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COM/NACBIOLOGY

Biology
Important 2 Marks & 3 Marks for Board Exam
Chapterwise

1st Chapter: Reproduction in Organisms

2 Marks Questions:
1. Differentiate between menstrual cycle and oestrus cycle
2. Differentiate perisperm and pericarp
3. Differentiate between homothallic and heterothallic.
4. What is parthenogenesis? Give an example.
3 Marks Questions:
1. Define life span.
2. Reproduction and its main two types.
3. Differentiate between asexual reproduction and sexual
reproduction.
4. Why water hyacinth is called as terror of Bengal?
5. Phases in the life span of sexually reproducing organism.
6. Name the plants that produce flowers once in their lifetime,
generally after 50-100 years.
7. Mention the two main pre-fertilization events.
8. Differentiate between homothallic/monoecious and
heterothallic/dioecious condition with example.

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9. Differentiate between staminate and pistillate flower.

10. What are meiocytes? How many sets of chromosomes is
present in meiocyte?
11. Which is most critical event in sexual reproduction?
12. What is fertilization/syngamy?
13. Name the structure that forms a vital link and ensures
continuity of species between organism of one generation and
the next.
14. Differentiate between oviparous and viviparous animals.
15. Name the part of flower that remains attached to the plant
even after the fertilization.
16. Which is responsible for the transition of juvenile, growth
and senescent phases in sexually reproducing organisms?
17. Differentiate between Zoospore and Zygote.
18. Mention the chromosome number in meiocyte of human,
housefly, rat, dog, cat, fruitfly, Ophioglossum, apple, rice,
maize, potato, butterfly and onion.
19. What type of cell is occurred to produce gametes in
sexually reproducing haploid organisms?
20. In which phase of life span, concomitant changes are
observed?

2nd Chapter: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering

Plants
2 Marks Questions:
1. Name the four types of cells found in the embryo sac of
angiosperms.
2. Write a note on the pollination mechanism in Vallisneria.
3. Mention the two parts of typical dicotyledonous embryo.

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4. Name the four wall layers of anther.

3 Marks Questions:
1.
a. Compare Geitonogamy with Xenogamy [2 marks]
b. What are Chasmogamous flowers? [1 mark]
2. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of T.S. of young anther
3. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of monocot embryo.
4. Write the characteristic features of insect pollinated
flowers.
5. Draw a neat labelled diagram of T.S of typical flower.
6. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a typical dicot embryo

3rd Chapter: Human Reproduction

2 Marks Questions:
1. Mention the two layers of human blastocyst.
2. Mention the accessory ducts of male reproductive system.
3. List the hormones produced in women only during
pregnancy.
4. What are the two major features that appear in the foetus of
fifth month in human pregnancy?
5. The presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator
of virginity or sexual experience. Why?
6. What is birth canal? [2 marks]
7. Name the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates secretion
of gonadotropins [2 marks]
3 Marks Questions:
1.
a. Name the cells that secrete androgens [1 mark]
b. List out the hormones secreted by placenta [2 marks]

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2. What is parturition? Briefly explain the process of

parturition.
3. List the accessory glands associated with male reproductive
system.
4. List out the major events occurred during follicular phase
of menstrual cycle.
5. Name the organ/structure/cell involved in the following
functions in humans.
a. Providing nutrition to the germ cells of the seminiferous
tubules.
b. Transporting of substance between embryo and the
placenta
c. Organelle of the sperm which helps it to penetrate zona
pellucida and plasma membrane
6. Mention the female accessory ducts.

4th Chapter: Reproductive Health

2 Marks Questions:
1. List any two principles to prevent the sexually transmitted
infections.
2. Mention any four sexually transmitted diseases?
3. Mention the reasons for population explosion.
4. Mention any two natural methods of birth control.
3 Marks Questions:
1. How can conception be prevented without the usage of
contraceptives?
2. What is infertility? Mention the reasons for infertility.
3. To a user, the contraceptives must be ideal in all aspects.
Justify the statement by mentioning the qualities of an ideal
contraceptive.

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5th Chapter: Principles of Inheritance and variation

2 Marks Questions:

1. What is incomplete dominance? Give an example.

2. Write the karyotype of Down’s syndrome and Klinefelter’s
syndrome
3. State any two similarities in the behaviour of chromosome
and genes.
4. Differentiate homozygous and heterozygous plants.
5. Differentiate dominant and recessive alleles.
6. Distinguish between monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
7. What is test cross? Write its significance.
8. State the law of segregation and law of independent
assortment.
9. What is codominance? Mention an example.
10. What are multiple alleles? Give an example of human trait
regulated by multiple alleles.
11. A child has blood group 'o'. If the father has blood group
'A' and mother blood group 'B', work out the genotypes of the
parents and the possible genotypes of the other offspring.
12. Differentiate between incomplete dominance and
codominance.
13. Differentiate polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy.
14. Differentiate linkage and recombination.
15. Mention two features in Drosophila which made T H
Morgan to select it for his genetical experiments.
16. Mention the sex determination mechanisms in
grasshopper/ humans/birds
17. What is female heterogamety? Give an example.

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18. Differentiate male heterogamety from female

heterogamety.
19. What is haplo-diploid sex determination mechanism?
Mention an animal which exhibits this.
20. What is pedigree analysis? Mention its importance.
21. What are Mendelian disorders? Mention two examples.
22. What are chromosomal disorders? Mention two examples.
23. Mention the example for following:
A) autosomal recessive Mendelian disorder in human
B) sex linked recessive Mendelian disorder in human
C) XO type of sex determination/ Sex determination where
males have one chromosome less than the female.
D) ZW type of sex determination/Sex determination where
female is heterogamety
24. Why phenyl pyruvic acid and its derivatives are excreted
through urine in phenylketonuria.
25. Why the possibility of female becoming haemophilic is
extremely rare?
26. Mention the sixth codons of the beta globin chain in
normal haemoglobin and the haemoglobin of
person with sickle celled anaemia.
27. What is thalassemia? Explain its 2 types.
28. What are mutagens? Give an example.

3 Marks Questions:
1. Mention the different blood groups in humans and their
genotype having ‘i’ allele.
2. Mention the features of law of dominance observed by
Mendel

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3. Define pleiotropy. Explain it with respect to

phenylketonuria.
4. “Mendel's work was not recognized during his time."? Give
any three reasons.
5. Mention the similarities between the behaviours of
chromosomes and genes according to chromosomal theory of
inheritance.
6. What is pedigree analysis? Write the representative
pedigree analysis (pedigree chart) of myotonic
dystrophy as an example for autosomal dominant trait/ sickle
cell anaemia as an example for autosomal recessive trait.
7. What are Mendelian disorders? Mention a Mendelian
disease and its types where there is reduced
synthesis of haemoglobin.
8. Mention the cause, symptoms, and inheritance of
haemophilia.
9. Mention the causes of Down's syndrome and mention four
of its symptoms.
10. Explain the starch synthesis in pea plant as an example of
incomplete dominance.

6th Chapter: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

2 Marks Questions:
1. "Both the strands of DNA molecule do not act as templates
during transcription". Justify with two reasons.
2. Explain sequence annotation and expressed sequenced tags
with respect to the methodology of sequencing DNA in
Human Genome Project.
3. With reference to human genome, what is single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP)? Mention its significance.

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5. Differentiate between DNA and RNA.

6. Mention the different levels at which gene expression is
regulated in eukaryote.
7. Mention the advantages/benefits of DNA sequencing of
non-human model organisms and give one such example for
non-human model organisms in which DNA is sequenced.

3 Marks Questions:
1. RNA polymerase in eukaryotes shows division of labour,
substantiate the statement.
2. “DNA polymorphism is a very useful identification tool in
forensic applications” Mention the steps involved in
identification of polymorphism using DNA fingerprinting
technique.
3. Mention the three regions of transcription unit in DNA
4. Mention any three criteria for a molecule that can act as a
genetic material.
5. What is chromatin? Differentiate between Euchromatin and
Heterochromatin
6. Mention three applications of DNA finger printing.

7th Chapter: Evolution

2 Marks Questions:
1. Explain the experiment conducted by Louis Pasture with
reference to origin of life.
2. What are fossils? How do fossils help in the study of
evolution?
3 Marks Questions:
1. Write the three connotations of theory of special creation

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8th Chapter: Human Health and Disease

2 Marks Questions:
1. Distinguish between Benign tumor and Malignant tumor.
2. What is innate immunity? Mention anyone types of innate
immunity barriers.
3. Write the scientific name of organisms causing
a. Pneumonia b. Ringworm
4. What is contact inhibition? Mention two types of tumors.
5. Mention any four symptoms of typhoid.
6. Mention any two fungi that cause ringworms infection.
7. Identify the type of Innate immunity barrier in the
following examples.
i. Prevention of microbial growth in mouth by saliva
ii. Destruction of microbes by tissue macrophages
8. What is auto immunity? Give an example
9. Differentiate between primary and secondary lymphoid
organs.
10. What is drug alcohol dependence? Mention the
withdrawal symptoms.
11. Difference between infectious and non-infectious disease.
12. Differentiate between B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
13. Differentiate between Vaccination and immunization
14. Mention the two hosts of malarial parasite required to
complete its life cycle.

3 Marks Questions:
1. What is allergy? Name two chemicals released by mast
cells during allergic reaction.
2. With reference to malaria answer the following.

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i. Name of the pathogen and vector

ii. Symptoms
3. List out any three types of Innate barriers of defense with
an example.
4. Differentiate active immunity from passive immunity.
5.
a. Draw a neat labelled diagram of an antibody. [2 marks]
b. Name the primary lymphoid organs in humans. [1
mark]
6. Mention any one physiological effect of each of the
following drugs in human body.
i. Cannabinoids ii. Cocaine iii. Heroin
7. Write any three factors affecting the human health
8. Write any 3 characters of cancer cells.
9. Write about the harmful effects of Tobacco smoking and
chewing?
10. List the effects of drug/alcohol abuse.

9th Chapter: Strategies for Enhancement in Food

Production
2 Marks Questions:
1. What is inbreeding depression? How does it overcome?
2. Differentiate between outcrossing and cross breeding.
3. List any two high yielding and disease resistant wheat
varieties growing in India
4. List any two better yielding semi dwarf varies that are
developed in India.
5. What are sequential steps involved in breeding for disease
resistance.

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6. Mention the conventional methods of breeding for disease

resistance
7. What is mutation breeding? Name the yellow mosaic and
Powdery mildew resistance plant that is
developed by mutation breeding
8. Name the part of the plant that is best suited for making
virus free plants. Why?
9. What are somatic hybrids? Give an example for somatic
hybrid?

3 Marks Questions:
1. List the characters that incorporate into crop plants in plant
breeding.
2. List the varieties and insect resistance for the following
plants.
a) Brassica b) Flat bean c) Okra (bhindi)
3. What is biofortification? Mention the objectives of
biofortification.

10th Chapter: Microbes in Human Welfare

2 Marks Questions:
1. Name the bioactive molecules used as
i. Clot buster ii. Blood cholesterol lowering aged
2. How does anaerobic bacteria beneficial in secondary
sewage treatment?
3. Name any two bacterial microbes used as Biofertilizer.
4. Name the two enzymes used to clear and clarify the bottle
juice.
5. Name the microbe used in commercial production of
i. Citric acid ii. Ethanol

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6. Write the role of methanogens.

7. What are biofertilizers? Which microbes form main sources
of biofertilizers?
8. Write the role of blue green alae as a biofertilizers.
9. Name the bacteria present in roots nodules of lepominous
plants and mention its role.
10. List the role of mycorrhiza.

3 Marks Questions:
1. List the microbes and their household products.
2. Write the scientific name of brewer's yeast and their role.
3. Mention the microbes and their role in production of
bioactive molecules.

11th Chapter: Biotechnology Principles and

Processes
2 Marks Questions:
1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of pBR322.
2. Define the polymerase chain reaction. Name the enzyme
used in it.
3. Name the source of plasmid that is used to construct the
first r-DNA.
4. What is the function of restriction enzymes in the r-DNA
technology?
5. What is the use of plasmid in r-DNA technology?
6. Which enzymes is used to link the foreign gene with the
plasmid vector?
7. How many base pairs are present in recognition sequence
of Hind II
8. Name the class to which restriction enzymes belong.

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9. What is insertional inactivation?

10. What is biolistics? / What is gene gun method?
11. What is spooling?
12. Name the organic solvent that is used to precipitate out the
purified DNA during the process of rDNA technology
13. What is downstream processing?
14. With reference to r-DNA technology, what are
bioreactors?
15. Name most commonly used bio reactors in r-DNA
technology.

3 Marks Questions:
1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of simple stirred tank
bioreactor.
2.
a. Differentiate between Microinjection and Biolistic [2
marks]
b. Give an example for disarmed pathogen vector. [1
mark]
3. Draw a schematic representation of sparged stirred tank
bioreactor
4. List out the three critical research areas of biotechnology.
5. Mention the 3 basis steps in genetically modifying an
organism.
6. Draw a diagrammatic representation of r-DNA technology.
7. Explain the selection of recombinants from non-
recombinants by using antibiotics.
8. Explain the selection of recombinants from non-
recombinants by using chromogenic substrate.

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9. Name the enzymes used to isolate DNA from the bacterial

cell, fungal cell and plant cell.
10. Write a labelled diagrammatic representation of PCR.

12th Chapter: Biotechnology and its Application

1. What is biopiracy? Explain it with reference to
basmati rice. [3 marks]
2. Which are the different genes encoding for
insecticidal protein that controls cotton bollworm and
corn borer? [2 marks]
3. In which way genetically modified plants are useful.
[3 marks]
4. Which techniques of molecular diagnosis useful in
early detection of diseases. [3 marks]
5. “Humans can be benefitted by genetically modifying
the animals”. Justify the statement by giving any three
examples. [3 marks]

13th Chapter: Organisms and Population

2 Marks Questions:
1. Which are the four basic processes that can fluctuate the
density of the population in a given habitat?
2. List the key elements that cause much variation in the
physical and chemical conditions of habitats?
3. What are euryhaline and stenoline organisms?
4. List any two importance of light for plants.
5. List any two importance of light for animals.
6. How human does maintain the constant body temperature
of 37ºC during summer and winter.

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7. Write any two physiological adaptations for water

conservation on kangaroo rat of North American desert.
8. Write any four morphological adaptations present in desert
plants.
9. What is the reason for altitude sickness? Write any two
symptoms of altitude sickness.
10. List the population attributes? / List the attributes that
shown by a population, but not an individual organism.
11. Write any two diagrammatic representation of age
pyramids for human population.
12. List the parameters used to measure the population density
of different organisms
13. List any two factors that affect the size of a population.
14. Name the important area of ecology and give the reason
for that.
15. Write any two importance's of predators?
16. Write any two defense mechanisms in plant species
against their predators.
17. What is competitive release? Give an example.
18. What is resource partitioning? Give an example.
19. List two intermediate hosts of human liverfluke.
20. Write any two effects of parasites on host population.
21. How desert lizard does respond to the temperature
variations in their environment?

3 Marks Questions:
1. How endoparasites are successfully adapted for parasitic
mode of life?
2. Explain briefly any three major abiotic factors influencing
the life of organisms.

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a. Temperature b. Water c. Light d. Soil

3. What are the attributes possessed by the populations, but
not by the individuals?

14th Chapter: Ecosystem

3 Marks Questions:
1. Mention two basic categories of ecosystem with one
example for each.
2. Primary productivity is varies in different types of
ecosystems. Justify this statement with three valid reasons.
3. With respect to ecosystem what are producers? Mention the
major producers of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem.
4. What are herbivores? Mention the common herbivores of
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem.
5. Differentiate between grazing food chain and detritus food
chain.
6. Write the labelled diagrammatic representation of pyramid
of biomass.
7. What is nutrient cycling? Mention its two types with
examples.
8. Differentiate between carbon cycle and phosphorus cycle.
9. Write the simplified model of phosphorus cycle in a
terrestrial ecosystem.

15th Chapter: Biodiversity and Conservation

2 Marks Questions:
1. What is sacred groove? Give an example.
2. “Alien species invasion leads to extinction of indigenous
species”. Justify the statement with two examples.
3. Mention the extinction species as per IUCN Red list 2004.

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4. What is genetic diversity? Give an example.

5. What is species diversity? Give an example.
6. Explain the species diversity of India.
7. Explain the Rivet Popper hypothesis.
8. What is in situ conservation? Give an example.
9. What are biodiversity hotspots. Mention the total number of
biodiversity hot spots in the world.

3 Marks Questions:
1. ‘Tropical region has greater biodiversity than temperate
region’. Justify the statement with three reasons.
2. What is biodiversity? Mention the types of biodiversity.
3.
a. What are ‘biodiversity hotspots? [1 mark]
b. ‘India is rich in genetic diversity’. Justify the statement
by giving two examples. [2 marks]
4. What features must be possessed by a community to be
called as a stable community in an ecosystem?
5. Draw a labelled graphical representation showing species
area relationship.
6. Write any three importance of species diversity to the
ecosystem.
7. List any three effects of loss of biodiversity?
8. Why should we conserve biodiversity?
9. Mention 3 biodiversity hot spots that cover the country
India.

16th Chapter: Environmental Issues:

2 Marks Questions:

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1. List the harmful effects of particulate matter of 2.5

micrometer.
2. Name the expensive metals used as catalysts in catalytic
converters.
3. Write any two functions of catalytic converters.
4. Write the control measures of global warming.

3 Marks Questions:
1. List the materials that are relatively easy to remove and
difficult to remove from the sewage.
2. Write the composition of waste water.
3. List any three effects of thermal waste water.
4. Write short notes on ecological sanitation.
5. What are solid wastes? What are the methods used in the
dispose of solid wastes?
6. Write short notes on three categories of wastes.
7. Explain the case study of organic farming.
8. What are the effects pollutants?
9. Draw a neat labeled diagrammatic representation of
scrubber and mention the use of it.
10. List any three measures taken to control automobile
pollution.

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