MIDTERM LEC 1: Radiology Department
Duties and Responsibilities
TRAINING PROGRAM
-The improvement of the individuals’
knowledge and job skills will ultimately
redound to the benefit of the hospital, as an
incentive and reward to deserving personnel,
the department will from time to time
recommend their participation in officially
sponsored seminars and lecture forums. The
fees involved are to be paid for by the
corporation.
-In addition, the personnel particularly the
radiologic technologist/radiographer, continue
to receive personalized informal tutorship,
guidance, and corrective criticism from
the radiologist.
Radiology Policies and Standard Operating
Procedures:
DEPARTMENT : Radiology
GOAL : Nothing is impossible in
personalized radiologic service.
PHILOSOPHY : performance with courtesy
and efficiency.
STAFFING : the composition of the staff in
the department of radiology are as follows:
A. Chief Radiologist – MD, doctor
B. Radiologist
C. Chief Radiologic Technologist
D. Section Radiologic Technologist
E. Administrative Secretary
F. Radiologic Technologist/Radiographer
G. Receptionist / Secretary
 II. RADIOLOGIST
H. Filing Clerks
 A. Like the Chief Radiologist, they provide
I. Aide/s and or housekeeper
QUALIFICATIONS OF RADIOLOGY
PERSONNEL
1. It is important that each member of the
staff in the radiology department possesses
the needed educational background, formal
training, and experience to enable him or her
to carry out his or her functions in the most
efficient way.
2. For all, fairly intelligent personnel, mature,
courteous attitude with a good disposition,
sense of humor, and a lot of common sense
and sincerity for improvement is needed.
3. good moral conduct, loyal to superiors and
co-employees, honest and cooperative.
SUMMARY OF DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
I. Chief Radiologist
A. Supervises and directs activities of the
radiology department in accordance with
accepted standards and administrative
policies.
B. Establishes department procedure, and
methods of operation.
-WILHELM CONRAD RÖENTGEN ( 1895)
C. Assigns and supervises activities of all
department personnel.
D. Serves as a consultant to interpret
roentgenographic/radiographic images
findings and assist in determining the nature
and extent of treatment necessary.
E. Participate with personnel of other
departments in planning administrative and
technical programs and recommends
methods and procedures for coordination of
radiologic with related patient care services.
F. Schedule duties of department personnel.
G. Schedule and recommends the applicant
to the department whom he feels fit for the
job subject to the approval of the
Administrator in accordance with the hospital
employment procedure.
H. Directly responsible to the hospital
administrator for the efficient functioning of
this department and the conduct of the
personnel under his charge. 

I. Provide radiologic services for diagnosis
and/or treatment. 



radiological services for diagnosis and/or
treatment of disease.
B. Serve as consultant to other department
heads to interpret
roentgenographic/radiographic images for
findings and assist in determining nature and
extend of treatment necessary.
C. Assist the Chief Radiologist, if necessary,
in his administration in the department.
III. CHIEF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST
A. Prepare the radiologic technologist’s
schedule of duties, subject to approval by the
Radiologist.
B. In – charge of x-ray supplies requisition,
control, auditing. He/she prepare an inventory
of supplies to be noted by the Radiologist to
the administrator's office.
C. To direct traffic or flow patient’s CLERICAL WORK
examinations. I. RECEPTIONIST/CLERK
D. He is the quality control ( QC) officer of the 1.1. to receive patients for examination
radiographs taken. courteously.
E. To guide, train, and supervise new RT and 1.2. to receive calls for scheduling or other
trainees. inquiries.
F. He is expected to set an example as 1.3. to issue charged ticket and properly
regards to professional conduct and courtesy instruct patient.
to patients, attending doctors, and visitors. 1.4. to be in charge of cleanliness of the
reception and waiting areas.
IV. TECHNOLOGIST STAFF 1.5. to keep records of patient’s correct
1. Produces radiographs name, corresponding number and cross –
1.1. position and transfer patients
 index.
1.2. provides immobilization devices as 1.6. to keep tract of borrowed plates making
required. sure borrowers legible name and signature
1.3. selects proper technical factors on an are properly affixed in the record book.
individual patient basis. 1.7. to be a good public relations officer to
1.4. develops film by automatic and manual promote goodwill and good image for the
processing department always.
1.5. selects and operates equipment as
directed.
1.6. provides protection in accordance with
prescribed safety standards.
1.7. assist physicians in administering
opaque media.
1.8. responsible for delegated areas of
authority in performance of routine or special
procedure.
1.9. responsible for specific areas of
instruction in the hospital.
1.10. in absence of the chief technologist may
be designated as acting supervisor.
1.11. assist in performing first aid if
necessary.
1.12. practices sterile techniques and
prevents cross – contamination.
1.13. may assist the responsible physician in
the administration of ionizing radiation during
radiotherapy.

2. Administrative responsibilities
2.1. maintains adequate records as directed.
2.2. maintains orderliness and cleanliness.
2.3. secures and returns supplies.
2.4. cooperates with all personnel in the
proper conduct of the department.
2.5. rotates within the department or other
departments and by shifting as required.
2.6. maintains ethical relationships.

3. Continues training
3.1. may be required to assist in the
development of technical factors and film
selection.
3.2. performs other related duties as required.
MIDTERM LEC 2: RT Creed, Professional
Development, RT Organizations, and Legal
Obligations
 PROFESSION
THE CREED OF RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGY “TECHNOLOGIST CREDO”
That we may serve humanity with fidelity,
uphold the dignity, honor, and objectives of the
Radiologic Technology Profession to the best
of one’s ability and render service without any
mental reservations to the practice of
Radiologic Technology.
So help me God.
-Atty. Oscar Romero
First Professor - D.A, Ethics and
Jurisprudence
THE NEED FOR PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
A professional man must never lose sight of
the social purpose of his profession, which is
the promotion, prevention, and care of the
common for the community.
Importance of Professional Ethics
1. Set – up definite standards for all
professionals.
 members profess to have acquired special
2. For the protection of the group.
 knowledge by training and experience, or by
3. Helps to define professional conduct for the
new member in line.
4. Helps in the development of a higher
standard of conduct.
The Main Objectives of Prof. Ethics:
1. To define privileges, behavior, and
responsibilities towards the members of the
same profession and towards the members of
the community in general.
2. To promote professional quality,
professional conduct, and moral conduct or
method of procedures.
3. To defend private professions from undue
interference by the government or by other
private agencies.
4. To preserve the dignity of the profession
and the confidence of the public.
5. To defend clients from unscrupulous
professionals

6. To fix certain standards of compensation for
services or work rendered.
A. CAREER DEVELOPMENT

1.The Radiologic Technologist: A
Radiologic Technology profession has come a
long way, from the time the first radiologic
technology was opened in 1969 at the Family
(Caritas Family Colleges) Clinic but it was at
EMILIO Aguinaldo College where the first
graduate from the said course come. It has to
be noted that the number of radiologic/ x-ray
technologist has been increasing through the
years.
PROFESSION - it is an occupation or calling
requiring advanced training and experience
in some specific or specialized body of
knowledge, which provides advice to society in
that special field.
-An occupation that properly involves a liberal
education or its equivalent, of mental rather
than manual labor; especially one of the three
learned professions such as Law, Medicine,
and Theology.
-PROFESSION is a calling in which the
both, so that they may guide or advise or
serve others in that special field.
The practice of the profession, is defined in
the Republic Act 7431, which refers to the
performance or offer to perform or render,
for a fee, salary or other reward or
compensation, services requiring an
understanding of the principles and application
of procedures and techniques in the
supervision and care of patient undergoing
radiological examination be it diagnostic or
therapeutic way.
The student in radiologic technology should
be made to realize the expanded role in the
practice that he/she will be entrusted with.
He/she should be well prepared so that she will
be able to carry out these functions and
responsibilities.
Skills and abilities of a Professional
Radiologic Technologists:
A. Technical Skills – are the skills that a
radiologic technologist should apply in
performing procedures assigned to them.
B. Communication Skills – this is the skills a
radiologic technologist should use and apply in
expressing their thoughts either orally or in
writing.
LICENSE TO PRACTICE
Leighton defines LICENSE, as a legal
document given by the government that
permits a person to offer to the public skills and
knowledge in a particular field.
-It is also defined as the authority of liberty
granted to do or omit an act. Specifically, in
law, a license is permission to practice. It is
not anybody or everybody who can practice
radiologic or x-ray technology.
LICENSURE is the most important tool for
legal control and enforcement of radiologic
technology practice. It is a means to gather
statistical data on radiologic and x-ray
technologists in the country.
REGISTRATION is the recording of the names
of persons who have qualified under the Law to
practice their respective professions.
CLASSIFICATION OF RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGIST
The radiologic technologist who desires to go
to institutions, or work in a hospital/clinic or
academe, should have their own classifications
in the respective field of their choice, but
whenever he/she will apply, the qualification is
that of a registered radiologic technologist.
Three classifications of radiologic
technologists are the following:
a. diagnostic technologist- which deals with
the diagnosis of patient diseases such as the
chest, bone survey, mammography, etc.
b. therapeutic technologist-deals on the
therapeutic side of radiation such as radiation
therapy (cobalt),nuclear medicine etc.
c. In Academe
The radiologic technologist can look forward to
the following positions:
A. as Clinical instructor
-should be a registered professional
-must have at least 2 years experience in the
area of assignment
-must have undergone training in the
supervision of students
B. as classroom instructor/professor
- must be a registered professional 

- must show proof of competence in the field
of specialization assigned to him/her.


C. as Dean of the college/department
- must be a registered professional
- must be a master’s degree holder
- must have teaching experience
How a Radiologic Technologist/ X-ray
Technologist Licensure to practice may be
acquired:
A. a graduate of Radiologic Technology 

B. pass the licensure examination given by the
Board of Radiologic Technology.
C. Take the Radiologic Technology/ x-ray oath
of professionals.
D. Pay the corresponding professional’s
registration fees. 

E. Sign the registry of professionals for
radiologic technology. 

Qualifications of Applicants for Licensure:
Sec. 19 of Republic Act 7431 states that in
order to be admitted to the radiologic
examination, an applicant shall, at the time of
filing of his/her application, therefore, has
established, to the satisfaction of the Board,
that he/she:
A. a FILIPINO citizen
B. of good moral character and has not been
convicted of a crime invoking moral turpitude,
and
C. a holder of a baccalaureate degree in
radiologic technology from a school, college, or
university recognized by the government if he
applies for the radiologic technology
examination, or a holder of an associate in
radiologic technology diploma from a school,
college, or university recognized by the
government if he applies for the x-ray
technology examination.
THE RADIOLOGIC/X-RAY TECHNOLOGY
LICENSURE EXAMINATION
A. Scope of examination for X-Ray Technology
Sec. 20 in R.A. 7431 indicates the scope for X-
Ray technology examination, unless changed
or notified by the Board, the examination shall
cover the following:
A. Radiation Physics, Radiobiology and
Radiation Protection
B. Radiographic Positioning, Radiographic
Technique, and Special Procedures.
C. Anatomy and Physiology and Medical
Terminology
D. Film Processing and Film Analysis
 from the exercise of
E. Darkroom procedures

F. Nursing and Departmental Procedures in
Radiology
G. Professional Ethics and Jurisprudence
B. Scope of examination for Radiologic
Technology
Sec.21 of R.A. 7431, indicates the
examination for Radiologic Technology unless
changed or modified by the Board and covers
the following:
A. Radiation Physics and equipment
maintenance, Radiobiology and Radiation
Protection.
B. Radiographic Positioning, Radiographic
Technique, and SRE with contrast media.
C. Human Anatomy and Physiology and
Medical Terminology
D. Film Analysis and Film Processing
E. Nursing and departmental Procedures in
radiology and professional Ethics
F. Ultrasound
G. Radiation Therapy
H. Nuclear Medicine
 additional dependents during the taxable
I. Radiographic Pathology
J. CT and MRI K. DSA

L. Phlebotomy
Required rating
Again citing RA. 7431, Section 22, provides
that a candidate must obtain a general rating of
seventy-five (75%) in the written test with no
grade lower than sixty (60%) in any of the
subjects.
B. PROFESSIONAL OBLIGATIONS
1.Residence Tax
-This is required to all residents of the
Philippines, Filipinos or aliens, 18 years old
and above. The residents certificate or
community tax (cedula), is paid annually on or
before January 20.
Residence Certificate B, is an additional
residents tax required on the following items
owned or earned in the Philippines:
-assessed value or real property
gross receipt or earnings derived from the
business during the preceding year;
-profession or pursuit of any occupation.
salaries or gross receipts or earnings derived
2. Professional Registration Fee
The payment of this fee is required to all
Professionals before the practice of their
profession. This is paid to the PRC every three
years on both months of the professional.
3. Professional Privilege/ Occupation Tax
This tax should be paid before the practice of a
profession, it is paid every year on or before
January 31. The radiologic/x-ray technologist
working in the government are exempted from
paying this professional tax.
4. Income Tax
This return shall be filed by every resident
citizen or alien, whose withholding income is
kept by the employer and the return shall be
filed or transmitted to the BIR not later than
April 15 each year.
5. Change of Status
If the taxpayer should marry or should have
year, the taxpayer may claim the
corresponding personal and additional
exemptions in full for such year.
-If the taxpayer dies during the taxable year,
his estate may still claim the personal and
additional exemptions for himself and his
dependents as if he died at the close of the
year.
-If the spouse of any of the dependents die,
or any of such dependents become twenty-one
(21) years old during the taxable year, the
taxpayer may still claim the same exemption
-If they died, or if such dependents became
twenty-one(21) years old at the close of the
year.
6. Penalties
In addition to payment of taxes, they shall be
imposed and collected as part of the tax:
A. a surcharge of 25% for each of the
following violations:
- failure to file the return on time
- failure to pay the amount of tax or installment
due on or before the due date.
- filing the return with a person or office other
than those mentioned above.
B. a surcharge of 50% of willful neglect to
the return or when a false or fraudulent return
id filed.
C. Delinquency interest at the rate of 20%
per annum on the unpaid amount from April
15 until fully paid.
7. Special Penalties
A fine of not less than 5,000 pesos, not more
than 50,000 pesos, or imprisonment for not
less than 6 months and one day and not more
than 5 years, or both, shall be imposed for
refusal or neglect to pay the tax, to make a
return or supply information at the time
specified.
-It is the professional duty of radiologic
technologists to give financial support to their
national and international professional
organizations. This fee may be paid either to
the national office located where the president
resides. The membership is 300 pesos
annually. This payment is split for PART, Inc.,
and ISRRT.
C. PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT
A PROFESSIONAL Radiologic Technologist is
a registered one who is looked upon in the
community as above the ordinary citizen with
good background and educational training.
-He/She is exemplary not only in his/her
professional conduct but also in her act as a
private individual.
-Professional growth and development is
the speed of professional change that must
keep pace with the changing world, particularly
with the expanded radiologic technology
practice. One can accomplish this by being a
lifetime learner – a person who is interested in
self-development, self-enrichment, and
continuing self–improvement.
-Professional adjustment involves the growth of
the whole individual and the development of
his capacities.
-Radiologic Technologist who operates their
clinic or are employed in private or government
institutions either in clinics or hospitals derived
their income from the professional feed paid to
them by their patients.
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
1. Philippine Association of Radiologic
Technologists, Inc. (PART, Inc.) – an
accredited professional organization by the
PRC, which was a union of all organizations
founded in the summer of 1954, Presently, a
member of many professional organizations.
2. Philippine Federation of Professional
Radiologic Technologists ( PFPRT) - a
breakaway group from PART which forms their
own and is working for accreditation at the
PRC.
3. Philippine Society of Government
Radiologic Technologist ( PSGRT) –
members are those working in the government.
4. Society of Privately Employed Radiologic
Technologists ( SPERT) – members are
those working in the private hospital.
5. Association of Schools and Colleges of
Radiologic Technologist in the Philippines
(ASCRTP )
6.Philippine Association of Deans and
Faculty of Colleges of Radiologic
Technology, Inc. (PADFACORTI)
7. International Society of Radiographers
and Radiological Technologist (ISRRT)
8. Affiliate member of the Philippine College
of Radiology (PRC)

9. Integrated Council Of Radiologic 3. To encourage self – improvement ,
Technologists Of The Philippines thereby helping to improve the status of the
radiology and that of radiologic technology
Charter Members of the following: profession, as a whole.
1. PFPA – Philippine Federation of
Professional Associations
2. PCH – Philippine Chamber of Health

3. COPHA – Council Professional Health
Association.

E. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
-Continuing Professional Development for the
registered radiologic technologist and X-ray
technologist of the Philippines is the totality of
all teaching and learning activities of a
practitioner, beyond his/her basic preparation
for the practice of the radiologic technology
profession in the Philippines.
-This is related to the enhancement or
upgrading of knowledge, aptitude, skills,
and practices in any of the fields of radiology
practices.
-Accreditation is the program of evaluation
and monitoring of credits earned by the
practitioner for participating in continuing
professional education as a pre-requisite for
the renewal of a professional license.

PHILOSOPHY:
-The registered radiologic/x-ray technologist
has moral, ethical, and legal obligations in
his/her profession. Participating in continuing
professional education is mandatory and
essential to enable the professionals to render
optimum service according to an acceptable
professional standard.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES :

1. To enhance and upgrade the technical
knowledge, skills, and practices of the
radiologic technology profession, thereby,
improving their competence in the practice of
the profession and enabling them to render
service that meets professional standards.

2. To make the radiologic/ x-ray technologist

continually and increasingly aware of the
need to scope with their traditional and new
role expectations.
IGNORANTIA LEGIS NEMINEM EXCUSAT
Common terms:
1. Acquitted - a person was found to be
innocent or not guilty after trial.
2. Convicted - a person was found to be guilty
after trial.
3. Negligence – commission of an act that
should not have been done or omission of an
act that should have been done.
4. Malpractice – stepping beyond one’s
privilege to practice a profession.
5. Tort – an act or omission which causes
damages to another.
6. Damage – a loss, an injury or harm
 D. grounds and procedures for reprimand,
7. Damages – compensation or payment for
loss, injury or harm
8. Assault – an attempt to touch or injure
another
9. Hearsay evidence - a repetition of what a
witness has heard others say. It is not
admissible in court.
10. Battery – intentionally touching or injury to
another.
 Radiologic Technology came up with the
11. Privilege communication - a statement
uttered n good faith. They are not
permitted to be divulged even in court.
12. Dying declaration – are considered as
hearsay evidence except without a legal
warrant.
13. Invasion of privacy or Breach of Privacy
- an unnecessary exposure or publicity of
another without consent
JURISPRUDENCE
- A science or philosophy of law.
- a legal system or body of laws
- the right to regulate the practice of the
profession is based on the police power of the
state. the power or authority of a court to hear
and decide a given case.
JANEY RT 22 :>
JURISDICTION
- The effective control of the quality of
Radiologic/X-ray technology care in the
Philippines is achieved and maintained by:
LICENSURE LAWS ( RA 7431), which
provides:
A. The minimum standard requirements for the
education and 
training of the Radiologic/ X-ray
Technologist. 

-Th examination requirement for the licensure
of applicants. 

C. the distinctiveness like the character, age,
citizenship, and other requirements for
licensure applicants.
suspension or revocation and reinstatement of
license and;
E. The agencies created to administer the
licensing statutes.
CODE OF ETHICS FOR RADIOLOGIC/X-RAY
TECHNOLOGIST
As promulgated from RA 7431, the Board of
following guidelines regarding its code of
ethics such as:
A. It’s relation with the State and Society
B. Relation with patients/clients

C. Relation with other allied profession
D. Relation to agency
E. Relation to oneself
-Violation of any of the provisions of the
Code of Ethics is a ground for reprimand,
suspension, or revocation of the certificate of
registration of the offending Radiologic
Technologist.
CRIMINAL LAW
- the branch of law that defines crimes and
criminals and provides for their punishment.
-certain wrongful act or omission of a
Radiologic/X-ray technologist are considered
crime. If found guilty by the court will make him
liable for imprisonment and/or fines.
CIVIL LAW
Any person who contrary to law willfully or
negligently causes damage to another, shall
indemnify the latter for the same ( Art. 2176,
Civil Code)
RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
ASSOCIATIONS
-Any radiologic/x-ray technologist admitted to a
general or specialized RT organization is
obliged to comply with the constitution- by-
laws, rules, and regulations promulgated by the
governing body of such organization. Failure to
do so may mean suspension or expulsion from
society.
Article 2176 of the New Civil Code provides:
• Art. 2176. Whoever by act or omission
causes damage to another, there being fault or
negligence, is obliged to pay for the damage
done. Such fault or negligence, if there is no
pre-existing contractual relation between the
parties, is called a quasi-delict and is
governed by the provisions.
• To sustain a claim based on the above
provision, the following requisites must concur:
(a) damage suffered by the plaintiff;
(b) fault or negligence of the defendant; and
(c) connection of cause and effect between the
fault or negligence of the defendant and the
damage incurred by the plaintiff.
PUBLIC OPINION
-Every radiologic/x-ray technologist serves as
an ambassador of goodwill of his profession
to the public. The locality in which he belongs
may judge radiologic /x-ray technologist by his
actions. The success or failure of a
radiologic/x-ray technologist practitioner
depends upon the impression of the people
with regards to his ability to satisfactory render
radiological work service to his community.
JURISDICTION OVER OFFENSES
1. COURTS LAW -Violation by a radiologic/x-
ray technologist either permanent or
temporary residents of the Philippines of the
criminal laws, civil laws, including the RA 7431
is under the jurisdiction of the courts of law of
the republic. The penalties given for sued
violation may be imprisonment fines or both,
in the discretion of the court.
2. BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY,
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION
COMMISSION -Violations by a radiologic/x-ray
technologist of the Code of Ethics as well as
Rules and Regulations are considered as an
administrative case and are under the
jurisdiction of the Board of Radiologic
Technology, Professional regulation
Commission. The penalties meted for violations
may be a reprimand, suspension, or
revocation of the certificate of registration of
the offending radiologic/x-ray technologist./
3. THE ASSOCIATIONS OF RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGIST -Sanctions imposed by
each associations and the effect of
uncomplimentary public opinion or
impression upon a radiologic/x-ray
technologist carries no more than the effect of
a moral punishment and sanction on the
offending technologist and persuasive to
reform.
4. APPEAL FOR COURT AND/OR BOARD
DECISION -Appeal for court decisions on
criminal cases may be made through the
Court of Appeals. Decisions rendered on
administrative cases by the Board of
Radiologic Technology involving violations of
the provisions of the Code of Ethics may be
appealed to the office of the resident of the
Philippines thru the Commissioner of the
Professional Regulation Commission.
Law affecting the radiologic/x-ray
technologist as a private citizen
A. The Philippine Constitution
-The Philippine Constitution is a written law
which provides for the rights of the people
within the Philippine Territory. It defines and
distributes the fundamental powers of the
government into different departments.
Rights Guaranteed by the Constitution:
1. Right against deprivation of life, liberty and
property without due process of law. 

2. Right to equal protection of the law. 

3. Right to private property. 

4. Right to be secure from unreasonable
search, seizure, and arrest. 

5. Inviolability of public correspondence and
communication. 
 student, in class or out of it, which for any
6. Freedom of residence and travel.
 reason --- which materially disrupts classwork
7. Right of access to government records
and documents.
8. Right to form associations or societies not
contrary to law.
9. Freedom of religion.- G.R. No. 95770
March 1, 1993 Roel Ebralinag et.al. vs. The
division Superintendent of schools of Cebu
et.al
Court of Appeals states: -The flag is not an
image but a symbol of the Republic of the
Philippines, an emblem of national
sovereignty, of national unity and cohesion
and freedom and liberty which it and the
Constitution guarantee and protect. (Gerona,
et al. vs. Sec. of Education, et al., 106 Phil.
11.)
-the rationale behind this is not that students
are deprived of their freedom of religion upon
their enrollment but they are deemed to have
asserted that right by choosing to abide by the
school's religion when they voluntarily enrolled
therein. It stands to reason that if the school’s
religious persuasion was so objectionable to
the student then he should not opted to join its
rolls.
10. Freedom of speech - three theories on
why there is the need to protect free speech:
1. Free speech is a tool for discovering the
truth
2. It is crucial in any democracy
 3. To be informed of the nature and cause of
3. It promotes tolerance
11. Freedom of the press - the term actually
means gathering and publishing of news
and information in the form of newspapers and
magazine.
Campus Journalism
Court of Appeals
states that:
“ The right of the students to free speech in
school premises. However, is not absolute.
The right of free speech must always be
applied in light of the special characteristics of
the school environment. Thus, while we upheld
the right of the students to free expression in
these cases, we do not rule out disciplinary
action by the school for the conduct of the
or involves substantial disorder or invasion of
the rights of others.”
12. Freedom to assemble peacefully.
13. Right to petition the government for a
redress of grievances.
14. Freedom from slavery and involuntary
servitude.

15.Right against impairment of contracts.
Right of an Accused Person
1. Right to bail. 

2. Right to be presumed innocent. 

3. Right to be heard. 

4. Right to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation against him. 

5. Right to be speedy trial. 

6. Right to confront witnesses. 

7. Right to reasonable punishment. 

8. Right to single prosecution. 

RIGHTS OF THE DEFENDANT UNDER THE
RULES OF THE COURT
1. To be presumed innocent until the
contrary is proved.
2. To be present and defend in person and
by an attorney at every stage of the
proceedings, that is, from the arraignment to
the promulgation of the judgment.
the accusation.
4. To testify as a witness on his behalf. But if
a defendant offers himself as a witness, he
may be cross-examined as to any other
witness. His neglect or refusal to be a witness
shall not in any manner prejudice or be used
against him.
5. To be exempted from being a witness
against himself.
6. To be confronted at the trial by and to
cross-examine the witness against him.
7. To have a compulsory process issued to
secure the attendance of witnesses on his
behalf.
8. To have a speedy and public trial.

9. To have a right of appeal in all cases
authorized by the law
B. The Revised Penal Code -criminalizes a
whole class of acts that are generally accepted
as criminals, such as the taking of a life
whether through murder or homicide, rape,
robbery and theft, and treason. The Code
also penalizes other acts which are considered
criminal in the Philippines, such as adultery,
concubinage, and abortion. The Code
expressly defines the elements that consist of
each crime, and the existence of all these
elements has to be proven beyond a
reasonable doubt in order to secure a
conviction.
PENAL CODE - a body of law dealing with
various crimes or offenses and their legal
penalties.
-Not all crimes in the Philippines are penalized
under the Code. Certain acts, such as the
illegal possession of firearms, are penalized
under special legislation contained in
Republic Acts. The most notable crimes now
excluded from the Revised Penal Code are
those concerning illegal drug use or
trafficking, which are penalized instead under
the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 or the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002.
DANGEROUS DRUGS - These are narcotic
drugs and other prohibited substances listed
in United nations Protocols such as the 1961
Single Convention on narcotic drugs, as
amended by the 1972 protocol, and the list of
controlled substances enumerated in the 1971
UN Single Convention on Psychotropic
Substances. Shabu, “ ecstasy,” heroin,
opium, morphine, and marijuana are
common examples.
Why should we avoid dangerous drugs?
Illegal- Prohibited by law (RA 9165)
Health- Damages our brain and body
Pyscho-social- Destroys one's behavior and
causes one to commit crime
Spiritual- Against the will of God
Drug- is chemical substance that brings
about physical, emotional or behavioral
change in a person talking it.
-Is any substance other than food or water that
is intended to be taken or administered for the
purpose of altering, the recipients physical,
mental or emotional state
Reasons why people turn to drugs:
1. Family Problems-Parents who always
quarrel in front for the children.
-Irresponsible parents who don't have time
for their children.
2. Peer Pressure/Curiosity
-Bad Influence by friends.
3. Weak Personality
4. Desire to Escape from reality
5. Lack of self-confindence and inferiority
complex
Common signs of drug abuse:
1. Stealing items which can be readily sold for
cash(to support a drug habit)
2. Change in Mood- depending on the drug
taken. Example:Depressed or becoming elated
and euphoric
3. Association with known drug abusers
4. Change from normal capabilities(work
habits,efficiency,etc.)
5. Change in attendance at work or school
6. Poor physical appearance, including
inattention to dress and personal hygiene
7. Wearing sunglasses constantly at
inappropriate time(for instance, indoors or at
night) or only to hide dilated or constricted
pupils but also to compensate for the eye's
inability to adjust ot sunlight. Marijuana
causes bloodshot eyes.
What is Drug Abuse?
- It is the use of any chemical substance, licit
or illicit, resulting to individual's physical,
mental, or social impairment.
It may refer to any of the following practices:
-Using, without benefit or prescription,
useful drugs which have the capacity to alter
the mood or behavior
-Using drugs and substances for a purpose
different from the one from which the drug has
been prescribed
-Using drugs and substances having no
legitimate medical
A.Origin
Natural- anything that comes from nature
Synthetic-anything that is produced artificially
or processed in the laboratory
Pharmacological Classifications of Drugs
1.Stimulants
-Also know as"uppers"
-Any of a group of drugs that excite the central
nervous system. It increase alertness,
alleviate fatigue, reduce hunger and provide
a feeling of well-being.
-EX.Cocaine,Methamphetamine(SHABU)
2.Depressant
-Also called as "dowbers" or "barbs"
-Any drug or chemical that decreases that
activity of any bodily function. The term is
most often used to refer to drugs that reduce
the activity of the central nervous system
-EX: Sedatives,Sleeping pills, Tranquilizers
3.Hallucinogens
-Also called"psychedelics"
-First devloped or synthetic psyhcoactive
drugs that produce marked distortion of the
senses and changes in perception
-EX:MJ, LSD, Ecstasy, Ketamine
Most Abused Drugs
Marijuana - 33.65%
Inhalants - 4.82%
Shabu - 81.36%
Contents of SHABU
Ephedrine-(Classified as Dangerous Drugs)
Main ingredient of SHABU causing brain
damage
Toluene- Chemical used for paintss,
adhesives, etc.
Accetone- Nail cleaner
Lithium Batteries- Cancer causing component
Battery Acid- Corrosive Chemical
Drain Cleaner-Liquid Soap
Hydrocholoric Acid-(Muriatic Acid)
Chloroform-Cancer causing solvent
Drug of Abuse No.2 Marijuana or Cannabis
Sativa
Immediate Effects
-Hallucinations/illusions
-Faster heart beat and pulse rate
-Bloodshot Eye/blurred vision/Rapid Eye
Movement(REM)
-Dry mouth and throat
-Forgetfulness/Inability to think
-Altered sense of time/disorientation
-Impaired reflexes coordination and
concentration
-Acute panic anxiety reaction
-“Food-trip" & sleepiness(MJ)
Long Term Effects
-Severe irritation of the nasal passages that
lead to frequent nose bleeding
-Renal damages, heart disease and strokes
-Psychiatric concsequences
-Gateway drug that may lead to poly-drug use.
Drug of Abuse NO.3 Inhalants
-Volatile chemical substances that contains
psyhco-active(mind/mood altering) vapors
producing a state of intoxication.
-EX. Glue and adhesive cement/ Rugby/
Super Glue/ Thinner.
Immediate Effects
-Prone to bleeding and bruises
-Loss of memory
-Difficulty in learning and seeing thins clearly
-Loss bodily control
-Cramps, pains and bad cough
Long Term Effect
-Permanent damage to brain, liver and kidneys
Withdrawal Symptoms
-Anxiety,depression and irritability
-Aggressive behavior
-Dizziness, shaking and nausea
-Insomnia
-Other Drugs of Abuse- Ecstasy
Sleeping pills
BENZODIAZEPINES- Commonly known as
tranquilizers and sleeping pill.They are
classified as short,medium and long acting.
This relates to the length of the drug action in
the body. Length of action can also be
influenced by the health of a person's liver, age
and weight. A.K.A. Valium, Ativan,Nubain,
etc.
NEW DANGEROUS DRUGS
1.ACETYLFENTAYL - five times more
powerful than heroin
2.MT-45 - has potent analgesic activity
comparable to morphine
3.PARAMETHOXYMETHYLAMPHETAMINE(
PPMA)-may used as substitute to ecstasy
4.Alph-PYRROLIDINOVALEROPHENONE(a-
PVP)- may cause violent behavior and display
of psychotic behavior
5.Para-METHYLAMINOREX(4,4'-DMAR)-
potentially lethal designer drug
6.METHOXETAMINE(MXE)-has potent
hallucinogenic properties
7.PHENAZEPAM-has euphoric and hypnotic
effects
Dangerous Drugs on student issues:
Drug use and Possession
-The school has every right to search a student
entering the school campus. If the search
would yield the presence of dangerous drugs,
the school administration has the option to
administratively sanction or even expel the
student. However, the school may also opt to
choose a criminal prosecution. Thus, it can
resort to the provision of the Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002 or RA 9165
Section 12. Possession of Equipment,
Instrument, Apparatus and Other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs. - The
penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6)
months and one (1) day to four (4) years and
a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos
(P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any
person, who, unless authorized by law, shall
possess or have under his/her control any
equipment, instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking,
consuming, administering, injecting,
ingesting, or introducing any dangerous
drug into the body: Provided, That in the case
of medical practitioners and various
professionals who are required to carry such
equipment, instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia in the practice of their
profession, the Board shall prescribe the
necessary implementing guidelines thereof.
-The possession of such equipment,
instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia fit or intended for any of the
purposes enumerated in the preceding
paragraph shall be prima facie evidence that
the possessor has smoked, consumed,
administered to himself/herself, injected,
ingested or used a dangerous drug and shall
be presumed to have violated Section 15 of
this Act.
Section 13. Possession of Dangerous Drugs
During Parties, Social Gatherings or
Meetings. - Any person found possessing
any dangerous drug during a party, or at a
social gathering or meeting, or in the
proximate company of at least two (2)
persons, shall suffer the maximum penalties
provided for in Section 11 of this Act,
regardless of the quantity and purity of such
dangerous drugs.
Section 14. Possession of Equipment,
Instrument, Apparatus and Other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs During
Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings. -
The maximum penalty provided for in Section
12 of this Act shall be imposed upon any
person, who shall possess or have under
his/her control any equipment, instrument,
apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or
intended for smoking, consuming,
administering, injecting, ingesting, or
introducing any dangerous drug into the
body, during parties, social gatherings or
meetings, or in the proximate company of at
least two (2) persons.
Section 15. Use of Dangerous Drugs. - A
person apprehended or arrested, who is
found to be positive for use of any dangerous
drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be
imposed a penalty of a minimum of six (6)
months rehabilitation in a government center
for the first offense, subject to the provisions of
Article VIII of this Act. If apprehended using
any dangerous drug for the second time,
he/she shall suffer the penalty of
imprisonment ranging from six (6) years
and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a
fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00) to Two hundred thousand
pesos (P200,000.00): Provided, That this
section shall not be applicable where the
person tested is also found to have in his/her
possession such quantity of any dangerous
drug provided for under Section 11 of this
Act, in which case the provisions stated therein
shall apply.
Classification
1.LSD ( Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) –
hallucinogen – mind altering
2. Marijuana – hallucinogen – mind altering

3. Opium – depressant
 ARTICLE IV
4. Heroin – depressant
5. Morphine – depressant

6. Amphetamines – stimulant
7. Barbiturates – depressant
Hallucinogen - A hallucinogen is a substance
that produces psychological effects that are
normally associated only with dreams,
schizophrenia, or religious exaltation. It
produces changes in perception, thought, and
feeling, ranging from distortions of what is
sensed (illusions) to sensing objects where
there are none to be sensed (hallucinations).
Hallucinogens - heighten sensory signals,
but this is often accompanied by loss of control
over what is experienced.
Stimulant – drugs that temporarily increase
alertness and wakefulness.
 vocational, or agro-industrial as well as in non-
Depressant - Any drug that reduces or tends
to reduce the function of a system or organ of
the body, especially a drug that reduces or
slows down the activity of the central nervous
system and that in high dosages can lead to
slurred speech, behavior resembling
drunkenness, coma, and death.
Slang term in local drug culture
 and economic dimensions and implications of
1.LSD – A; Acid, Blue heavens, flash, lason sa
daga,micro dot, orange micro; purple haze
2. Marijuana – damo, pot,grass, mary jane,
joints, sticks, reefers, robo bush, cannabis,
cavite all star, lakbay diwa, loco weed, love
weed, pod, rope, tea, weed, ganja, chongki,
maryjones, tiririt, space cake, doobie,
3. Opium – kalamay, panutsa, OP, balot,
sleep, death, HOP
4. Heroin- gamot, motga,
horse, junk, H, dynamite, scag, hard stuff,
kabayo, ogoy, pack,
pulboron, tinik
5. Morphine – dope, morf, M, dreamer, herd
stuff, gamot, pink junkie
6. Barbiturates – barbs, red devil, downers,
yellow jackets
7. Amphetamines – pep pills, uppers. Wake –
ups, hearts, berries, dexies, reducing pills, diet
pill EPE pills.
8. Methamphetamines-shabu, chalk,
chemical ice, ice, crank, crystal, glass, meth,
speed, tina
Participation of the Family, Students, Teachers
and School Authorities in the Enforcement of
this Act
Section 42. Student Councils and Campus
Organizations. - All elementary, secondary,
and tertiary schools' student councils and
campus organizations shall include in their
activities a program for the prevention of and
deterrence in the use of dangerous drugs, and
referral for treatment and rehabilitation of
students for drug dependence.
Section 43. School Curricula - Instruction on
drug abuse prevention and control shall be
integrated into the elementary, secondary, and
tertiary curricula of all public and private
schools, whether general, technical,
formal, informal, and indigenous learning
systems.
Such instructions shall include:
(1) Adverse effects of the abuse and misuse
of dangerous drugs on the person, the family,
the school, and the community;
(2) Preventive measures against drug abuse;
(3) Health, socio-cultural, psychological, legal,
the drug problem;
(4) Steps to take when intervention on behalf
of a drug dependent is needed, as well as the
services available for the treatment and
rehabilitation of drug dependents; and
(5) Misconceptions about the use of
dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,
the importance and safety of dangerous drugs
for medical and therapeutic use as well as the
differentiation between medical patients and
drug dependents in order to avoid confusion
and accidental stigmatization in the
consciousness of the students.
Section 44. Heads, Supervisors, and
Teachers of Schools - For the purpose of
enforcing the provisions of Article II of this Act,
all school heads, supervisors, and teachers
shall be deemed persons in authority and, as
such, are hereby empowered to apprehend,
arrest or cause the apprehension or arrest of
any person who shall violate any of the said
provisions, pursuant to Section 5, Rule 113 of
the Rules of Court. They shall be deemed
persons in authority if they are in the school
or within its immediate vicinity, or even beyond
such immediate vicinity if they are in
attendance at any school or class function in
their official capacity as school heads,
supervisors, and teachers.
-Any teacher or school employee, who
discovers or finds that any person in the
school or within its immediate vicinity is liable
for violating any of said provisions, shall have
the duty to report the same to the school head
or immediate superior who shall, in turn,
report the matter to the proper authorities.
-Failure to do so in either case, within a
reasonable period from the time of discovery of
the violation shall, after due hearing, constitute
sufficient cause for disciplinary action by
the school authorities.
On student issues:
-Possession of prohibited drugs or regulated
drugs is committed if:
1. the possession is unauthorized
2. either actual or constructive
3. irrespective of its quality
4. with intent to possess. i.e.. With full
knowledge that what was possessed was any
of the prohibited or regulated drugs, however,
the phrase’ unless authorized by law in Sec.12
above states an element of defense and,
therefore, is not necessary to allege in the
information that the accused is not
authorized to posses' opium.
-The more important aspects of drug felonies
correlative to students are that of possession
and use. Possession is punishable when it is
unauthorized actual or constructive possession
with intention to possess the drugs or “ animus
possedendi.” Furthermore, possession
extends not only actual drug but also to
paraphernalia’s, instruments or apparatus of
the same and is evidence of drug use. Hence,
possession of an aluminum or glass tooter,
tissue paper, aluminum foils and
disposable lighter is prima facie evidence of
the use of shabu. Drug use on the other hand,
is when the person is found positive of drug
use after a confirmatory test
CRIME - an act committed or omitted in
violation of the law.
FELONY - a crime punishable under the
Revised Penal Code.
- crime, such as murder, arson, rape, for
which statute usually provides a greater
punishment than for a misdemeanor.
Crime against person/s:

1. Murder -Killing of another with criminal
intention.
2. Homicide - Killing of another which may be
committed without criminal intention.
3. Parricide - Killing of one’s father mother,
child, spouse, ascendants, or descendants.
4. Infanticide – Killing of a child less than three
days old.
5. Abortion – Killing of the fetus inside the
uterus.
6. Physical injuries -wounding, beating, or
assaulting another. Physical injuries may be
serious, less serious, or slight.
Types of Executions
-Lethal Injection
-Gas Chamber Executions
-The Electric Chair
-Execution by Firing Squad
-Death by Hanging
-Death by Stoning
-Death by Beheading
-Death by Crucifixion
Crime Against Property:
1.Robbery - unlawful taking of another
person’s property.
2. Arson - intentional burning of another
person’s house.
3. Sabotage - intentional damage to the
property of the employer by the employee.
 2. Bribery - receiving money or gifts in
Crime Against Chastity: connection with the performance of official
1. Rape - forcible sexual intercourse with a duties.
woman without her consent. 3. Corruption of public Officials - giving
2. Adultery - sex between a married man or money or gifts to public officials by reason of
woman and someone he or she is not married his public.
to
3. Concubinage - the state of cohabitation of a Kinds of Felony according to the degree
man and a woman without the full sanctions of and attainment of the objectives:
legal marriage. 1. Attempted felony - the offender
commences to do the criminal act and the
Crime Against Public Interest
 criminal objective was not achieved.
1. Forgery - altering a written document for 2. Frustrated felony -the offender has
deceit performed all the acts necessary for the
commission of the crime, but the criminal
2. Perjury – telling a lie under oath. objective was not achieved.
3. Consummated felony - the offender has
Crime Against Honor
 performed all the acts necessary for the
1. Defamation-injury to the honor and commission of the crime and the criminal
reputation of another objective was achieved.
person.
1.1 Libel -written document Conspiracy - where two or more persons are
1.1.2. Cyberlibel - Defamation which is written involved in the commission of the crime.
such as on a web site. 

1.2 Slander-oral defamation 
 The person involved in a Conspiracy:
1.3 Slander by Deed - an act which causes 1. Principal - one who actually performs the
dishonor to another person 
 crime.
2. Accomplice - one who willingly and
Crime Against Personal Liberty and knowingly participates or assists in performing
Security:
 the crime.
1. Kidnapping-forcible abduction of another 3. Accessory before the fact - one who
person.
 without participating, contributes, or cooperates
in performing the crime.
2. Illegal detention-detaining a person without
a warrant. 4. Accessory after the fact - one who
cooperates in performing the criminal act by
3. Trespassing-entering another person’s
concealing or destroying the evidence of the
house or prosperity without warrant.
crime or by assisting a criminal to escape.
Crime against Public Morals:
The crime involved in Lawsuit:

1. Illegal Gambling- playing for money.
1. Plaintiff or complainant - the accuser, one
2. Indecent Exposure – intentional exposure
who initiates a lawsuit.
of one’s private parts in public.
2. Defendant or respondent - the accused,
3. Prostitution- a crime committed by a
the one who is being sued.
woman who engages in sexual intercourse for
pay. 3. Witness – one who testifies for or against
the defendant.
Crimes Connected with Public Office:
1. Graft - dishonest transactions in public
office.
JANEY RT 22 :>
Written Orders issued by the court:
 - the offender has provoked or threatened by
1. Summon - a written order to appear in court
as a respondent or defendant.
 - the offender voluntarily surrendered to
2. Subpoena - a written order to appear in
court as witness.
Effect of failure to comply with a subpoena
- failure by a person without adequate excuse
to obey a subpoena served upon him shall be
deemed a contempt of the court from which
the subpoena is issued.
3. subpoena duces tecum (Latin for "bring
with you under penalty of punishment") -is a
court summons to appear and produce tangible
evidence for use at a hearing or trial.
4. subpoena ad testificandum is a court
summons to appear and give oral testimony for
use at a hearing or trial.
4. Search Warrant - a written order to inspect
one’s property.
5. Warrant of Arrest - a written order to obtain
a person.
Ways why crimes may be committed:
1. Through Dolo ( deceit) - the crime was
performed with deliberate intent.
2. Through Culpa ( fault) - the crime resulted
from lack of knowledge, and skills, negligence,
lack of foresight.
Circumstances that affect criminal liabilities:
 - intoxication of the offender
1. justifying circumstances ( justifies –
means lawful, rightful) - self-defense, defense
of one’s property, defense of another person.
- Fulfillment of a lawful duty
- Obedience to a lawful order
2. Exempting circumstances ( to exempt –
means to exclude)
- the offender is insane
- the offender is less than 9 years old.
- The person failed to perform an act required
by law due to some lawful cause.
- In case of mere accident.
3. Mitigating circumstances ( to mitigate –
means to reduce or decrease the penalty)
- the offender has no intention to commit the
wrong 
 1.The level of intent that must be assessed
- the offender is under 18 years old or over
70 years old. 
 2.The interest affected by the tort. 
JANEY RT 22 :>
the offended party. 

authorities 

- the offender acted under passion or
obfuscation.
- the offender was suffering from a physical
defect which restricts his means of action or
communication. 

4. Aggravating circumstances ( to aggravate
– means increase, to make more serious)
- the offender looks the advantage of his public
office or there was an abuse of power. The
offender committed the crime in contempt of or
with an insult to public authorities.
- the crime was committed during a fire,
earthquake, epidemic, or other such calamities
or misfortunes
- the crime was committed with the aid of
armed men

- the crime committed by a recidivist.

- the crime was committed using fraud,
disguise, deceit, or treachery

- the crime was committed with the aid of
persons below 15 years old
5. Alternative circumstances - may either be
mitigating or aggravating depending on:
- the relationship of the offender with the
offended party
-the degree of education and training of the
offender

Kinds of medical malpractice:
1. administrative malpractice
2. criminal malpractice
3. civil malpractice 

TORT - a legal term derived from the Latin
word "tortus", meaning a "wrong".
- a wrongful act other than a breach of
contract for which relief may be obtained in
the form of damages or an injunction.
Classification: intentional and unintentional
Categories of torts
Torts are generally categorized by two factors:
against the tortfeasor, and;

THREE BROAD CATEGORIES OF TORTS
1. intentional torts (e.g., intentionally hitting a
person);
2.negligent torts (e.g. causing an accident);
3.strict liability torts (e.g. liability for making
and selling used contrast media).
Assault - the tort of acting intentionally and
voluntarily causing the reasonable
apprehension of an immediate harmful or
offensive contact, coupled with the ability to
carry out the touching.
Battery – An unlawful touching of another that
is without justification or excuse.
False imprisonment - Conscious restraint of
another without proper authorization, privilege,
or consent.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional
Distress(IIED) -intentional conduct that results
in extreme emotional distress. Some courts
and commentators have substituted mental for
emotional, but the tort is the same.
Negligence - failure to exercise the care
toward others which a reasonable or prudent
person would do in the circumstances, or
taking action which such a reasonable person
would not.
Nuisance - it is abroad concept characterizing
“ the defendant's interference with plaintiff’s
interest.
Doctrines that determine the liabilities for
damages due to negligence:
 Decree No. 223, Dated June 22, 1975.
1.“Res ipsa loquitur ” means “ the thing
speaks for itself”. No further proof of
evidence is required. to use res ipsa loquitur in
the context of negligence the plaintiff must
prove that:
1. The harm would not ordinarily have occurred
without someone's negligence.
2. The instrumentality of the harm was under
the exclusive control of the defendant at the
time of the likely negligent act.
3. The plaintiff did not contribute to the harm by
his own negligence.
2.“ Respondeat Superior” means “ let the
master answer for the acts of his
subordinates”. This doctrine applies only to
these actions performed
by the employee within the scope of his
employment.
3. Effect of “ Force Majure”, unforeseen,
inevitable, and irresistible force. An “Act of
God”.
4. Duty of care - a legal obligation imposed on
an individual requiring at they exercise a
reasonable standard of care while performing
any acts that could foreseeably harm others.
5. Standard of care - the degree of prudence
and caution required of an individual who is
under a duty of care. A breach of the standard
is necessary for a successful action in
negligence.
6. Proximate cause – an event sufficiently
related to a legally recognizable injury to be
held the cause of that injury.
7. Foreseeability – a concept used in various
areas of the law to limit the liability of a party
for the consequences of his acts to
consequences that are within the scope of a
foreseeable.
How are technologists disciplined to follow
medical ethics?
1.suspension or revocation of certificate of
registration to practice radiologic technology. 

2.civil liability for damages 

3. Public censure 

The powers of the Professional Regulation
Commission according to Presidential
1.To administered, implement, and enforce the
regulatory policies of the National Government
with respect to the regulation and licensing of
the various professionals and occupations
under its jurisdiction including the maintenance
of professional and occupational standards and
ethics and the enforcement of the rules and
regulations relative thereto.
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