ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Different Heat Loads

Removing Heat

Cooling coil

24 0C 50% RH
Q T
(Due to the various heat gains, temperature increases)
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Heat Loads

Sensible Latent
Heat Loads Heat Loads
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Sensible Heat Loads and Latent Heat Loads

Sensible heat refers to the amount of energy needed to increase or

decrease the temperature of some substance, independent of phase
changes.

Latent heat is the heat the results from an increase or decrease in the
amount of moisture held by the air. Specifically, it's the amount of
energy needed to cause a phase change (for our purposes, liquid-to-gas
or gas-to-liquid) without changing the actual temperature of a substance.
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Factors affecting to the amount of sensible heat load

 Insulation volume & Quality
 Window glass type, quantities, and sizes
 Number of stories in the building
 Orientation of the building relative to the sun
 Lighting and appliance specifications
 Roof type and size
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Factors affecting to the amount of latent heat load

 Air infiltration through gaps, cracks, and holes in the building envelope.
 Household activities like cooking, bathing, cleaning, and exercising.
 The number of people inside the building at a given time.
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Sensible Heat factor (SHF)

This is also called Sensible Heat Ratio

①'
Total Sensible Sensible Latent Heat Process
= + Load
Load Load (Δw ≠ 0; ΔTd.b = 0)
Δh = h1’ – h2
① ②
Sensible Heat Process
(Δw = 0; ΔTd.b ≠ 0)
Δh = h2 - h1
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Sensible Heat Process Latent Heat Process

② ①
②

LH = 0 SH = 0

SHF = 1 SHF = 0
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
RSHF and GSHF Sensible Load = x1 RSHF: Room Sensible Heat Factor
Latent Load = y1 GSHF: Gross Sensible Heat Factor

29 0C 20 0C

35 0C Where;
x: Room Sensible Load
y: Room Latent Load

Sensible Load = x Where;

Latent Load = y x: Cooling Coil Sensible Load
y: Cooling Coil Latent Load
24 0C; 50% RH
 Highest cooling load is at the
cooling coil.
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Apparatus Dew Point (ADP)

 ADP is the effective surface temperature of a cooling coil. So this is the temperature
to which all the supply air would be cooled if 100% of the supply air contacted the
coil.

 Apparatus Dew Point is always less than the dew point temperature of air which is
supplied to the cooling coil.

 Designer decides this value.

ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) Cont..

ADP = 15 0C
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Bypass factor (BF)
Some of the air flowing through the cooling coil incident on the tubes or fins of the
cooling coil and cooled to the apparatus dew point. The air that is bypassed remains
unchanged from the entering condition. The bypass factor describes the percentage of air
that is not cooled to the apparatus dew point and tells how close the leaving air condition
is to the apparatus dew point.

Average
Temperature = 20 0C
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Example 04
A zone in a building has a sensible load of 30 kW and a latent load of 8 kW. The zone is
to be maintain at 25 0C, 50% RH with an air supply to the room of 1.8 kg/s. The outside
design conditions are 35 0C and 80% RH. The plant consists of mixing chamber for re-
circulated air and outside air and a cooling coil supplied with chilled water. The ratio of
R.C.A. (Re-circulated air) to F.A (Fresh air) is 3:1. The cooling coil has an ADP of 5 0C.
Neglect all friction losses, fan and pump work. Assume the see level.

(a) Draw the operating cycle on the Psychrometric chart.

(b) Calculate the mixing air temperature.
(c) Determine the coil leaving temperature of air.
(d) Calculate the cooling coil sensible heat factor.
(e) Calculate bypass factor.
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Schematic diagram for the Example

①
② ③

④
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Assuming adiabatic air mixing for the
T (0C) RH(%) h(kJ/kg d.a) ṁ(kg/s) mixing chamber;
① 35 80
②
③
④ 25 50 1.8
⑤ 05 100 1.8

Apply energy balance for the mixing chamber;

ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

T (0C) RH(%) h(kJ/kg d.a) ṁ(kg/s) T (0C) RH(%) h(kJ/kg d.a) ṁ(kg/s)
① 35 80 ① 35 80 111.5 0.45
② ② 66.5
③ ③
④ 25 50 1.8 ④ 25 50 51.5 1.8
⑤ 05 100 1.8 ⑤ 05 100 19.0 1.8
 ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
80% RH 50% RH

●①

h2 = 66.5 kJ/ kg

RSHF = 0.78
●②

③ ●④
●
●
⑤

25 0C 35 0C
h2 = 66.5 kJ/ kg
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Now the table can be completed by adding required parameters

T (0C) RH(%) h(kJ/kg d.a) ṁ(kg/s) T (0C) RH(%) h(kJ/kg d.a) ṁ(kg/s)
① 35 80 111.5 0.45 ① 35 80 111.5 0.45
② 66.5 ② 28 66.5
③ ③ 09 27.0
④ 25 50 51.5 1.8 ④ 25 50 51.5 1.8
⑤ 05 100 19.0 1.8 ⑤ 05 100 19.0 1.8
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

(b) Mixing air temperature = Temperature at point ② = 28 0C

(d) Coil leaving temperature of air = Temperature at point ③ = 9 0C

ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
80% RH 50% RH
(e) ●①

●②

④
③ ● ③'
● ●
●
⑤

25 0C 35 0C
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

(f)
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Example 05
A computer center is to be maintained at 25 0C and 50% RH by circulating conditioned air at a rate of
1.5 kg/s. There are 40 heavy duty computers each releasing heat at a rate of 200 W and a multimedia
projector which has a rated power of 500 W. 30 fluorescent lamps each releasing 32 W heat are used for
lighting the conditioned space. Room heat gain through infiltration, walls, roofs and occupancy is
estimated to be x kW and 25 kg of water vapour is to be removed every hour from the space. 20% fresh
air at 35 0C and 80% RH is supplied to ventilate the conditioned space. Assume that the AHU consists of
a mixing chamber and a cooling coil. Neglect losses in the duct system and in the other fluid dynamics
machinery.
(a) Sketch the configuration at the AHU and the air conditioning process on the psychrometric chart.
(b) If the ADP is 0 0C determine x, total room latent load and total sensible heat gain through
infiltration, walls, roof and occupancy.
(c) Determine the temperature and the relative humidity of the conditioned air entering the conditioned
space and the room sensible heat ratio.
(d) Estimate the amount of refrigeration required to provide these conditions.
(e) Calculate the BF and the coil sensible heat ratio
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

35 0C, 80% RH

ADP = 0 0C

80%

20%
25 0C, 50% RH
ME3322 – Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Heat load
Computers – 40 Nos – 200 W each = 8 kW
Projectors – 01 Nos – 500 W each = 0.5 kW
Florescent lamps – 30 Nos – 32 W each = 0.96 kW
Infiltration, walls, rooms, occupants = x kW

Total Heat load of the room = 8 + 0.5 + 0.96 + x