***REDUKSI / PENYINGKATAN...YANG DISINGKAT ANAK KALIMAT...

(YANG)
A. HUMAN>>>WHO
B. NON HUMAN >>>WHICH/THAT

1. Reduksi V-ing>>>>>Fruit which CONTAINS (V1) vitamin C is believed to

prevent cancer (CONTAINING) YANG ME (BIASANYA SUBYEK NYA
HUMAN)
The young professor who TEACHES (V1) strategic
management is very humble (TEACHING)

The taxi driver who TOOK (V2) me to airport yesterday is

very friendly (TAKING)

A young woman who complained of severe headache

last week passed away (complaining)
Jadi selama anak kalimatnya dalam bentuk PRESENT TENSE (V satu) dan PAST
TENSE (V2) bisa direduksi / disingkat menjadi V-ING karena hanya anak kalimat
sajaa
2. Reduksi V-3 (-ed/IRREGULAR FORMS)
The idea which IS spoken by Andy is original (SPOKEN)

The ideas which were recommended by Andy were

excellent (RECOMMENDED)

Appendectomy for acute appendicitis is one of the most

common emergency surgical procedures which are
performed by general surgeons. (performed)

Many patients who are suspected of acute appendicitis

develop a complication of 22% to 62%, even if they are
diagnosed and operated on without any complications
(suspected)
 In most patients suspected of acute appendicitis,
diagnostic procedures are performed using blood values
or images obtained. In the study, which investigated the
relationship between basic statistical methods and acute
appendicitis, the patients who underwent 302
appendectomies in 2008 were examined for gender, age,
and leukocyte values 
Maka selama anak kalimatnya dalam bentuk pasif (to be V-3..maka bisa disingkat
langsung menjadi V3 (which/that hilang, Tobe juga hilang..langsung V3)
3. NOUN (KATA BENDA)
Our English teacher, who is mem widi, has been in STIE since 2016
Our English teacher, mem widi, has been in STIE since 2016
STIE, which is one of the private universities in Malang, offers Economic
study>>>>STIE, one of the private universities in Malang, offers
Economic study.
Covid 19, (which is) one of the communicable diseases, can be
prevented using strict prokes

4. ADJECTIVE (KATA SIFAT)

The one who is capable of managing this event is very brilliant
The one capable of managing this event is very brilliant

Acute appendicitis, which is more common, especially between the ages

of 10 and 30 years, is one of the most common emergency diseases in
general surgery clinics.
Acute appendicitis, more common, especially between the ages of 10 and
30 years, is one of the most common emergency diseases in general
surgery clinics.

*** Subyek + tobe + V3 / Ving

Dalam toefl mostly yg diikuti V3...biasanya subyeknya Non Human
Yang diikuti V-ing biasanya subyeknya HUMAN
Tobe>>>>a. Is , am, are
b. was dan were
c. has been/ have been
d. Modals + BE (will be, can be, must be dll)
Examples : The meeting will be held tomorrow
Toefl test is taken right now
The plan was scheduled yesterday