Lecture 3 - Branching and Iteration

ENG 202: Computers and Engineering
Object Oriented Programming in PYTHON

LECTURE 3 – Branching and Iteration
Maurice J. KHABBAZ, Ph.D.

1 2 3 4 5
Last Time
Syntax and Scalar Simple Expressions. Variables
Semantics. Objects. Operations. and Values.
Monday, January 27, 2020

Today
STRING OBJECT BRANCHING AND INDENTATION ITERATION AND

TYPE CONDITIONALS LOOPS
Monday, January 27, 2020 NDU - ENG 202 - Maurice J. KHABBAZ, Ph.D. 3
Strings
• Letters, special characters, spaces, digits.
• Enclose in quotation marks or single quotes:
>>> hi = ”hello there”
• Concatenate strings:
>>> name = “Elio”
>>> greet = hi + name
>>> print(greet) Erroneous Output
hello thereElio
>>> geeting = hi + “ ” + name
>>> print(greeting) White Space
Hello there Elio 👍🏼
• Do some operations on a string as defined in PYTHON docs:
>>> silly = hi + “ ” + name * 3
>>> print(silly)
hello there ElioElioElio
INPUT/OUTPUT: The print Command
• Used to output results to the PYTHON console.
• print is a PYTHON keyword (a.k.a. identifier, reserved word).
• Example:
x = 1
print(x)
x_str = str(x)
print(“My fav num is”, x, “.”, “x = ”, x)
print(“My fav num is ”, x_str, “.”, “x = ”, x)
print(“My fav num is ” + x_str + “.” + “x = ” + x_str)
INPUT/OUTPUT: The input(“”) Command
• Used to feed the computer with user input.
• Prints whatever is within the quotes (“”).
• User types a something (e.g. a value) and hits the ENTER key.
• Binds the fed value to a variable.
text = input(“Type anything: “);
print(5*text)
• input returns a string so type casting is necessary for numbers:
num = int(input(“Type a number: “))
print(5*num)
Comparison Operators On
int, float and string
• Let i and j be variable names.
• Comparisons below evaluate to a Boolean-typed value:
i > j
i >= j
i < j
i <= j
i == j → equality test, True if i is the same as j.
i != j → inequality test, True if i is not the same as j.
Logic Operators On Boolean Variables
• A binary variable can take either one of two values: True or False.
• Consider a and b to be Boolean variables.
• Three essential Boolean operators: not, and, or.
• The not operator is unilateral (i.e. takes only one operand):
not a → True if a is False. Else, False.
• The and/or operators are bilateral (i.e. take two operands):
a and b → True if both a and b are True. Else, False.
a or b → True if either/both a and b are True. Else, False.
Binary Truth Table For Two Operands
a b not a not b a and b a or b

False False True True False False
False True True False False True
True False False True False True
True True False False True True
Comparison/Logic Operators Example
pset_time = 15
sleep_time = 8
print(sleep_time > pset_time) Output? False
drive = True
drink = False
both = drink and drive
print(both) Output? False
Maze Game
🙂 🙂 🙂
🙂
If right clear, If right blocked, If right & front blocked, If right, front & left blocked,
Go right Go forward Go left Go back
Flow Control, Branching:
if statement
Simple if statement False

condition
if <condition>: True
<expression 1>
Body <expression 2> expression 1
. . . expression 2
. . .
if...else statement
if...else statement
False
if <condition>: condition
<expression 1>
<expression 2> True
. . .
expression 1 expression 3
else:
expression 2 expression 4
<expression 3>
. . . . . .
<expression 4>
. . .
if...elif...else statement
if...elif...else
statement
False
if <cond. 1>: cond. 1 cond. 2
<expr. 1>
. . . True True
elif <cond. 2>:
expr. 1 expr. 2 expr. 3
<expr. 2>
. . . . . . . . .
. . .
else:
<expr. 3>
. . .
Indenation
• How you denote code blocks in PYTHON is of utmost importance.
x = float(input(“Enter a value for x: ”))
y = float(input(“Enter a value for y: ”))
if x == y:
print(“x and y are equal”)
if y != 0
print(“therefore, x/y is”, x/y)
elif x < y:
print(“x is smaller”)
else:
print(“y is smaller”)
print(“Thanks!”)
= V.S. ==
x = float(input(“Enter a value for x: ”))
y = float(input(“Enter a value for y: ”))
if x == y:
print(“x and y are equal”)
if y != 0
print(“therefore, x/y is”, x/y)
elif x < y:
print(“x is smaller”)
else:
print(“y is smaller”)
print(“Thanks!”)
17
Flow Control, Loops:
while Loop
while loop statement False

condition
while <condition>: True
<expression 1>
<expression 2> expression 1
. . . expression 2
. . .
while Loop
Example
• Filling an ice cream cone:
• You have the right for 5 scoops.
• Program may look like this:
scoops = 5
while scoops > 0:
print(“Another scoop!”)
scoops -= 1
print(“Enjoy! Come back soon!”)
Flow Control, Loops:
for Loop v = 0
for loop statement

True
for <v> in range(<n>) v == n-1
<expr. 1>
<expr. 2> False
. . . expr. 1
expr. 2
• Each time through the loop v takes a value.
. . .
• First time: v starts at the smallest value:
• If not defined, smallest value is 0.
• Next time: v takes the previous value + 1 and …
Iterate Through Numbers In A Known Sequence
while loop does it that way: for loop does it this way:
n = 0 for n in range(5):
while n < 5: print(n)
print(n)
n += 1
USE for LOOP WHEN NUMBER OF ITERATIONS KNOWN AHEAD
range(start, stop, step)
• range is a pre-defined function (i.e. a reserved word).
• It takes three input parameter values (as shown above).
• Default parameter values are: start = 0, step = 1 (optional)
• Looping process continues until reaching stop-1
Example 1: Example 2:
mySum = 0 mySum = 0
for i in range (7,10): for i in range (5,11,2):
mySum += i mySum += i
print(mySum) print(mySum)
break Statement
• When encountered throughout a looping flow:
• Causes immediate interruption of the looping process.
• Skips remaining expressions within the loop.
• Exits only innermost loop!
• Generic code:
while <condition_1>:
while <condition_2>:
<inner_expressions>
inner break
outer <other_inner_expressions>
<outer_expressions>
break
<other_outer_expressions>
<out_of_loop_expressions>
break Statement Example
mySum = 0
for i in range(5, 11, 2):
mySum += i
if mySum == 5:
break Output?
mySum += 1 5
print(mySum)
for Loops V.S. while Loops
• Know number of iterations • Unbounded number of iterations.
a priori.
• Can end early via break.
• Can end early via break.
• Can use a counter but must
• Use a counter. initialize it outside loop and
increment it inside loop.
• Can be re-written as • Not always re-writable as for

while loops. loop.

Lecture 3 - Branching and Iteration

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 3 - Branching and Iteration

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENG 202: Computers and Engineering

Object Oriented Programming in PYTHON

Maurice J. KHABBAZ, Ph.D.

Monday, January 27, 2020

STRING OBJECT BRANCHING AND INDENTATION ITERATION AND

a b not a not b a and b a or b

Simple if statement False

while loop statement False

for loop statement

USE for LOOP WHEN NUMBER OF ITERATIONS KNOWN AHEAD

• Can be re-written as • Not always re-writable as for

You might also like