VITAMIN-¢ ;- (Ascorbic acid / Anti Swrvy Factor) Physiological sole Deficiency disorders }) Sensitive to xevercible oxidation L- Ascorbic acid => dehydro L-Accévbic Involved in Oxd" & Hed Se 2) Conversion of Folic acid —> Folinic acid. D Hydroxylation of proline & Lysine Cin Collagen , “intra. cellular cementing Substance) 4 Hydroxylation & steroid hormones (Adrenal corter & Corpus luteon) 8) Absorption of iron 4 Incorporation of plasma iron into ferritin by sudusing/ Ferric won —> Ferrous intone ©) Required for Synthetic sf aromatic ad» (yr HP ia 7 al 2) form” df Norepinephrine (Debamine > Oe ee, een) » synthesis of Casxhitine - 4) enhanue the Syrinesis & Ws & Bio. 1 te fic ation’ 2B: if) Nereases Pe asegee ef Sup chanacterized by failure ‘m the form ob “intracdlular materials} Symbtem ees 7 + Internal. haemorrhages:.Vit-8, [Thiamine \- nat : gee ee yee we pers | [2,5 di methy) ot GT ECAC If strmethg< eine pining Cy S-hydroxy a a . T VieBi- ww Tre > On MOG §~ G—CHOM iby! Side. : On OH on dss [era seyret COC, ieee [Eseaslexaaine] any. Vit-Byi- cx on Pyridine Sy 3- carboxylic aiid) [Niaa] HyeVitarin- B, i (Anti Ber) Ber! factor] Antineuretic. vitamin /Aneuwun ___ phipiological sole tas ) Eesential for TS 2) Eesental fpr meinen nervous System - Deficiency Vets Vv, ¥ Bex Bout cody Symptoms j- D Caenayme achvityi—(Tpp) © Anorexia. Oyshepsia nderness of muscles SF pyruvate +nunot dibilrean acetyl CoA + CO, a dle par oe biness | + CoASH TeP NADH THT 7 i ab athant.uany askin genus cea a *CoasH "TPP: 1 ara 4) Tn HMp Shunt pathwary ;— Wet Gerd Best j- Edema > pal Trans keblose, a ee o| = Greathless nese an se agra sudohab 7 — pulse nate 2s pact lose 5 ~ Heaxt became, ween: hutclas noncalle , ~ Nusrologicall manifestations ~ Wirntexe’s Ss encephalopathy — »> mg bsopiao Metabolism (Try biophan 6) Mitachendrial branched chain of ee _ D For transmission of nerve impulse -ae y Pena function oly Some hormones Connected with carbohydrate metabolism 2) Riboptavin present in. xetina —7 by Tight converted 40 a compound ‘involved in the Sfimulation of optic nerve - 3) Imp oxide neductases "mm Metabolism a) Larrino atid oxidase’ ~ name | 0 amino aid deaminationy » aia bec vi ine cegradc 5 © Aldehyde dehydrogenase . , degradation + aldehydes 4 ve Ketpacid d) Succinate: eee tracid § Dihydrotipey! ei ee nee Aecas-boriy)™VITAMIN - Bs i jain [icotinic asd] Pettagra Preventive factor) [ — physiological xole | befidenuy ) Essential For norma) fupdiening of skin, + pellagro gastro lntestinal tract %& nervous system- a> coenayme acbyity:- NaAD*t/NADpt bon C/A) “4 F SF ee) Des é f Betusd) Oxidized (mant/maop, ) . a) NAD* :-2 Oxidation, of alcohol to a @ giuccee to qhusenic #ialic acd te oxale ») NADP i- * Enaymatic Tas Pe el Cz i * pentose phosphate : e * Folie acid —> Tetra hydro aud > Rinuye » e-NHy to: cy " + ut ) ne anerie acide, characterized by 3Ds- ) Dermatitis — Lesion of Skin face neck q tick Sealy 2) Diarrhoea — tract disorder 3) Dimentia- Mental disorders ike head athe , dippressi Cane whore, SoeVit- Beir (Pynidine decivatives)r VITAMIN - Bei (Pyridoxine) as it~ 4 Physiolegical functions — Properties - D pyridexine reacts with Fecl, —> orange red Colour] 2) With, Thiazorium saits —9 blue Colour 2) With 2,6 dichleve quimone chloramide —> blue ridexic acid “in Cone asids —>ftuore scant 4) Pyridexic aci 1c aLids eorst | physiclegical fonctions i- LS Enaymes road PLP as coenayme axe ‘important “i ammo add & Prtein metabolism Seratonin reo, tHistidine. ———>_ Hi + ofa Glutamate ——_—_» et Be Lio wiser: ‘supetciebabe} Tpeene, > Tyme seen |Dp Heme biasynthesisi— Glycine + Sueeimuyf Co why PLe are Synthase SALA —> —? — Heme ») Deamination |- fuk re" ee Pyruvate +Ndy threonine a toe aKeto nigel A ®) Imp role in metabolism of Surfer Anti Os Containing ammo auas ( Gy fe! © coenayme for transsulpunation and on. read » lyeogen ph joapdageal re vegies PLP . PLP gor, abediption shamino 9) Formation Counzsyme—h pomp if yayures: PL} 1) Essential fpr the Synthesis So cfg Myelins rn... wD In tayrpham metaboiione «4. oan | ie aaa 3) Connected to Caxboxytation neaction- As a coenzyme ‘involved ‘In metabolics rx vate C Pyruvate +¢o, +ATp Leeylase, AA om by Fa Biosynthesis;- Acetyltoa +o + Amp Silisiase Malang Jn food “i 9.0dd chain Ba deqradatonts |=) aw —recaseae Propiony! Coa = y cePantothenic Acid /vit-Bs i— 3. p + Se-en-cH-n- ee ee POS Ee cee — poles Pantole acid| GHeLINE (= cH, i wte- mth Gow Tyarexy | ee en Sey ee D Imp role in formation of phospholipids - D Defidenay lead ste | a prevents the accumvlation O fat in liver Liver {| SPactively ‘volved 3n one caxkory metabalis due te pree methyl groups. Wp preuursor for the Synthecis' chioline, nequired pr the: | transeriiasion of nexve ‘impulse~ | Heat PANTOTHENIC AciDi— Cvit~ physiological oule ||) As a component of Coenzyme-A | seqlived for Several fundamental reactions “in metabolism- 2) Avy) qroops tinned tm — sh groups fy CASH || by thio exter Hinhage to give acyl CoA , bound: te acetyl! matety Mmown as cieeiyl CoA - j | } 1 || 9D concn +acetate ——picetyl CoA + ONM | Pi add by acetic acid + cholinn —> Acetyl Chatime NewrotabemritterI PANTOTHENIC ACIDS- Ccontinued----- ) | | D Cam sere as a of activated acetyl and groups | ® pyruvate Bir dehye gents, Acetyl ees + deh aketo glummnate ie Aeearegonete, Suctingl CoA : . aRiokinase. Fasty cucid Cease Fatty aeyl com —> Acetyl Com. 4) Sulfenamide drugs — acetylated by combining With atetete bepre exereben > Suecingl GA + Glycine —> Firat Step of Heme biosynthesis Fattyacid + CoASH ——> Fatty augt oA (p-oxidation) Acetyl coh (2 moleeulis) ——> Hetone bodies i i (Acetone, aceto atutate, B-ont burtyrat) TA ye Mi A thy Hy ke © Cans mn the dpm acetyl CoA. aquired for syprhesis’ ty cholestowel and other Stenoids - ! tO ta ee 2 Pantothenic acid itcuif-componeht ob Fattyacid Symthase Complex Jnvelved ‘m the formation of 4 adias: 8) GASH ‘involved in +he metabslism propionate & L hee) chai g) Significant amount 9 Cellular Paniothendee ia pi 2 aryf coouder pretein'CAcp) , Qanaiyme Reghired for’ Fe on__FOLIe AciDi- (Fotacin/ pteroyl qlutamie acid) Physiclogical sole “we > fen cabal de arg |) Folic acid as Coenayme THF involved the txaneker/vhliaation of one carbon moiety ( Hethyt , Hethytene Metheny? , Fermyt , Foemaniine) - 4 Sources of OMe caxbon Moieties;— @ carbon atom of glycine — Formnyl. §) Histidine — formamine - © Biotin - ethy! group - d) B Carcbors atarn G Sestime - D Utilization o one carber moieties :~ @ Conversion of Glycine —> Sexine . § ethanolamine —+ choline. 9 Nor epinephrine—> epinephrine - 4) Guanido auimte > ee © Unoul —> | ibensahi tides deo A a ces wniloataatetid neyiined $ RBC beyond ntenante x a ee a :Water-Soluble Vitamins and Choline Name Thiamin (vitamin B, Riboflavin (vitamin B,) Niacin vitamin B,, nlacinamide, ‘nicotinic acid, nicotinamide) Pantothenic acid Biotin ‘As pat of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate), It functions in several energy-producing pathways, is required for INA and DNA synthesis, ands involved in nervous system function. ‘As pat of coenzymes FM (Navin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide, it functions in eneroy production and metabolism of amino acids. Involved in ‘widation/reducton reactions. Required fr vision. ‘As part of coenzymes NAD and NADP (nicotinamide adenine ‘inucteotide/phosphate),itfunctions in energy metabolism and synthesis of fatty acids, steroid hormones, DNA, and amine acids ‘spat of coenzyme A, ithas many metabolic activites, including energy prediction and synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, and proteins ‘Aspattof several coenzymes, it has many metabolic activities, induding DNA and lipid synthesis, and energy Production from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Recommended Intake (Adult) ROA Men: 1.2 mg Women: 11mg RDA Men: 1.3 ma ‘Women: 1.1mg RDA ‘Men: 16mg NE Women: 4 mg NE Nes niacin equivalent TNE = 11mg niacin = 60.mg tryptophan al Adults: S mq al Adults: 3049Water-Soluble Vitamins and Choline (continued) Deficiency Good Food Sources Beriber deficiency disease: Painful leg Pork. Organ meats Enriched or fortified bread, pasta, rice, muscles overall muscle weakness and and breakfast cereals; whole grain products. Nuts, seeds, ‘wasting loss ofreflaces, and ultimately and legumes. (Widely distributed in small amounts in most paralysis; edema, enlarged heart and ‘uits, vegetables, animal products, and dairy foods.) heart failure oss of appetite: depression, ‘mental confusion; death. When ‘complicated by alcoholism, Wernicke/ Korsakof syndrome with mental” emotional symptoms involuntary eye movements, or eye paralysis, -Aribotlavinosis deiency disease: (Milk, and other dairy products. Liver, and other organ Glosstis and stomatitis (inflamed ‘meats. Enriched or fortified grain products; whole-grain tongue and mouth), cheilsis (fissures at _ products. Dark-areen vegetables 250 mq may use itching, rash, headache, nausea; glucose Intolerance; blurred visen. Extremely high doses (over g/d) are associated with liver damage. UL applies ony to nacinin supplements and fortified foods) Not determined, No UL. has been set. Not determined, No UL has been setVitamin 8, (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) Folate (folic acid, folacin) ‘As part of PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and other coenzymes, itfunctions in amino acid, carbohydrate, and fatty acid metabolism; red and white blood cell synthesis; conversion of tryptophan to niacin; synthess of several neurotransmitter. As the coenzyme THEA (tetrahydrofolc ad), involved in DNA and RNA synthesis, red blood cell maturation, synthesis of nerotransmiters, and metabolism of homocysteine and other amino ais. Important for reproduction, Recommended Intake (Adult) RDA ‘Ages 19-50 years:1.3 mq Men >51 years: 1.7 mg Women >51 years: 1.5 mg RDA Adults: 400 yg DFE DFEis dietary folate equivalent 1g DFE =1 pig food folate ug supplemental folic acd on empty stomach = 036g supplemental folk acid taken with food or folic acid from fortified food Vitamin 8, (cobalamin) Aspart of cobalamin coenzymes, involved in cellsynthesis, RDA red blood cell maturation. Regeneration of folate, Adults: 24 a Maintenance of protective sheath around neve fers. Involvedin fatty acid metabolism. Vitamin (ascorbic acid) Anantiovidant Needed for collagen synthesis: wound RDA healing, blood vessel inteoity, maintenance of gums, bone Men: 90mg growth, and maintenance. Aid iron absorption. Involved Women: 75 mg inthyrorin metabolism; synthesis of neurotransmiters, Smokes: add 35 mg to above cammitine, and amino acid. Choline ‘Amethy dono A component of bil, and ofthe a neurotransmitteracetychoine. As part ofthe phospholipid Men: 550mg lecithin, itis an emulsifier and functions in cell membranes. Women: 425 mgWater-Soluble Vitamins and Choline (continued) Deficiency Good Food Sources Toxicity Anemia, Depression, confusion, headache, Fortified breakfast cereals. Liver, other meat, poultry, UL: 100mg ‘convulsions. Seborrheic dermatitis. seafood, and fish. Bananas, avocados, green and leafy Nerve damage causing weakness, numbness, Possible relation to cardiavasculardisease vegetables, legumes, and potatoes. ‘ability to walk. At high doses, damage may from homocysteine builup be reversible. Anemia, Impaired immunity. Diath, Fortified breakfast cereals, wheat germ, and enriched grain UL3 1,000 19 Neutopathy, depression, confusion, products. Leafy areen vegetables, asparagus, brocol, and ‘Masks vitaminB, deficiency. Allergic fatigue. Sore, inflamed mouth ané tongue. cauliflower. Oranges. Peanuts legumes, and seeds such as reactions possible. May interfere with Possible relationto cardiovascular disease pumpkin or sunflower. Liver antiseizure medications. from homocysteine buildup. Inadequate folate early in pregnancy related to neural (UL applies only to folic acid in tube birth defects such as spina bifida, Supplementsand fortified foods) ‘Anemia. Impaired immunity. Diarthea. Liver and other meats, poultry, fis, and seafood. Milk, Not determined, No UL has been st Neuropathy, which becomes irreversible. cheese, and eggs. Only vegetable sources ae fortified foods Possible relation to cardiovascular disease and Cjanobactera (blue-green algae). (For adults >51 from homocysteine buildup. years, B, supplements of fortified foods ae recommended.) Scurvy deficiency disease: Broken blood Citrus fut ki strawberies, peppers, cabbage-family UL: 2,000mq ‘vessels with tiny hemorrhages; easly ‘vegetables, dark leafy greens, potatoes, melon, and papaya. Nay cause diarthea. Tooth erosion Excessive braised; bleeding gums and loose or iron absorption. Buildup of oxalates and uric missing teth; pain in joints, bones, aid may cause kidney stones. Interference ‘muscles; nonheating wounds, bedsores; with diagnostic testing and with some ‘delayed bone growth, bone fagity; medications, anemia, Severe scurvy can be fata, Fatty liver and liver damage. gq yolk, liver, milk and dairy products, soybeans, and {UL:3,500mq Peanuts. Fishy body odor, vomiting, excess sweating and salivation, liver damage, digestive disturbance, low blood pressure.TABLE7.5 ‘Summary of Water-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Important Dietary Sources Pork, legumes, types of nuts and seeds, ‘types of fish and seafood, fortified foods including bread, pasta, ice, ‘and ready-to-eat cereals Milk ik drinks, ‘yogurt, fortified bread products, and ready-to-eat cereals, Meat, pouty, ish, seafood, peanuts, lives, mushrooms, eniched and whole rain breads, grin roduc, and ready- t-at cereal Major Functions Important participant in energy-yielding reactions (as part of the coenzyme thiamin yrophosphate), nerve function Energy metabolism, maintenance ofthe integrity of skin, mucous membranes, ‘and nervous system structures Transformation of carbohydrates fats, ‘and protein into usable forms of energy Signs/Symptoms of Deficiency Berieri symptoms include ‘muscle wasting, mental confusion, anorexia, enlarged heart, nerve changes), and Wemicke— Korsabof syndrome {alcohol-induced deficiency with symptoms including ‘mental confusion, staggering, ‘pid eye movements, paralysis ofthe eye muscles) Shiny, smoot, inflamed tongue painful mouth, cracks atthe comers ofthe mouth, inflamed lps Redness around the neck, dermatitis, dementia diarrhea Tonic Effects of Megadoses na na Flushing of the face and upper body, itching and tingling, liver toxicity Spedial Considerations Increased risk for deficiency with alcohol abuse and forthe poor and the elderly (due ‘toconsumption of inadequate energy and nutrient-poor foods) Increased risk for deficiency with alcohol abuse long-term barbiturate us, cancer, heart disease diabetes Increased risk for deficiency with diets primarily consisting of ‘om, and for people with imited protein in theirdietTABLE7.5 (continued) Summary of Water-Soluble Vitamins Important Dietary Signs/Symptoms of Toxic Effects of Vitamin Sources Major Functions Deficiency Megadoses Special Considerations B, Fortified and teady- Supports protein Small an pale red blood Ineversible Increased risk for to-eat cereals; mited metabolism, blood cll cells, clogged ol glands ofthe nervedamage decency with alcohol foods that contain synthesis, carbohydrate __skin, depression, confusion, affectingthe abuse primarily meat, metabolism, and «convulsions ability to walk fish or poultry, neurotransmitter and causing hit potatoes synthesis ‘numbness in and otherstarchy the extremities vegetables; nonctrus ‘ruts; organ meats; soy-based meat substitutes; bananas; sunflower seeds Folate Fortified cereals, Supports DNA synthesis Anemia, atherosclerosis Masks By Increased risk for flout, and grain and celldivision, amino development, neural tube defcengy; deficiency with poor products; dark green acid metabolism, defects, adverse pregnancy hives and nutrition status, leafy vegetables; maturation of ed outcomes, neuropsychiatric correspiratory _advancedage, alcohol asparagus; broccoli; blood cellsandother disorders distress abuse, intestinal ‘orange juice; ‘ells, and embryonic malabsorption, wheat germ; liver, development medications that sunflower seeds; interfere with folate legumes metabolism, certain types of anemia, pregnancy, leukemia, |ymphoma, psoriasis, and with prolonged diareaTABLE7.5 (continued) Summary of Water-Soluble Vitamins Important Dietary Signs/Symptoms of Toxic Effects of Vitamin Sources ‘Major Functions Deficiency Megadoses Special Considerations By Mived foods withthe Plays. key role in Anemia, brain abnormalities n/a Increased risk for mainingrdient of folate metabolism, and spinal cord degeneration, deficiency wth fish, meat or poultry; the conversion neurological symptoms pericious anemia, liver;cab;forttied —_ofhomocysteine including tingling and strict vegetarianism, cereals;milk/milk —_tomethionine, numbness in the extremities, advanced age, and products; beef ‘maintaining the anormal git, and cognitive impaired absorption rmyelinsheath,and changes (eg, after gastric preparation of fatty bypass surgery) aid chains fr entry into the ctricadd gyde Pantothenic acid Chicken, bee, Metabolism offats, _‘Intabilty, restlessness, na Increased risk for potatoes, oats, carbohydrate, and fatigue, apathy, malaise sleep deficiency wth ‘tomato products, protein istuption, nausea/vomiting, administration of liver, Kidney, yeast rhumbness, tingling, muscle substances that prevent egg yolk, broccoli, cramps, staggering gait, pantothenic acid whole grains hypogtycemia metabolism Biotin Calitlower, ives, Coenzyme fordozens Hairloss, rash, neurologic na Increased risk for peanuts, cheese ofreactions including disorders (convulsions), delay of deficiency with the the reactions of ‘growth and development «consumption of raw luconeogenesis, 299 whites overa long fatty acid synthesis, petiod of time (months release of energy fom toyears) long-term fatty acids, and DNA anticonvulsant drug synthesis ‘therapy, and in infants born with bitinidase deficiencyTABLE7.5 (continued) Summary of Water-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin Vitamin ¢ Important Dietary Sources Potatoes, citrus ruts, Tomatoes, fortified juice drinks, broccoli, strawberies, kv, cabbage spinach, leafy greens, green Peppers Major Functions Antioxidant activity; the sythesis of collagen, canitine, norepineprine, epinephrine, serotonin, thyroxine, bile acids, steroid hormone, ‘and purine bases; the absorption of nonheme partic immune function Signs/Symptoms of Deficiency Connective tissue breakdown, inflammation/bleeding of ‘the gums and joins, fatigue/ ‘weakness, hemorrhage, bone pain and facture, dante, depression Tonic Effects of Megadoses Nausea, abdominal a diana, nose bleeds, formation of ovalate- ‘containing kidney stones, possible ree radical damage Special Considerations Increased risk for deficiency with alcohol/ drug abuse limited fit and vegetable consumption, and restrictive diets