St.

Francis College
Allen Northern Samar

LEARNING MODULE IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

MODULE 4
RANDOM SAMPLING

DURATION: 2 WEEKS
GRADE LEVEL: GRADE 11
LEARNING COMPETENCY:

illustrate random sampling;

I.CONTENT
Some researches aim to study, describe and infer patterns of behavior, properties, and
characteristics about a population; sometimes, they intent to study in a very large scale and
because of the fact that we cannot study a very large population due to feasibility, impracticality,
and inconvenience, that is why we must select a representative sample from the population. In
this lesson, sampling techniques that will help researches select samples that would represent
true inferences about the population where these samples came from.
II. EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSION
Analyze and compare the following cases:
1. Mrs. Cruz wants to do an analysis on students' final examination scores in her 40 Grade 11-
Baguio Mathematics class for the semester. Should she consider her all the students’ scores or
only some of the students’ scores?
2. A group of researchers want to determine the average Mathematics grade for the semester of
Grade 11 students in the Philippines. Should the group consider conducting a survey to all the
Grade 11 students in the Philippines or random students of selected places?
Analysis: For case number 1, this task is only dealing with the students' final examination scores
in one specific class with 40 students. The intent is not to the students' final examination scores
of students in a much bigger population. Since the teacher has the entire population available for
this situation, she should use the all of them. In case number 2, the population is extremely large.
There is actually an impractical and an inconvenient way of obtaining all of the data in the
population. You simply will not have all of the data available for your use especially if you only
have a limited time. You will need to use a sample of the population.

Population is the group you want to generalize. It consists of all the members of the group
you are interested in. Sample is the subset from the population you want to examine. A
population commonly contains too many individuals to study conveniently and practically, so an
investigation is often restricted to one or more samples drawn from it. A well-chosen sample will
contain most of the information about a particular population parameter but the relation between
the sample and the population must be such as to allow true inferences to be made about a
population from that sample.

Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of

observations are taken from a larger population. There are various sampling methods that allow
all the units in the population to have an equal chance of being selected. These sampling methods
are discussed below.

1. Simple Random Sampling

Each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected. There are no rules
that dictate where and how you will start the selection process, as long as you do not
intentionally look for a specific number. In this method, the samples can be selected
through:

a. Lottery Method
Every member is assigned a unique number. These numbers are put in a jar and
thoroughly mixed. After that, the researcher picks some numbers without looking at it
and those people are included in the study.

b. Use of Table of Random Numbers

This table consists of a series of digits (0-9) that are generated randomly. The
numbers are arranged in rows and columns and can be read in any direction. All the
digits are equally probable.
To determine the desired number of samples needed given a certain number of population, there
are different formulas can be used, one of which is Slovin’s Formula.

N
Slovin’s Formula: n =
Ne 2
where:
𝑛 = sample size
𝑒 = margin of error,
𝑁 = population size
Example: 𝑛 =; 𝑒 = 0.05; 𝑁 = 1000
N
n=
Ne 2
 1000
n= 2
1000(0.05)
1000
n=
1000(0.0025)
1000
n=
2.5
n= 400 ( sample size)
2. Systematic Random Sampling
This can be done by listing all the elements in the population and selecting every kth
element in your population list. This is equally precise as the simple random sampling. It
is often used on long population lists. To determine the interval to be used in identifying
the samples to who will participate in the study, use the formula
N
k (population/sample size)
n

Example:
N 2000
If population (N) = 2000, sample size (n) =500, k = , so k = = 4th .
n 500
Use a table of random numbers to determine the starting point for selecting every 4th subject.
With list of the 2000 subjects in the sampling frame, go to the starting point, and select every 4th
name on the list until the sample size is reached. Probably will have to return to the beginning of
the list to complete the selection of the sample.
3. Stratified Random Sampling
This can be done by first dividing the elements in the population into strata and then
samples are randomly selected from each stratum ensuring that each selected element is
proportionately represented in the total population. Sampling fraction: n/N (desired sample
size divided by the population size)

Example:
Assume you have a population of 1000 students with 500 from grade school, 300 from high
school, and 200 from senior high school. Determine the how many samples you need or you
can use the Slovin’s Formula or any other formula for computing the sample size. In this
example, Slovin’s Formula is used and a sample size of 400 is computed. To get the samples
from each stratum, divide 400 by 1000 and the answer is 0.4. Multiply 0.4 to each of the
number of students per stratum (e.g. 0.4 x 500 grade school is 200).

Stratum Population Sample

Grade school 500 200
 Junior High School 300 120
Senior High School 200 80
Total 1000 400

4. Clustered Sampling
A multistage sampling method adopted when it is either impossible or impractical to
compile an exhaustive list of elements found in the target population. The whole population
is subdivided into clusters, or groups, and random samples are then collected from each
group.

Example: A researcher wants to survey about academic performance of high school students
in the municipality of Alubijid. He can divide the entire population into different clusters
(barangays). Then, the researcher selects a number of barangays depending on his research
through simple or systematic random sampling. The researcher could draw random samples
from the selected barangay through simple random sampling or take them all.

More examples are given below.

Simple Random Sampling

In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of the study were
selected using the Table of Random Numbers.

Stratified Sampling
A teacher who is conducting a research on the effects of using mobile phones in teaching
English decided to divide her students into male and female and then she selected students
from each gender group.

Systematic Sampling
The school office personnel gave the researcher a list of 2000 Grade 10 students. The
researcher selected every 25th name on the list.

Cluster Sampling
A researcher surveyed all dengue patients in each of the 10 randomly selected hospitals in
Misamis Oriental.

III. Exercises

Give one research situation where each of the sampling methods is being applied. Refer
to the previous examples.
1. Simple Random Sampling:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 2. Systematic Random Sampling:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Stratified Sampling
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Cluster Sampling
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________.

IV. Evaluation

Identify the type of sampling method used by the researcher in each situation: simple random
sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, or cluster sampling.

_______________1. A researcher chose the participants of his study by selecting every 8th
member of the population.
_______________2. A researcher interviewed all the teachers in each of 15 randomly
selected private schools in Cagayan de Oro City.

_______________3. A researcher interviewed people from each barangay in the

municipality of Alubijid for his research on population.

_______________4. A researcher is doing a research work on the students’ reaction to the

newly implemented curriculum in mathematics and interviewed every 5th student entering
the gate of the school.

_______________5. A researcher randomly selected 15 barangays in a town for her study.

She did this by writing the names of each barangay on a piece of paper which she folded and
put in a bowl then she draw 15 pieces of paper from the bowl.

_______________6. A researcher selected a sample of 𝑛 = 300 from a population of 900 by

using the Table of Random Numbers.

_______________7. A researcher interviewed all the nurses in each of the 5 randomly

selected private hospitals in Northern Mindanao.

_______________8. A statistician selected a sample of 𝑛 = 500 high school students from a

private school with 2,500 students. He randomly selected the students from each grade level.
_______________9. A Statistics student did a research on the time spent by Grade 11 and 12
students in playing mobile legends. He randomly selected his subjects by using the Table of
Random Numbers.

_______________10. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine who were

better in mathematics: the males or the females.