communities coping mechanism. In a study of Lagos and Port
Harcourt, disaster risk reduction and resilience specialist Olasunkanmi Habeeb Okunola found that a
variety of factors make cities vulnerable. Because of its proximity to water bodies, its large
population and its small land mass, the Ajegunle community is highly susceptible to floods and
outbreaks of waterborne diseases. The distribution of the number affected was highly skewed with
mean and median affected populations of 1,071,829 and 6,000 per event, respectively, which
indicates that the median affected population may better reflect the impact of a typical flood event.
Global Risk Forum GRFDavos Impact of power outages on developing countries evidence from
rural household. We then analysed social vulnerability and designed measures to put into practice
within the framework of the Civil Protection Plan. Human Development Reports. (2009). Available
at: Accessed May 18, 2010. Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering
Sciences (Series A). 2005; 363(1831): 1293-1312. To date, early warning systems have been an
effective mechanism for reducing the impact of floods 38, however, they are not ubiquitous and
should be prioritized in less developed countries with large at-risk populations and high frequencies
of flooding. There is a lack of data on frequency of non-fatal flood injury. New land developments
along the Niger River has more than doubled in Nassarwa and Kogi States, according to estimates.
Our results suggest that while the displacement caused by large floods did not ignite new conflicts, it
fueled existing conflicts. The objectives of this review were to describe the impact of floods on the
human population, in terms of mortality, injury, and displacement and to identify risk factors
associated with these outcomes. Through empirical findings, we measure the extent to. An estimated
2.8 billion people were reported to be affected by flood events between 1980 and 2009, including
nearly 4.6 million rendered homeless. Currently, 50.6% of the world’s population lives in urban
settings; by 2050 this figure is projected to increase to 70% with the majority of urbanization
occurring in less developed regions of Asia and Africa 52. The Human Impact of Floods: a Historical
Review of Events 1980-2009 and Systematic Literature Review. Flooding is also caused by: the tidal
movements of coastal waters, such as in the Delta region of the south-east saturated drainage
systems, such as in the country's largest city, Lagos, in the south-west Are Nigeria's rains causing the
floods. The relative risk of medium- and high-level mortality events compared to events with no
deaths significantly decreased over time. The two deadliest events occurred in Bangladesh (138,000
deaths in 1991) and Myanmar (100,000 deaths in 2008). This paper examines the coping mechanism
of the urban poor to flood with the view to evolving a framework for mitigation and adaptation to
climate change (flood) impact. Increased frequency of intense rainfall, as a result of higher
temperatures and intensified convection will likely lead to a rise in extreme rainfall events, more
flash floods and urban flooding due to excessive storm water. Applies a new method for estimating
loss of life due to floods based on flood characteristics and numbers exposed and mortality among
exposed are introduced. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading
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