PTC 6A Edtn 2000

Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User.
No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled w
No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled w

Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled when
Date of Issuance:
July2, 2001
Thisdocumentwill be revisedwhenthe Societyapproves

the issuance
of the next
edition. There will be no Addenda issued to ASME PTC 6A-2000.
Pleasenote:ASMEissueswrittenrepliesto inquiriesconcerninginterpretation of
technicalaspects
of thisdocument. PTC6A-2000isbeingissued with an automatic
subscription
servicetotheinterpretations
thatwill beissued
to it upto thepublication
of the 2005 edition.
ASMEis a registered
trademark
of TheAmericanSocietyof MechanicalEngineers.
Thiscodeor standard wasdeveloped underprocedures accredited asmeeting thecriteriaforAmerican

NationalStandards. TheStandards Committee thatapproved thecodeor standard wasbalanced to assure
that individuals from competentand concernedinterests havehad an opportunity to participate.The
proposed codeorstandard wasmadeavailable forpublicreviewandcomment thatprovides anopportunity
for additionalpublicinputfrom industry,academia,regulatory agencies, andthe public-at-large.
ASMEdoesnot"approve,""rate,"or "endorse" anyitem,construction, proprietary device,or activity.
ASMEdoesnottakeanypositionwith respect to thevalidityof anypatentrightsasserted in connection
withanyitemsmentioned in thisdocument, anddoesnotundertake to insureanyoneutilizinga standard
againstliabilityfor infringement of anyapplicableletterspatent,norassume anysuchliability.Usersof
a codeor standard areexpressly advisedthatdetermination of thevalidityof anysuchpatentrights,and
the riskof infringement of suchrights,is entirelytheirown responsibility.
Participation byfederalagencyrepresentative(s) or person(s)affiliatedwithindustryisnotto be interpre-
ted asgovernment or industryendorsement of thiscodeor standard.
ASMEacceptsresponsibility for onlythoseinterpretations issuedin accordance withgoverning ASME
procedures and policies,whichprecludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.
No partof thisdocumentmaybe reproduced in anyform,

in an electronicretrievalsystemor otherwise,
withoutthe priorwrittenpermission of the publisher.
The AmericanSocietyof MechanicalEngineers

Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright¸ 2001 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All RightsReserved
Printed in U.S.A.

Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled whe
FOREWORD
ASME Performance Test Code 6 on Steam Turbines (PTC 6-1996) statesthat numerical
examplesof corrections
to testperformance
fortheeffectof deviations
of operating
condi-
tionsfromthosespecifiedare givenin a separatepublicationof the PTC6 Committee.
ThisAppendix,PTC6A, SampleCalculations, fulfillstheCommittee'sobligationasstated
in the Code.
The 1996 versionof the SteamTurbines(PTC6) incorporates the InterimTestCodefor
an AlternativeProcedureforTestingSteamTurbines(PTC6.1-1984)withthe 1976version
of the TestCode.ThisAppendixprovidessamplecalculations usingbothmethodsfor a
reheatregenerative cycleturbine.In addition,samplecalculations havebeenaddedfor
a non-reheatregenerativecycleturbine,an automatic
extraction condensing cycleturbine,
a refurbishedlow pressureturbine,anddetermination of the coefficient
of discharge
of a
throat-tapnozzle. Instrumentation
listedhasbeenupdatedto reflectthosecurrentlyused.
ThisnewlyrevisedAppendixto the TestCode,now namedAppendixA to TestCode
for SteamTurbines,PTC6A-2000,wasapprovedbythe Boardon Performance TestCodes
on July14, 2000.
It wasapprovedas an AmericanNationalStandardby the Boardof Standards Review
on November 17, 2000.
All ASMEcodesare copyrighted, with all rightsreservedto the Society.Reproduction
of thisor any otherASMEcodeis a violationof FederalLaw. Legalities aside,the user
shouldappreciate thatthe publishingof the high-qualitycodesthat havetypifiedASME
documents requiresa substantialcommitmentby the Society.Thousands of volunteers
work diligentlyto developthesecodes,participating on their own or with a sponsor's
assistance to producedocumentsthat meet the requirements of an ASMEconsensus
standard. Thecodesareveryvaluablepiecesof literature to industryandcommerce,and
the effortto improvethese'livingdocuments' anddevelopadditionalneededcodesmust
becontinued. Themoniesspentfor research andfurthercodedevelopment, administrative
staffsupport,and publicationare essentialand constitutea substantial drain on ASME.
The purchase priceof thesedocuments helpsoffsetthesecosts.Userreproduction under-
minesthissystemand represents an addedfinancialdrainon ASME.When extracopies
areneeded,youarerequested to callor writetheASMEOrderDepartment, 22 LawDrive,
Box2300, Fairfield,New Jersey07007-2300,and ASMEwill expeditedeliveryof such
copiesto youby returnmail.Pleaseinstruct yourpeopleto buyrequiredtestcodesrather
thancopythem.Yourcooperation in thismatteris greatlyappreciated.

Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled wh

This page intentionally left blank.
NOTICE
All Performance TestCodesMUST adhereto the requirements of PTC1, GENERALINSTRUCTIONS. The

followinginformation is basedon thatdocumentandis includedherefor emphasis andforthe convenience of
the userof thisCode.It isexpectedthatthe Codeuserisfullycognizant of PartsI and III of PTC1 and hasread
thempriorto applyingthisCode.
ASMEPerformance TestCodesprovidetestprocedures whichyieldresults of the highestlevelof accuracy
consistentwith the bestengineering knowledgeand practicecurrentlyavailable.Theywere developedby
balanced committees representingall concerned interests.
Theyspecify procedures, instrumentation, equipment
operatingrequirements, calculationmethods,and uncertainty analysis.
Whentestsareruninaccordance withthisCode,thetestresults themselves,withoutadjustment foruncertainty,
yieldthe bestavailableindication of the actualperformance of thetestedequipment. ASMEPerformance Test
Codesdo not specifymeansto comparethoseresultsto contractual guarantees. Therefore,it is recommended
thatthe partiesto a commercial testagreebeforestartingthe testandpreferablybeforesigning the contract
onthemethodto be usedforcomparing thetestresults
to thecontractualguarantees. It isbeyondthescopeof
anycodeto determineor interprethow suchcomparisons shallbe made.


PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE TEST CODE COMMITTEE NO. 6
ON STEAM TURBINES
(Thefollowingistherosterof theCommittee
atthetimeof approvalofthisAppendix.)
OFFICERS
Bezalel Bornstein,Chair
EdwinJ. Brailey,Jr., Vice Chair
JackH. Karian,Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
Paul G. Albert, General ElectricCo.

JohnA. Booth, General ElectricCo. (retired)
Bezalel Bornstein,Consultant
EdwinJ. Brailey,Jr.,StoweEngineering
Corp.
ThomasM. Brown, Ontario Power Generation
NormanR. Deming,Westinghouse ElectricCorp.(retired)
ArturoJ. Egli,ABBAlstomPowerGeneration
Alfonso¾. Fajardo,Jr.,SiemensPowerGroup
ChristopherJ. Haynes,New EnglandPowerCo.
Dale C. Karg,SanteeCooper
JackH. Karian,AmericanSocietyof MechanicalEngineers
CharlesH. Kostors,ElliottTurbomachineryCo., Inc.,EbaraGroup
JosephS. Lamberson, Dresser-Rand
Co.
RandallW. Moll, Alternate,Dresser-RandCo.
JamesB. Nystrom,AldenResearch
Laboratory
SurinderS. Sandhu,Consultant
CharlesBoScharp,BaltimoreGasand ElectricCo. (retired)
KevinStone,Alternate,GeneralElectricCompany
EinarJ. Sundstrom,Dow Chemical USA (retired)
LeifSvenson,Alternate,SanteeCooper
JasonA. Zoller,Black& VeatchCorp.
vii

BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES
OFFICERS
PhillipM. Gerhart,Chair
SamJ. Korellis,Vice Chair
William O. Hays,Secretary
Paul G. Albert Todd S. Jonas

RoyP. Allen David R. Keyser,Ph.D.
Ronald L. Bannister Patrick M. McHale
David S. Beachler JosephW. Milton
Bezalel Bornstein GeorgeJ.Mittendoff,Jr.
John M. Burns StevenP. Nuspl
CaryCampbell ArthurL. Plumley,Ph.D.
MatthewJ. Dooley RobertR. Priestley
ArturoJ. Egli JohnSiegmund
JeffreyR. Friedman JosephA. Silvaggio,
Jr.
Gordon J. Gerber W. Glen Steele, Ph.D.
Yaacov Goland John C. Westcott
Thomas C. Heil John G. Yost
viii

CONTENTS
ooo
Foreword .................................................... III
Notice ...................................................... v
oo
Committee Roster .............................................. VII

ooo
Board Roster .................................................. VIII
Section
1 Introduction ............................................ 1
2 Definitionsand Descriptionof Terms......................... 3
3 Guidancefor Comparison of TestResults...................... 9
4 FlowMeasurement by the Enthalpy-Drop Method................ 11
5 SampleCalculation for the ReynoldsNumberExtrapolation of a
Calibrated ASME Test Flow Section ......................... 13
SampleCalculations
for a Testof a CompleteExpansion Condensing
TurbineUsingU.S. CustomaryUnits........................ 19
6A SampleCalculations
for a Testof a CompleteExpansion Condensing
TurbineUsingSI Units .................................. 27
SampleCalculation
for a Testof a Non-Reheat Regenerative
Cycle
Turbine .............................................. 33
SampleCalculation
for a Testof a Reheat-Regenerative
Cycle
Turbine .............................................. 47
8A SampleCalculationfor a Testof a Reheat-Regenerative
Cycle
Usingthe Alternative
Procedure With FinalFeedwater
Flow
Measurement ......................................... 75
SampleCalculationfor a SteamTurbineOperatingin a Nuclear

Cycle ............................................... 89
10 SampleCalculationfor a Testof an AutomaticExtraction Non-
condensing Turbine..................................... 139
11 SampleCalculationfor a Testof an AutomaticExtraction Condensing
Turbine .............................................. 147
12 SampleCalculationfor a Testof a VariableSpeedMechanicalDrive
Turbine .............................................. 155
13 SampleCalculationfor a Testof a Refurbished
LPTurbineUsingU.S.
CustomaryUnits ....................................... 163
Figures
2.1 Temperature-Entropy Diagrams............................... 6
3.1 CycleCorrections
......................................... 10
4.1 High Pressure
LeakoffFromthe No. 1 GlandDischarged Intothe
Turbine Exhaust Line ..................................... 12
5.1 Extrapolation
of CalibrationData UsingPTC6-1996 Procedures ...... 15
6.1 SpecifiedPerformance..................................... 20

6.2 Instrumentation
and FlowDiagram:CompleteExpansion
Condensing
Turbine ............................................... 21
6.3 Generator Electrical Losses .................................. 22
6.4 ThrottleTemperature
Correction.............................. 24
6.5 Throttle Pressure Correction ................................. 24
6.6 Exhaust Pressure Correction ................................. 25
6A.1 SpecifiedPerformance..................................... 28
6A.2 Generator Electrical Losses .................................. 29
6A.3 ThrottleTemperature
Correction.............................. 31
6A.4 Throttle Pressure Correction ................................. 31
6A.5 Exhaust Pressure Correction ................................. 32
7.1 Guarantee Heat Balance .................................... 34
7.2 Determination of TestHeat Rateat GuaranteedOutput............. 35
7.3 Correctionfor Main SteamDesuperheating SprayFlow............. 39
7.4 FinalFeedwaterTemperature Correction
........................ 39
7.5 Throttle Pressure Correction Factors: Heat Rate ................... 41
7.6 ThrottlePressure
CorrectionFactors:
Output..................... 41
CorrectionFactors:Heat Rate................ 42
CorrectionFactors:
Output.................. 42
7.9 Exhaust Pressure Correction Factor ............................ 43
8.1 TestCycle .............................................. 48
8.2 ExtractionFlowsto High Pressure Heaters....................... 49
8.3 Extraction Flows to Low Pressure Heaters ....................... 51
8.4 TurbineExpansion
Line .................................... 52
8.5 Generator Losses ......................................... 55
8.6 Exhaust Losses ........................................... 56
8.7 FirstApproximation
(TestTurbinein SpecifiedCycle) .............. 58
8.8 SecondApproximation (TestTurbinein SpecifiedCycle)............ 63
8.9 Throttle Pressure Correction Factors ........................... 68
CorrectionFactors........................ 69
8.11 ReheatTemperatureCorrectionFactors
......................... 70
8.12 ReheaterPressure
Drop CorrectionFactors...................... 71
8.13 Exhaust Pressure Correction Factor ............................ 72
8.14 SpecifiedHeat Balance..................................... 73
8.15 Heat Rate Versus Load ..................................... 74
8A.1 Reheat-Regenerative TestCycle............................... 77
8A.2 Diagramfor No. 7 HeaterExtraction SteamFlow ................. 78
8A.3 FinalFeedwaterTemperature Correction ........................ 79
8A.4 AuxiliaryExtractionCorrection(Extraction Downstream of Re-Heater).. 80
8A.5 Correctionfor AuxiliaryExtraction FromCold Reheat.............. 81
8A.6 Correctionsfor Main Steamand ReheatSteamDesuperheating Flow... 82
8A.7 Condensate Subcooling Correction............................ 83
9.1 SpecifiedHeat RateCurve .................................. 90
9.2 TestCycle Diagram....................................... 91
9.3 Expansion Lineand SteamConditions LeavingNo. 6 HeaterExtraction
StagePoint ............................................ 92
9.4 No. 6 HeaterExtraction
Flowand Enthalpy
...................... 93
Flowand Enthalpy
...................... 94
Flowand Enthalpy
...................... 95
9.7 No. 3 Heater Extraction Flow ................................ 96
Flowand Enthalpy
...................... 97
9.9 No. 1 Heater Extraction Flow ................................ 98
9.10 SteamFlowto MoistureSeparator
Reheater
...................... 98

9.11 Nomenclature
for High Pressure
TurbineExpansion............... lol
9.12 Expansion
Lineand SteamConditionsLeavingNo. 5 HeaterExtraction
StagePoint ............................................ 103
9.13 Expansion
StagePoint ............................................ 106
9.14 Expansion
StagePoint ............................................ 108
9.15 Expansion
StagePoint ............................................ 109
9.16 H-S Diagramof TestCycleHigh Pressure Turbine................. 112
9.17 H-S Diagramof TestCycleLowPressure Turbine................. 113
9.18 TestTurbinein SpecifiedCycle............................... 115
9.19 ExpansionLineand SteamConditionsLeavingNo. 4 HeaterExtraction
StagePoint ............................................ 121
9.20 Throttle Pressure Correction to Heat Rate and Load ................ 122
Correction
to Heat Rateand Load ............ 123
9.22 Exhaust Pressure Correction to Heat Rate ....................... 124
9.23 H-S DiagramFromTestTurbinein SpecifiedCycle,High Pressure
Turbine ............................................... 125
9.24 H-S DiagramFromTestTurbinein SpecifiedCycle,LowPressure
Turbine ............................................... 126
9.25 Exhaust Loss ............................................. 127
10.1 ExpectedPerformance..................................... 140
10.2 Leakoff Flows ............................................ 141
10.3 Flowand Instrumentation
Diagram:AutomaticExtraction
NoncondensingTurbine.................................. 142
10.5 Steam Conditions Correction Factors ........................... 144
11.1 ExpectedPerformance..................................... 148
11.2 Flowand InstrumentationDiagram............................ 149
11.3 Generator Electrical Losses .................................. 150
11.4 Exhaust Pressure Correction ................................. 151
11.5 Extraction Pressure Correction ................................ 152
Correction.............................. 153
11.7 Throttle Pressure Correction ................................. 154
12.1 Flowand Instrumentation
Diagram............................ 156
12.2 ThrottleSteamRateVersusTurbineShaftOutput.................. 157
12.3 SteamRateCorrectionFactorVersusSpeed...................... 159
12.4 Steam Rate Correction Factor Versus Inlet Pressure ................ 159
12.5 SteamRateCorrectionFactorVersusInletTemperature
.............. 160
12.6 Steam Rate Correction Factor Versus Exhaust Pressure .............. 161
13.1 Location of Test Instrumentation for Test of Refurbished LP Turbine .... 166
Tables
4.1 Calculation of Throttle Flow ................................. 12
5.1 CalibrationExampleData................................... 14
6.1 Steam Rate Corrrections .................................... 23
7.1 Test Data ............................................... 37
7.2 Group 1 Corrections
....................................... 40
7.3 Deviations
of Group2 Variables
.............................. 44

7.4 Group 2 Corrections
....................................... 44
8.1 Calculationof Expansion-Line EndPoint(ELEP) ................... 54
8.2 SteamFlowsThroughthe Stages of the Turbinein the First
Approximation (Forthe FirstIteration)........................ 60
8.3 TestRelationships
......................................... 61
8.4 RevisedExtractionPressures: FirstApproximation ................. 62
8.5 SteamFlowsThroughthe Stages of the Turbinein the Second
Approximation (Forthe FirstIteration)........................ 64
8.6 RevisedExtractionPressures: SecondApproximation ............... 65
8.7 TurbineHeat Rateand GeneratorOutput ....................... 66
8.8 Correction Factors ........................................ 66
8A.1 Comparison
BetweenTestCycleandSpecified
Cycle,Group1
Variables .............................................. 83
8A.2 Group 1 Corrections
....................................... 86
8A.3 Comparison
Between
TestCycleandSpecific
Cycle,Group2
Variables .............................................. 86
8A.4 Group 2 Corrections....................................... 87
9.1 Calculationof Low Pressure TurbineExhaustEnthalpy .............. 100
9.2 TestSteamPathPressure/Flow Relationships ..................... 111
9.3 Calculationof GeneratorLoadby Heat BalanceAroundthe Turbine-
Generator ............................................. 137
9.4 Group2 Correction
Factors
(UsingManufacturer's
Correction
Curves).. 138
12.1 Correction Divisors for the Test Steam Conditions ................. 158
13.1 Results of Baseline and Verification Tests ....................... 164
xii

APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TEST CODE FOR STEAM TURBINES ASME PTC 6A-2000
SECTION I INTRODUCTION
(a) ThisAppendixhasbeenpreparedto facilitate matter when conducted, must still use the IFC-1967
the calculation and correction of turbine test results formulations.
by furnishingnumericalexamplesof the procedures The numericalexamplesin this documentare
outlined in The Performance Test Code on Steam Tur- based on the use of the IFC-1967 formulations, as
bines(PTC6-1996).Thefeedwaterheatingcyclesand theymerelydemonstrate a computational procedure.
gland leakoff systemshave been simplifiedby In actual tests, the users must decide on the formula-
avoidingunnecessarily longor repetitivecalculations tions appropriate for their circumstances.
while still demonstrating the basic principlesin- (d) It is ASMEpolicythat "all works,papers,and
volved.Section3 of thisAppendixgivesgeneralguid- periodicals published bytheSocietyshallrequireunits
ancefor makingthesecalculations and comparisons to be in the International System(SI)."In response to
to specifiedperformance. that policy, all results are shown in both units,and a
(b) Throughoutthis publication,the assumptions calculation example of a complete expansion con-
regardingturbineperformance andthenumerical val- densingturbineis providedin U.S. Customary units
(Section 6) and SI units (Section 6a).
uesof corrections arehypotheticalandshouldnotbe (e) Performance Test Code 6 on Steam Turbines
considered applicableto any particularunit.
(PTC6-1996) isthe basicreferencefor thisAppendix
(c) Exceptwithwrittenagreements to thecontrary, and will be termed "the Code" in further references
the latestedition of the ASME SteamTables, Thermo- herein. Reference should also be made to the ASME
dynamicand Transport Properties of Steamand its PerformanceTestCodeSupplements on Instruments
enthalpy-entropydiagram(Mollier chart),shall be and Apparatus(PTC 19 Series)for guidancein the
usedin thecalculationof testresults.
Whencomputers selection, installation,and use of instrumentation.
are used,they may link to compiledversionsof the (f) The numerical calculations shown in Sections
sourcecodeassuppliedwith the steamtables.Asof 6 through13 in thisAppendixhavebeencomputed
January1999 a new setof steamproperties formula- in sufficient
detailto illustrate
thetechniqueinvolved.
tions,referredto as IAPWSIF-1997, becamethe inter- In manyinstances, intermediate stepsthatleadto the
nationalstandardfor calculations
in the powerindus- final answer have been included using assumed
try.The IF-1997formulationsnowsupersede the IFC- guidelines for roundoffandnumberof significant fig-
1967 formulations that were usedfor the preceding ures. The reader is cautioned that the use of different
three decades. guidelinesor computational
proceduresmayresultin
Steamturbine performancetestsbasedon heat slightlydifferentvaluesbut shouldhave negligible
balancesutilizing the IFC-1967 formulations,no effect on the results of a test.


SECTION 2 DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION

OF TERMS
Thefollowingsymbols
are to be usedunlessotherwise
definedin the text. Foradditionaldefinitions
and
terms see PTC 2.
2.1 SYMBOLS
Units
Symbol Definition U.S. Customary SI
Area in.2 m2
Primaryelementthroatdiameter in. m
Pipeinternaldiameter in. m
Force Ibf N
Localvalueof acceleration
dueto gravity ft/sec
2 m/s2
Dimensional conversion constant = Ibmft/Ibfsec

2 mkg/Ns
2
32.17405 Ibmft/Ibfsec
2 (9.80665mkg/Ns2).
Thisis an internationally
agreeduponvalue
that is close to the mean acceleration due to
gravityat 45 degN latitudeat sealevel.
Enthalpy Btu/Ibm kJ/kg
Mechanicalequivalentof heat (1 Btu -- Btu

778.17 ft Ibf = 1/3,412.142 kWhr)
M Moisture fraction, 1-(x/100) ratio ratio
Mass Ibm kg
Rotationalspeed rpm rad/s
Power kW or hp kW
Pressure psia kPa
Specificentropy Btu/IbmøR kJ/(kgK)

ASME PTC 6A-2000 APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TEST CODE FOR STEAM TURBINES
Units
Symbol Definition U.S. Customary SI
t Temperature øF K
øC [Note (1)]
T Absolutetemperature øR K
V Velocity ft/sec m/s
v Specificvolume ft3/Ibm m3/kg
w Rate of flow Ibm/hr kg/s
x Qualityof steam percent percent
Betaratio, d/D ratio ratio
Efficiency percent percent
p Density Ibm/ft3 kg/m3
y weight Ibf/ft3 N/m3
NOTE:
(1) These are tolerated non-SI units.
2.2 ABBREVIATIONS
Units
Abbreviation Term
U.S. Customary
HR Heat rate Btu/kWhr J/J

Btu/hp-hr kJ/kWh [Note (1)]
SR Steam rate Ibm/kWhr kg/kJ

Ibm/hp-hr kg/kwh [Note(1)]
NOTE:

2.3 SUBSCRIPTS
Abbreviation Term
Generator
Rated condition
Corrected
Specified
operatingcondition,if otherthanrated
Testoperatingcondition
Condition
measured
at a pointdirectlypreceding
theturbinestopvalvesandsteamstrainers,
if furnished
underthe
turbine contract
Forturbinesusingsuperheated
steam:conditionat turbineoutletconnection
leadingto the firstreheater.Forturbines
usingpredominantlywet steam:condition
at turbineoutletconnection
leadingto externalmoisture separator.
Forturbines usingsuperheated
steam:condition downstreamofthefirstreheater,
measured at a pointdirectlypreceding
thereheatstopvalves,intercept
valves,or steamdumpvalves,whichever arefirst,if furnishedundertheturbinecontract
[Note(1)]. Forturbinesusingpredominantly wet steam:condition
at externalmoisture separatoroutlet.
Forturbinesusingsuperheatedsteam:condition
at turbineoutletconnection leadingto thesecondreheater. Forreheat
turbines
usingpredominantly wetsteam: conditiondownstream of thereheater,measured at a pointdirectlypreceding
thereheatstopvalves,intercept
valves,orsteamdumpvalves,whichever arefirst,if furnishedundertheturbinecontract
[Note (1)].
Forturbinesusingsuperheatedsteamandtwostagesof reheat:conditiondownstream
of thesecondreheater,
measured
at a pointdirectlypreceding
the reheatstopvalves,interceptvalvesor steamdumpvalves,whicheverare first,if
furnished under the turbine contract [Note (1)].
Condition at turbine exhaust connection
Conditionat condenser-condensate
discharge
Conditionat condensate
pumpdischarge
Condition
at feedwater
pumpor feedwater
booster
pumpinlet
10 Conditionat feedwaterpumpdischarge
11 Conditionat the discharge
of the finalfeedwaterheater
al Superheater
desuperheating
water
a2 Firstreheaterdesuperheating
water
a3 Secondreheaterdesuperheating
water
cl Condenser
circulating
waterleakage
E Extraction steam
Make-upwateradmittedto thecondensate
system
pl Packingleak-off(shaftor valvestems)
i,ii,. . .n Sequence
GENERAL
NOTE:Thesubscripts
in thissectionapplyonlyto Fig.2.1.
NOTE:
(1) It maybe necessary

to correct
forpressure
dropin pipingbetween
reheator lowpressure
stopvalves,intercept
valves,
steamdump
valves,andturbineshellif suchpipingis notfurnished
undertheturbinecontract.

I 3 5
Economizer
boiler, and
superheater
•• tFeedwater
heating
t;ewaer.u.
t
onensae
s
(a) TurbinesOperating Predominantly in the

Superheated Steam Region
Steam
• / •1
generator /•/
Steam
• /generator//- tars
// I Feedwater
heating
10// •
Feedwater pump 10//•Feedwater
heating
• •_ separator 9•/•_lF(;edwater
pumpMsO•S;•rra•o
r
8•/ •COndensate
heating 8•/•/•ICondensate
heating
--•/ tCo'ndensate
pump
•/ •Co'ndensate
/7
pump •6 /7 6
s s
{b) Turbines Operating Predominantly in the (c) Turbines Operating Predominantly in the
Wet-Steam Region Without Reheat Wet-Steam Region With Reheat
FIG. 2.1 TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY DIAGRAMS

2.4 DEFINITIONS
Units
U.S.
Term Definition Customary
Steam rate Steamconsumption per hourper unitoutputin which Ibm/kWhr kg/kJ
theturbineischarged
withthesteamquantitysupplied. Ibm/hp-hr kg/kWh[Note(1)]
kg/kJ
kg/kWh[Note(1)]
Heat rate Heatconsumption perhourperunitoutput.Theturbine Btu/kWhr

ischargedwith theaggregate enthalpy[Note(2)]of the kJ/kWh [Note (1)]
steamsuppliedplusanychargeable aggregateenthalpy Btu/hp-hr J/J
addedby the reheaters. It iscreditedwiththeaggregate kJ/kWh [Note (1)]
enthalpyof feedwaterreturnedfrom the cycle to the
steamgenerator. Turbine-generator performancemaybe
definedon the basisof the grosspoweroutputat the
generatorterminalslessthepowerusedbytheminimum
electricallydriven turbine auxiliariesand excitation
equipment, supplied aspartoftheturbine-generator
unit,
requiredfor reliableandcontinuous operation.
Valve-loopcurve The continuous curve of actual heat rate for all values
of outputoverthe operatingrangeof the unit.
Mean of the valve loops For partialadmission turbines,a smoothcurvewhich

givesthe sameload-weighted averageperformanceas
the valve-loopcurve.
Valveswide open(VWO) Maximumcontrolvalveopeningobtainableundernor-

malturbinecontrolsystemoperation.
Valvepoints Valvepositions
thatcorrespond
to the low pointsof the
valve-loopcurve.
Locus curve The continuous

curveconnecting
thevalvepoints.
Power The usefulenergy,per unit of time, deliveredby the hp-hr/hror kWh/hr

turbineor turbine-generator
unit. kWhr/hr
NOTES:
(2) Aggregate
enthalpy:Product
of enthalpy,Btu/Ibm(kJ/kg)
andflowrate,Ibm/hr(kg/h);
Btu/hr(kJ/h).

2.5 SI UNITS CONVERSION TABLE
Quantity SI Units Conversion

Factor
Heat rate J/J 2.9307 x 10-4 x (Btu/kWhr)
kJ/kWh[Note (1)] 1.05506 x (Btu/kWhr)
Steamrate kg/kJ 1.260x 10-4 x (Ibm/kWhr)
kg/kWh[Note(1)] 0.4536x (Ibm/kWhr)
Massflowrate kg/s 1.260x 10-4 X (Ibm/hr)
Pressure kPa 6.8948 x (psi)
bar [Note(1)] 0.068948x (psi)
Temperature K (øF+ 459.67)/I.8
øC [Note (1)] (øF- 32)/I.8
Differential
temperature K øF/1.8
Density kg/m3 16.018x (Ibm/ft
3)
Enthalpy kJ/kg 2.3260x (Btu/Ibm)
Entropy kJ/(kgK) 4.1868x (Btu/IbmøR)
Specific
heat kJ/(kgK) 4.1868x (Btu/IbmøR)
Length m 0.3048x (ft)
Area m2 0.092903 x (ft2)
Volume m3 0.028317 x (ft•)
Velocity m/s 0.3048x (ft/sec)
GENERAL
NOTE:Fortemperature
differentials
"K"mustbe used.
NOTE:
(1) This value is a tolerated non-SI unit.

SECTION 3 GUIDANCE FOR A COMPARISON OF

TEST RESULTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION (5) Make-upfeedwaterflow rate

(b) Uncontrollable Items
Section5 of the Code containsa generaldescrip-
(1) Pressuredropof steamthroughthe reheater
tion of the computationof testperformance for the
system(s)
varioustypesof turbines.It recognizes
the necessity
(2) Reheaterdesuperheatingwaterflow rates
to correcttestperformancefortheeffectof deviations
from specifiedoperatingconditionsso the as-tested
(3) Superheaterdesuperheatingwaterflow rate,
of noconcernif takendownstream fromthetopheater
turbineperformance can be comparedto the design
or specifiedturbine performanceon the basisof (4) Steamflow ratefor someauxiliaryuses
equivalentcycle and steamconditions.Reference (5) Extraction
linepressure
dropsandheatlosses
to this Appendix for numericalexamplesof the (6) Feedwaterheaterterminaltemperature
differ-
ences
correctionsinvolved is made in para. 5.1 of the
Code. (7) Feedwater
heaterdrain-cooler-approach
dif-
ferences
The purposeof this Sectionis to providea better
understandingof the numericalexamplesby describ- (8) Feedwaterenthalpyrisethroughcondensate
ing how the correctionsto test resultsare made. and feedwaterpumps
(9) Cyclelosses(usuallyassumedto be zero in
design)
3.2 CORRECTION OF THE TEST RESULTS TO (10) Additional uncontrollable items for units
SPECIFIED CONDITIONS operatingpredominantly in the moistureregionare
(a) Moisturecontent(percent)of the steam
This procedurecorrectsthe test performancefor suppliedto the turbine
the influenceof off-designsteamand cycle condi- (b) Temperatureof the reheatedsteam re-
tions so that the test turbine performancecan be turned to the turbine
comparedto the specifiedturbineperformanceon
Eachof theseitemshassomedegreeof influence
the basisof an equivalentcycle.The calculatedtest
on measuredturbineperformance,makingthe use
performanceis recalculated,substituting specified
of appropriatecorrectionsnecessary.
steamand cycleconditions for teststeamand cycle
conditionswhile maintaining testturbineefficiency. It shouldbe notedthat the reheattemperatureof
The correctedtestcycleis now comparablewith the a light-water-moderated reactorunit influencesthe
specifiedcycle.The specifiedperformance remains positionof the low pressure turbineexpansionline
unchanged,which is particularlyappropriatewhen and, therefore,the amountof moistureexistingin
thespecifiedperformance isassociatedwith a turbine the blade path. A correctionfor deviationfrom
performanceguarantee. specifiedreheattemperatureis appropriateonly to
Someof the steamand cycle conditionsthat are the extentthat the testreheattemperaturehasbeen
apt to differ from specifiedvaluesduringa test of affectedby differencesfromspecifiedvaluesof pres-
a fossil-fueledunit, despiteeffortsto influencethe sure drop in the heatingsteamsupplyline to the
controllable ones, are as follows: final stagereheater,assuming that the reheaterhas
(a) Controllable Items been suppliedas a part of the turbine-generator
(1) Pressure
of steamsuppliedto the turbine contract.An appropriate correctionfor the effectof
(2) Temperatureof steamsuppliedto theturbine pressure dropdifferencescanbe madewhendrawing
(3) Temperatureof reheatedsteamreturnedto the expansionline for the heat balance used to
the turbine determinethe Group I corrections.This correction
(4) Low pressureturbineexhaustpressure(un- is appliedby changingthe test efficiencyof each
controllableif higherthanthe specifiedvalue) separateexpansion(betweenextractionpoints)by

Locus
oftestpoints Lineofconstant
corrected
tospecified
ß. ['es'
[ ['hrottle
flo w Uncorrected test heat rate with
steamandcyclecond•bons • Test efficiency
• Lineof
constant
• Test steam conditions
Test cycle conditions
o•• • • \ corrected
test--....•,•
tro,e,o L•/Corrected
test
heat
rate
with
• I•'C j Testefficiency
.. • Specified steam conditions
Locus
ospec•
•e(]
points
....
!:D1R•,
;•Corrected
- ," test
heat
rate
with
Specified
cycle
conditions
-- Test efficiency
Guaranteed
load
-•
Generator Output
Test
steam
conditions Specified cycle conditions
FIG. 3.1 CYCLE CORRECTIONS
1% for each 1% changein averagemoisturein that test runsconductedat valve pointsover the load
expansion.The changereferredto resultsfrom the range forms a locus line that can be compared
differencebetweenthe specifiedand testvaluesof directlyto the locusof expectedpointsasdescribed
pressure drop.To make useof this correction,it is in the next paragraph.
necessary to calculateanddrawthe individualgroup It is not essential that heat rate D be obtained in
expansionlines usingtest data and then calculate the C, B, D sequenceshown.It is alsopossiblethat
and draw the new expansionlinesfor the specified one would like to apply the Group 2 correctionto
heat balances,startingat the revisedlow pressure heat rate C, omittingthe calculationof the Group
inletstatepointcorresponding to the specifiedvalue 1 correction.When doingthisfor a seriesof points,
of pressure drop in the heatingsteamsupplyline. it is important
to remember thatdifferencesin cycle
The assumption is madethatthe shiftin the position conditionswill make them less than completely
of the expansionlines is small enoughto cause comparablewith each other and, of course,will
an imperceptiblechangein water removalat the make them unsuitablefor comparingwith a guar-
extraction points. antee.
After applicationof these corrections,the test As statedin para. 3.13.2 of the Code, when the
performanceis free from all influenceof steam specifiedperformanceis based on valve points,
and cycle conditionsand thereforediffersfrom the two locuslinesshouldbe drawn, one throughthe
specifiedperformanceonly in the level of turbine correctedtest points and the other throughthe
efficiency.If the main purposein conductingthe specifiedpoints.The test resultsmay then be com-
tests were to determine the difference between test paredby readingthe differencesbetweenthe two
and specifiedturbineefficiency(perhapsexpressed locuscurvesat the specifiedkilowattload,as illus-
asheatrateor steamrate),a procedure thatproperly tratedby pointsE and F in Fig. 3.1.
takesinto accountthe factorsjust describedwould The followingguidancerelatesto the test of a
providea meansof achievingthe purpose. light-water-moderated reactorunit when the turbine
The calculation method used in Section 8 (reheat- has a singlevalve or multiplevalvesoperatingin
regenerative
unit)illustrates
the conventional
method unisonand the electricaloutputguaranteeis made
of makingthe cycle correctionheat balance,based at a given reactorheat output.It is highlyunlikely
on the test heat balance for a fossil-fired unit. In that a goodfaitheffortwouldresultin the testbeing
succession,heat rate C, B, and D are obtained as run at exactlythe specifiedreactoroutput.If the
illustratedin Fig. 3.1. Heat rate C is the test heat reactoroutputduringthe test is somewhatsmaller
rateat teststeamand cycleconditions.Heat rate B (by less than 1%), it is permissibleto ratio the
is heatrateC correctedto specifiedcycleconditions electricalload up in proportionto the shortagein
(Group 1 corrections).Heat rate D is heat rate B reactorpower if it is verifiedthat the turbineinlet
further correctedto specified steam conditions valvesare capableof sufficientfurtheropeningto
(Group 2 corrections).Heat rate D for a seriesof passthe requiredamountof additionalsteam.
10

SECTION 4 FLOW MEASUREMENT BY THE

ENTHALPY-DROP METHOD
4.1 OVERVIEW 4.3 SUMMARY OF TEST DATA
Thismethodof determining throttlesteamflow is Data recordedduringthe testwere averagedand

applicableonlyto non-condensing or back-pressure correctedfor instrumentcalibrations,water legs,
turbineshavinga flowat ratedoutputof notlessthan zero corrections,
barometricpressures,and ambient
50,000 Ibm/hrand with otheroperating conditions temperatures.Pressureand temperaturemeasure-
asstatedin para.4.15.1 of the Code.Theenthalpy ments, corrected for instrument calibrations, and
dropmethoddetermines thethrottlesteamflowfrom steamenthalpiesderivedfromthesedata usingthe
a heat balancearoundthe turbine-generator unit 1967 ASMESteamTables,are shownin Fig. 4.1.
by equatingthe heat enteringthe systemin the Glandleakoffflows,calculated
fromdifferential
pres-
throttlesteamto the heat leavingthe systemin sure measurements, are also shown.
extractions,
exhaust,andleak-offsteamflows,gener-
ator output,and electrical,thermal,and mechanical
losses. 4.4 TURBINE LOSSES
The unittestedwas a 6,500-kW,single-cylinder,
non-condensing, non-extractingturbine.Fig.4.1 in- The followingcalculatedmechanicallossesof the
dicatesthe high pressureleakofffrom the No. 1 turbinewere agreedon:
glanddischarged into the turbineexhaustline. The Bearingfriction 39 kW
low pressureleakofffromthe No. 1 glandand the Windageof externalrotatingparts 12 kW
singleleakofffromthe No. 2 glandweredisposed Powerto operateshaft-driven lubri-
of external to the turbine. catingoil pumps,speedregulating
mechanisms,etc. 32.5 kW
Heat lossby radiation,conduction,
andconvection 6.5 kW
4.2 DESCRIPTION OF TEST Total mechanical lossesof turbine 90 kW
INSTRUMENTATION
The bearing,windage,and electricallossesof the
(a) Steamtemperatures
were measuredwith cali- generatorwere obtainedfrom the generatorloss
bratedchromel-constantan
thermocouples withcon- curvesuppliedas part of the TurbinePerformance
tinuousthermocouple
wiresand integralcoldjunc- Data and were determined to be 195 kW.
tions. Thermocoupleoutputswere read with a
precision0.03% accuracyclassdigitalvoltmeter.
(b) Gage pressures
were measuredwith 0.10% 4.5 CALCULATION OF THROTTLE FLOW
uncertaintyinstruments,
andabsolutepressure trans-
ducerswerecalibratedin-placebeforeandafterthe Throttle steam flow was calculated from a heat
test.
balancearoundthe turbine-generator
unit.
(c) Gland leakoff flows were measured with orifice
w = throttle steamflow, Ibm/hr
flowsections,
and0.10%uncertainty
differential
pres-
suretransducers
werecalibratedin-placebeforeand where
after the test. Exhaustflow at pointof temperature
measurement
(d) Generator
outputwasmeasured
withonethree- = throttleflow - No. 1 glandleakoffflow (Ip) -
elementpolyphase watthourmeterwith high-accu- No. 2 gland leakoffflow
racydigitalreadout
andseparate
testinstrument
trans- = w- 671 - 627
formers.
= w- 1,298 Ibm/hr
(e) Barometric
pressure
wasmeasured
witha preci-
sion aneroid barometer. Heat In = Heat Out
11

ASMEPTC 6A-2000 APPENDIXA TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES
1,200 psia
950øF
1,470.3 Btu/Ibm
Generator
Gland No. I Gland No. 2 6,500 kW

3,600 rpm
0.80 PF
0.5 psig H2
627 Ibm/hr
..... •,. 18.0 psia
436.0øF
1,256.6 Btu/Ibm
107.0 psia
671 Ibm/hr 1,258.8 Btu/Ibm

•,. 18.0 psia
773.8øF
1,420.0 Btu/Ibm
FIG. 4.1 HIGH PRESSURE LEAKOFF FROM THE NO. I GLAND

DISCHARGED INTO THE TURBINE EXHAUST LINE
TABLE 4.1
CALCULATION OF THROTTLE FLOW
Flow, Enthalpy, Heat Flow,

Ibm/hr Btu/Ibm Btu/hr
Heat In
Throttle steam w x 1,470.3 -- 1,470.3 (w)
Heat Out
No. 1 gland(Ip)leakoff 671 x 1,420.0 : 952,820

No. 2 glandleakoff 627 x 1,256.6 : 787,888
Exhaust steam (w-1,298) x 1,258.8 - 1,258.8 (w- 1,298)
Heat equivalentof:
Generatoroutput 6,500 kW x 3,412.14 Btu/kWhr -- 22,178,910 Btu/hr
Mechanical losses 90 kW x 3,412.14 Btu/kWhr -- 307,093 Btu/hr
Generator losses 195 kW x 3,412.14 Btu/kWhr = 665,367 Btu/hr
Totalheatleaving-- 1,258.8(w- 1,298)+ 24,892,078Btu/hr
Heat Balance
Equatingheatin and heatout
1,470.3 (w) = 1,258.8 (w- 1,298) + 24,892,078
211.5 (w) = 23,258.156
The throttleflow w = 109,968 Ibm/hr(13.8560 kg/s)
12

APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAM TURBINES ASME PTC 6A-2000
SECTION 5 SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR THE

REYNOLDS NUMBER EXTRAPOLATION OF A
CALIBRATED ASME TEST FLOW SECTION
5.1 GENERAL s(b)= standarddeviationof the slopeb

t= Student's t factor
An ASME test flow section containinga low
i = counter,which assumesvaluesfrom 1 to n
•-ratio nozzle, conformingto the requirementsof
PTC6-1996, wascalibratedto a maximumoperating
Reynoldsnumberof 6.7E+6.The measuring device 5.3 CALIBRATION EXAMPLE DATA
is used to determine condensate flow in a nuclear
powerplant.The expectedoperatingReynolds
num- The examplecalibrationdata is shownin Table
ber at rated load is 18.2E+6. 5.1 and graphicallyrepresented
in Fig. 5.1.
The followingexampleshowsthe testdata for a
20-pointcalibration.It givesthe procedureusedto
determinewhetherthe flow-measuring devicesatis- 5.4 EVALUATION OF CALIBRATION DATA
fiesthe criteriaspecifiedin paras.4.8.15.1 through
4.8.15.3 of PTC6-1996. It presentsalsothecomputa- 5.4.1 CheckforConformance
WithCxavg
Criterion
(Para. 4.8.15.1 of the Code). To obtain the individual
tionsnecessary to obtainthe coefficientof discharge
valuesC•i, the equationin para.4.8.15 of the Code
for a specifiedReynolds numberrequiringextrapola- is used'
tion from the calibration data.
C•i=
Ci+0.185
Rd-ø-2(1
- 361'239)
ø'8 Rd
,
5.2 NOMENCLATURE
For the example,
a= ordinateinterceptof the regression
line
b= slopeof the unconstrained regressionline Cx• = 0.9978 + 0.185 * (4.868E+6)-ø-2
of G
br,i,•= minimumvalue of slope b at 95% confi-
dence ,(1-361,239)
•1868E+6•0'8
bmax-maximumvalue of slope b at 95% confi- = 1.0058
dence
C- measureddisch•rõecoefficientdurinõc•li-
bration Asshownin Table5.1, C•g, theaverage
of all the
C•i values is 1.0060.
Ce= extrapolateddischarge coefficient
at a speci-
fied Reynoldsnumber,Rds 1.0029 < 1.0060 < 1.0079
Cx= coefficientcalculatedfromequationin PTC
6 para. 4.8.15
Therefore,
the C•a•gcriterionis satisfied.
C•av•=average
of all C• values
Cxr= coefficientcalculatedfrom linearregression 5.4.2 Check for Conformance With Reynolds
of the C• values Number IndependenceCriterion (Para. 4.8.15.2 of
n-number of calibrationpoints the Code). The unconstrainedlinear regression
Rd= Reynoldsnumber equation,
Rda,,•=
average
of all calibration
Reynolds
numbers
Rds= specifiedReynoldsnumberforextrapolation C•= a+bRd,
Sc•,Rd=
standarderror of the linear regression
of
the Cx values is determined as follows:
13

TABLE 5.1
CALIBRATION EXAMPLE DATA
Calibration Calibration Calculated

Point Reynolds
Number, Discharge
Coefficient,
No. •d• C•
1 3,091,000 0.9980 1.0064 1.00620
2 3,276,000 0.9986 1.0070 1.00618
3 3,413,000 0.9984 1.0068 1.00616
4 3,630,000 0.9976 1.0059 1.00613
5 3,798,000 0.9977 1.0060 1.00610
6 3,945,000 0.9977 1.0059 1.00608
7 4,086,000 0.9975 1.0057 1.00606
8 4,259,000 0.9971 1.0052 1.00604
9 4,456,000 0.9974 1.0055 1.00601
10 4,678,000 0.9979 1.0059 1.00598
11 4,868,000 0.9978 1.0058 1.00596
12 5,071,000 0.9977 1.0057 1.00593
13 5,277,000 0.9975 1.0054 1.00590
14 5,487,000 0.9978 1.0057 1.00587
15 5,712,000 0.9988 1.0066 1.00584
16 5,922,000 0.9990 1.0068 1.00581
17 6,119,000 0.9991 1.0068 1.00578
18 6,328,000 0.9978 1.0055 1.00576
19 6,488,000 0.9979 1.0056 1.00573
20 6,681,000 0.9975 1.0051 1.00571
Average: 4,829,250 1.0060
The slopeof the unconstrained

regression
line, b, For the example,
is defined as:
a = 1.0060 + 1.3792E-10 * 4.829E+6
= 1.0066
b i •,(Rdi- Rda,,•½)(
C•i- C'•,,•½)
•,(Rdi- Rda,,s)
2
For 20 calibrationpoints,the standarderror (some-
times referredto as the standarderror of the y
For the example, estimate)with respect
to theunconstrainedregression
line, Scx,
Rd,is
•'.(Rdi- Rd,•,,•)(C'•i-
C'•a,,•)
= -3,381.7411
and
SCx'Rd
-- •/•(
(n-2)Gi -Cxri)
2
= _5.6210E-4
'Y.(Rdi
- Rdavg)
2 : 2.4520E+1
3
Therefore, where Cxri= a + b Rdi
(e.g.,for Rd•= 3,798,000, C• = 1.0066-

b = -3,381.7411/2.4520E+13 - -1.3792E-10
1.3792E-10 * 3,798,000 = 1.0061) and
The interceptof the unconstrained

regression
line, •(C•i- C•ri)2 = 5.6872E-6
a, is defined as
(e.g., for Rdi = 3,798,000, C•i- C•ri = 1.0060-
1.0061 = -0.0001) and n = 20
14

Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled when printed.
1.003
1.002
1.OOl
0.999
c
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995
0.994
1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
Rd (millions)
Legend:
PTC6
.... PTC6 +0.25%
........ PTC6-0.25%
X Calibration points
y_pred
FIG. 5.1 EXTRAPOLATION OF CALIBRATION DATA USING PTC 6-1996 PROCEDURES
The confidencelimitsof the slopeof the regression The confidenceintervalof the slopeis, therefore
line at 95% coverageare given by
_+2.1010 * 1.1352E-10 = _+2.3849E-10
b -+ ts(b)
Thus,the minimumslopeof the regression
line is
where s(b) is the standarddeviationof the slope brain : -1.3792E-1 0 - 2.3849E-10

determinedfrom the equation = -3.7641E-10
and the maximumslopeof the regression

line is
s(b) = SCx,
Rd
•[•(Rd•- Rdavg)
2 bma
x -----1.3792E-1 0 + 2.3849E-10
5.6210E-4 = +1.0057E-10
•2.4520E+13
As these two slopesstraddlezero, the Reynolds
= +_1.1 352E-10
numberindependence criterionis satisfied.
5.4.3 Check for Conformance With Calibration
The Student'st factorfor 18 (20 - 2) degreesof Data Scatter Criterion (Para. 4.8.15.3 of the Code).
freedom = 2.1010 The confidenceinterval of the Cx data for 95%
15

confidencelevel,with respectto the regression

line, independent(or have an acceptabledegreeof Rd
is calculatedfrom the expression: dependence).Thisis predicatedon conformance to
the requirements
of para. 4.8.13 of the Code.
confidence interval = t SCx,
Rd Forthe example,the slopeof the unconstrainedfit,
as para. 5.4.2, is
___2.1010 * 5.6210E-4
b = -1.3792E-10
= +0.00026 The standarderror of the regression

line C,• is
and Scx,
ea = ---5.6210E-4
0.00026 < 0.0003 The confidencelimitsof the slopeof the regression

line at 95% coverageare given by
The calibrationscattercriterionis,therefore,satisfied.
b ___ts(b)
5.5 CALCULATED DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT where s(b)is the standarddeviationof the slope
EXTRAPOLATED TO THE SPECIFIED determinedfrom the equation'
REYNOLDS NUMBER
Fora specifiedReynoldsnumber(Rds)theextrapo- s(b) = SCx•Rd

lated dischargecoefficient(Co) is calculatedfrom •/Y•(Rdi-Rdav•)
2
the equationgiven in para. 4.8.15 of the Code' 5.6210E-4
•J2.4520E+13
Co
=Cxa,,•-0.185
Rds-ø'2
(1- 361'239)
ø'8 -- _+1.1352E-10
Fortheexample,andat a specified
Reynolds
number Sincethe Student'st factorfor (20 - 2) degreesof
of 18.2E+6, freedom = 2.1010, the confidence interval of the
slopeis
Ce = 1.0060 - 0.185 * (18.2E+6)-ø.2*
_+2.1010 * 1.1352E-10 = __+2.3849E-10
(1-361,239)
0'8 and, thus, the confidence limits for b are
= 0.9995
bma
x - -1.3792E-1 0 + 2.3849E-10
See Fig. 5.1. = 1.0057E-10
and
5.6 ALTERNATIVE REYNOLDS NUMBER
INDEPENDENCE CRITERION (ALTERNATIVE
bmin -- -1.3792E-10- 2.3849E-10
TO PARA. 4.8.15.2 OF THE CODE) = -3.7641E-10
In someinstances the application of the Reynolds

numberindependence criterionof para. 4.8.15.2 In the example,the Reynoldsnumberindepen-
can lead to rejectionof otherwiseacceptable flow dencecriterionin para. 4.8.15.2 of the Code was
sections.This is especiallytruefor calibrationswith met. Otherwise, the value of b = _+2.7E-10 would
low data scatter.To accommodate thesespecial have been limiting.
casesand to simplifythe requirementset forth in The limitingvalue of b = _+2.7E-10was calcu-
para.4.8.15.2,the followingcriterionmaybe used: latedto minimizethe uncertaintyof theextrapolated
If the slope of the unconstrained fit, b, is within dischargecoefficient.
This limitingvaluewasdeter-
+_2.7E-10,the valuesof C,•may be considered Rd minedaccordingto the followingmodel:
16

Basedon the 0.1% repeatabilityrequirementof For20 calibrationpoints,evenlydistributed

between
PTC 6 para. 4.8.13, the permissibledeviationbe- Rd = 1E+6 and 4E+6,
tween any calibrationpoint and the unconstrained
regression
line is [•(Rdi- Rdavg)2]
ø'5: +_4,071,724
0.1%
= 0.05% The Student'st factorfor 18 degreesof freedom=
2.1010
For 20 calibrationpoints, the standarddeviation Therefore,the confidencelimit of the slopeis

with respectto the unconstrained regression
line,
SCx,
Rd,is t SCx•R
d
'x/Y.(
Rdi- Rda,,g)
2
SCx'Rd
: •/20
20- 2*0.00052 = +_5.27E-4
_+2.1010 * 5.27E-4
Notethatin the equationfor So•,ed,

appliedfor this 4,071,724
model,Y.(Cxi- C•ri)2 = 20 * 0.00052 if all (C•i-
C,•ri)= 0.05% and n = 20. = +_2.72E-10
17


SECTION 6 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR A TEST OF

A COMPLETE EXPANSION CONDENSING TURBINE
USING U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS 1
6.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT exhaustpressurewas measuredwith absolutepres-

suregagessensingthe turbineexhaustpressureat
The unit testedwas a 3600-rpmcondensing tur-
eight baskettip sensorslocatedat the two turbine
bine with six controlvalvesusedin a gasturbine/
side-exhaustflanges.Generatoroutput was deter-
steamturbinecombinedcyclepowerplant utilizing
mined by three-wattmetermethod. Steamflow to
a single-pressureHRSG.Thereare no provisions for
the turbinewas established by measuringthe con-
steamextraction outof theturbinestages,
andthrottle
densateout of the condenserusinga throat-tapflow
steam is provided by four unfired heat recovery
nozzle and adjustingthis flow for the amountof
steamgenerators suppliedwith the exhaustgasheat
gland leakagefrom the hotwell pump and storage
from four gasturbines.The turbineratedcapability
is 112,000 kW with throttle steam conditions of
changein the condenserhotwell. The condenser
was checkedfor leakageand found to be tight.
800 psig,850øF,3.5 in. Hg absoluteexhaustpres-
sure,and 0% cyclemake-up.The generatoris rated
at 133,000 kVA, 0.85 power factor, and 30 psig
6.3 SUMMARY OF THE TEST DATA ON
hydrogenpressure.The shaftand valve stemseals
NUMBER 5 VALVE POINT
are suppliedwith steamcontrolledby an automatic
steamseal regulator.An evacuatorpreventssteam All readingshave been correctedfor instrument
from blowing out of the shaftend sealsto atmo- calibration.
sphere,and a gland seal condenserrecoversthe Throttlesteampressure 813.7 psia
heat from this steam in the main condensate. The Throttlesteamtemperature 851.6 øF
condensedgland seal steamis directedto the con- Exhaust pressure 3.38 in. Hga
denser and is included in the condensate flow nozzle Condensate flow 892,766 Ibm/hr
Generatoroutput 110,131 kW
flow. Leakoffsteamfrom the inner high-pressure Generatorhydrogenpressure 28.8 psig
turbine seal chamber, lower valve stem leakoffs, Generatorpowerfactor 0.892
and the steamseal regulatorexcesssteamdump Decrease in condenser hotwell stor-
returnto lower stagesin the turbine.The specified age(leveldrop) 126 Ibm/hr
Hotwellpumpglandleakage 50 Ibm/hr
steamrateof 8.16 Ibm/kWhrat the ratedoperating
conditionsand at 112,000 kW outputis on a locus-
of-valve-points
steamratebasisasshownin Fig.6.1.
6.4 DETERMINATION OF TURBINE THROTTLE
FLOW
6.2 DESCRIPTION OF TEST
The throttle steam flow to the turbine was estab-
INSTRUMENTATION
lished from the condensate nozzle flow with correc-
Location of instrumentation is shown on the instru- tion to accountfor the effect of lossesor gains
mentationandflow diagram,Fig.6.2. Throttlesteam betweenthe point of measurement and the turbine
pressure
andtemperature weremeasured with dead- throttle.Thoughnot conformingto the provisions
weight gagesand calibratedthermocouples. The of para.4.8 in PTC 6, it may be preferableto use
an orifice meteringsectionto measurecondensate
flow for this application,wherethe deviceis used
•This samplecalculation is for a testof a complete
expansion
condensing turbineusingU.S. Customary Units.For a sample for testingat a Reynoldsnumberwithin the calibra-
calculationof the sameturbineusingSI Units,seeSection6A. tion range;i.e., no extrapolationof the coefficient
19

8.8
8.6
Valve
point
locus
Steam
800 psig
850øF
rate
3.5 in. Hg absolute

30 psig hydrogen pressure
0.85 power factor
8.4
Guarantee curve
8.2
Test
curve
from
a series of valve
point tests At the guaranteed /
output of 112,000 kW,
the corresponding steam
rate is 8.146 Ibm/kWhr.
I
8.0
40 6O 8O 100 12O
Generator Output, 1,000 kW

Legend:
/•= 8.145 and 115,000
8.146 and 109,805
8.154 and 98,000
8.196 and 84,000
O = 8.146 and 112,000
!-I= 8.16 and 112,000
FIG. 6.1 SPECIFIED PERFORMANCE
2O

APPENDIX
A TO PTC6, THETESTCODEFORSTEAMTURBINES ASMEPTC6A-2000
Steam
to
turbine
Throttle
pressure
Throttle
tam peratu re
Kilowatts
Volts
Valvestem •
Amps
Hydrogen pressure
I
• HP turbine LP turbine
Generator
Exhaust pressure
Steam seal
regulator
Condenser
Hotwell
level [-"
Differential __ Condensate
and inlet
To boiler =
Temperature
I
pressures
I ••) pump
feed pump
Flow
nozzle [•
Gland
",.
• Leakage
seal [ [
condenser
FIG. 6.2 INSTRUMENTATION AND FLOW DIAGRAM:

COMPLETE EXPANSION CONDENSING TURBINE
21

1,200
0.850 •0
Power
factor • ,' 0.95
.00
,• 1,ooo
•c•rSoagree;•rre3sOs
.For
other
'" 800
o
rVlu
e:½one"::uSeU
;reoS:
tetro,,
on.
Corr.= 4.33(H2 preSSac
t -30), kVV
600
40 60 80 100 120 140
FIG. 6.3 GENERATOR ELECTRICAL LOSSES
of dischargeis required.Basedon the valuesgiven hydrogenpressure,usingthe generatorlosscurve

in PTC 6R, in all likelihood the use of this device (Fig.6.3) suppliedwiththeturbineperformance
data.
increases the uncertaintyof the test result. Measuredgenerator output 110,131kW
For an uncertaintyequivalentto that of a throat- Lossesfor 0.892 powerfactor
tap nozzle flow section,the orifice flow section and 30 psigabsolutehydrogen
pressure 1,093 kW
requiresgreat care in planningduring the plant Correctionfor thetesthydrogen
designphase,manufacturing of the orificeand sec- pressure being28.8 psigabso-
tion, laboratorycalibrationand installationof the luteratherthanthe specified -5 kW
section,similarto suchcare requiredfor a throat- 30 psig
tap nozzle section.In this plant, as in many, the Total generatorlosses,testcondi-
tions 1,088 kW
plantorificeflow sectionsdid not meetthe stringent Losseswith specifiedconditions
requirements of Code flow sections(seePTC 19.5), of 0.85 powerfactorand 30
nor was the spoolpiecelongenoughto accommo- psigabsolutehydrogen
date a temporaryorificemeteringsection.A throat- pressure 1,147 kW
tap nozzle assemblywas needed. Generatoroutputcorrectedto specifiedoperatingconditions
110,131 + (1,088 - 1,147) = 110,072 kW
Flowmeasured by the flow nozzle 892,766 Ibm/hr
Decreasein hotwellstorage -126 Ibm/hr
Hotwellpumpglandleakage +50 Ibm/hr
Throttlesteamflow duringtest 892,690 Ibm/hr 6.6 TEST STEAM RATE
Theteststeamratewithspecified generator hydro-

gen pressureand powerfactor was calculatedby
dividingthe test value of turbinethrottleflow by
6.5 CALCULATION OF GENERATOR OUTPUT
the correctedoutput.
CORRECTED TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
The testgenerator
outputwascorrectedfor devia- 892,690
Test steam rate = = 8.110 Ibm/kWhr
tionsfrom the specifiedvaluesof powerfactorand 110,072
22

TABLE 6.1
STEAM RATE CORRECTIONS
PercentChange Correction
Test in Steam Rate Divisor
Throttlepressure 799.0 psig(Fig.6.5) +0.00 1.0000

Throttletemperature 851.6øF(Fig.6.4) -0.14 0.9986
Exhaust pressure 3.38 in. Hga(Fig.6.6) -0.30 0.9970
Combinedcorrectiondivisor(product
of correctiondivisors) 0.9956
6.7 THROTTLE FLOW CORRECTED TO turbine was operatedat rated speedon a 60-Hz
SPECIFIED CONDITIONS power system. Steam rate corrections are pre-
sented in Table 6.1.
The test steam rate was next corrected for devia-
tionsfrom the specifiedthrottlesteamand exhaust
Steamrate correctedto specified
conditions.The firststepwasto determinewhatthe
operatingconditions=
throttlesteamflowwouldhavebeen,if the specified
conditions existed. The corrected throttle steam
Test steam rate
flow is
Correction divisor
w,= wt P'x --
••t vt Vs
8.110
0.9956
where = 8.146 Ibm/kWhr

w= steam flow r•te, Ibm/hr Generatoroutputcorrectedto
p= pressure,psi• specifiedoperatingconditions=
v= specificvolume,ft'/Ibm
•= specifiedcondition Corrected throttle steam flow
t= test conditions Corrected steam rate
Flow correction factor

894,475
8.145
8•14.7
O.9056
13 7
x
0.9031
= 1.0020
= 109,807kW
Corrected throttle flow = 1.0020 x 892,690

894,475 Ibm/hr 6.9 CONCLUSION
Figure6.1 showsthe steam rate plotted versus

6.8 STEAM RATE AND GENERATOR OUTPUT
output. The guaranteecurve is prov.
ided by the
manufacturer. The test curve is drawn from a series
of valvepointtestswiththe steamrateandgenerator
Steam rate correction divisors were determined output,correctedto specifiedoperatingconditions,
from the correctioncurvessuppliedwith the tur- calculatedin accordancewith paras.6.3 through
bine performancedata (Figs.6.4, 6.5, and 6.6). 6.8. At the guaranteedoutputof 112,000 kW, the
The corrected value of the throttle steam flow corresponding test steam rate is determinedfrom
was used in determiningcorrectionsthat vary as the test curve to be 8.146 Ibm/kWhr. Therefore,the
a function of the steam flow. No correction for test steam rate is 0.014 Ibm/kWhr, or 0.2%, better
the effect of speed was required becausethe than guarantee.
23

4.0
2.0
800 820 840 860 880
Throttle Temperature, øF
FIG. 6.4 THROTTLE TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
1.5
• 1.0
•.=_ 0.5
942 o
o
707 '-
0.5 o
471 n',
1.0
720 740 760 780 800 820 840
Throttle Pressure, psig
FIG. 6.5 THROTTLE PRESSURE CORRECTION
24

15
ß lO
Throttle flow, 1,000 Ibm/hr
942 •
707 •
471
J
lO
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Exhaust Pressure, in. Hg absolute
FIG. 6.6 EXHAUST PRESSURE CORRECTION
25


SECTION 6A SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR A TEST

OF A COMPLETE EXPANSION CONDENSING TURBINE
USING SI UNITS 1
6A.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT 6A.2 DESCRIPTION OF TEST

INSTRUMENTATION
The unit testedwas a 3600-rpmcondensing tur-
bine with six controlvalvesusedin a gasturbine/ Location of instrumentation is shown on the instru-
steamturbinecombinedcyclepowerplantutilizing mentation andflowdiagram(Fig.6.2). Throttlesteam
a single-pressure
HRSG.Thereare no provisions for pressureandtemperature weremeasured with dead-
steamextractionoutof theturbinestages,
andthrottle weight gagesand calibratedthermocouples. The
steam is providedby four unfired heat recovery exhaustpressure was measured with absolutepres-
steamgenerators suppliedwith the exhaustgasheat suregagessensingthe turbineexhaustpressureat
fromfourgasturbines. 2 Theturbineratedcapability eight baskettip sensorslocatedat the two turbine
is 112,000 kW with throttle steam conditions of side-exhaustflanges.Generatoroutput was deter-
5,620 kPa absolute,455øC, 90 mm Hg absolute mined by three-wattmeter method.Steamflow to
exhaustpressure, and0% cyclemake-up.Thegener- the turbinewas established by measuringthe con-
ator is rated at 133,000 kVA, 0.85 power factor, densateout of the condenserusinga throat-tapflow
and 308 kPa abshydrogenpressure. The shaftand nozzle and adjustingthis flow for the amountof
valvestemsealsare suppliedwith steamcontrolled gland leakagefrom the hotwellpump and storage
by an automaticsteamsealregulator.An evacuator changein the condenserhotwell. The condenser
preventssteamfrom blowingout of the shaft-end was checkedfor leakageand found to be tight.
sealsto atmosphere,and a gland seal condenser
recovers the heat from this steam in the main conden-
sate.The condensedgland seal steamis directed
to the condenser and is included in the condensate 6A.3 SUMMARY OF THE TEST DATA ON
NUMBER 5 VALVE POINT
flow nozzle flow. Leakoffsteamfromthe innerhigh
pressureturbine seal chamber,lower valve stem All readingshave been correctedfor instrument
leakoffs,and the steamseal regulatorexcesssteam calibration.
dump returnto lower stagesin the turbine.The
Throttlesteampressure 5,610 kPa abs
specifiedsteamrate of 3.702 kg/kWhat the rated Throttlesteamtemperature 455.3øC
operatingconditionsand at 112,000 kW outputis Exhaust pressure 85.8 mm Hga
on a locus-of-valve-points
steamratebasisas shown Condensate flow 112.4886 kg/s
in Fig. 6A.1. Generatoroutput 110,131 kW
Generatorhydrogenpressure 300 kPa abs
Generatorpowerfactor 0.892
•This samplecalculationis for a testof a completeexpansion Decrease in condenser hotwell 0.0• 58 kg/s
condensing turbineusingSI Units. For a samplecalculationof storage(leveldrop)
the sameturbineusingU.S. CustomaryUnits,see Section6. Hotwellpumpglandleakage 0.0064 kg/s
2 Forthisexample,the nameplate ratingin U.S.Customary units
examplehas been changedslightlyfor the ratingin SI unitsto
conformto what would logicallybe providedfor the sameunit
rated in SI units.Sincethe test point is at a valve point, this
causesthe correctedflow and correctedkilowattoutputto be 6A.4 DETERMINATION OF TURBINE
slightlydifferentin the SI unitsfrom what is indicatedin the THROTTLE FLOW
U.S.Customary units.The slightchangein nameplateratingalso
causesthe correctionfactorsto be slightlydifferent;however, The throttle steam flow to the turbine was estab-
sincethe availableenergyin both casesis almostidentical,the
final results remain the same for both sets of units. lished from the condensate nozzle flow with correc-
27

4.00
Valve point locus

Steam rate
5,620 kPa absolute
3.90 455 øC
90 mm Hg absolute
308 kPa absolute
hydro! ]en pressure
0.85% 3ower factor
3.80
ee curve
Guarantee point
3.70
Test
curve
from
••,•___•
••'--
_•I•
a series
_
point tests
I
ofvalve
. . .
At the guaranteed
output of 112,000 kW,
the corresponding test steam
rate is 3.695 kg/kW
i
3.60
40 6O 80 100 120

Legend:
El= 3.702 and 112,000
A= 3.695 and 115,000
3.695 and 109,817
3.699 and 98,000
3.718 and 84,000
0 = 3.695 and 112,000
FIG. 6A.1 SPECIFIED PERFORMANCE
28

1,200
0.850
factor ,,
Power / • ./v0.95
100
.
• 1,000
'I•
m 800
•s
•'
are
for
308
kPa
absolute hydrogen pressure.
For other hydrogen pressures,
add to curves the value from the
following equation:
Corr.= 0.628(H2 preSSac
t -308), kW
6OO
40 60 80 100 120 140
FIG. 6A.2 GENERATOR ELECTRICAL LOSSES
tion to accountfor the effect of lossesor gains 6A.5 CALCULATION OF GENERATOR OUTPUT
betweenthe pointof measurement and the turbine CORRECTED TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
throttle.Thoughnot conformingto the provisions
The testgeneratoroutputwascorrectedfor devia-
of para. 4.8 in PTC 6, it may be preferableto use
tionsfrom the specifiedvaluesof powerfactorand
an orifice meteringsectionto measurecondensate
hydrogenpressure,usingthe generatorlosscurve
flow for this application,where the device is used
(Fig. 6A.2) suppliedwith the turbine performance
for testingat a Reynolds numberwithinthe calibra- data.
tion range, i.e., no extrapolationof the coefficient
of dischargeis required.Basedon the valuesgiven Measuredgenerator output 110,131 kW
in PTC 6R, in all likelihood the use of this device Lossesfor 0.892 powerfactorand 308
increasesthe uncertaintyof the test result. kPaabsolutehydrogenpressure 1,093 kW
For an uncertaintyequivalentto that of a throat- Correctionfor the testhydrogen
tap nozzle flow section,the orifice flow section pressure being300 kPaabsolute
ratherthanthe specified308 kPa
requiresgreat care in planningduring the plant absolute -5 kW
designphase,manufacturing of the orificeand sec-
Totalgeneratorlosses,testconditions 1,088 kW
tion, laboratorycalibrationand installationof the Losseswithspecifiedconditions of
section,similarto suchcare requiredfor a throat- 0.85 powerfactorand 308 kPa
tap nozzle section.In this plant, as in many,the absolutehydrogenpressure 1,147 kW
plantorificeflow sectionsdid not meetthe stringent Generatoroutputcorrected to specified
operating
conditions
110,131 + (1,088 - 1,147) 110,072 kW
requirements of Code flow sections(seePTC 19.5),
nor was the spoolpiecelongenoughto accommo-
datea temporaryorificemeteringsection.A throat-
tap nozzle assemblywas needed. 6A.6 TEST STEAM RATE
Flowmeasuredby the flow nozzle 112.4886kg/s Theteststeamratewith specified generator hydro-

Decreasein hotwellstorage -0.0158 kg/s gen pressureand power factor was calculatedby
Hotwellpumpglandleakage +0.0064k?;,/s dividingthe test value of turbinethrottleflow by
Throttlesteamflow duringtest 112.4792kg/s the correctedoutput.
29

112.4792 x 3600 operatedat ratedspeedon a 60-Hz power system.

Test steam rate =
Steam rate corrections are as follows'
110,072
= 3.679 kg/kWh
PercentChangeCorrection
Test in Steam Rate Divisor
Throttlepressure 5,610 kPaabs +0.00 1.0000

6A.7 THROTTLE FLOW CORRECTED TO
(Fig.6A.4)
SPECIFIED CONDITIONS -O.O8 O.9992
Throttletemperature455.3øC
The test steam rate was next corrected for devia- (Fig.6A.3)
Exhaust pressure 85.8 mm Hga -0.36 0.9964
tionsfrom the specifiedthrottlesteamand exhaust (Fig.6A.5)
conditions.The firststepwas to determinewhat the Combined correction 0.9956
throttlesteamflow would havebeen,if the specified divisor(product

of correction
conditions existed. The corrected throttle steam
divisors)
flow is
Steamratecorrectedto specifiedoperatingconditions
Ws: Wt PsX•
Vs Test steam rate
Correction divisor
where
w= steamflow rate, kg/s 3.679
- 3.695 kg/kWh
p= pressure,kPa abs 0.9956
v= specificvolume,mg/kg
s= specifiedcondition Generatoroutputcorrectedto specifiedoperatingcondi-
t= test conditions tions
Flow correction factor - Corrected throttle steam flow

Corrected steam rate
5,620
0.05654
5,610
x
0.05640
= 1.0021 112.7153
3.695
x 3600
= 109,817 kW
Corrected throttle flow = 1.0021 x 112.4792

= 112.7153 kg/s 6A.9 CONCLUSION
Fig. 6A.1 showsthe steam rate plotted versus

6A.8 STEAM RATE AND GENERATOR OUTPUT
output. The guaranteecurve is providedby the
manufacturer. The test curve is drawn from a series
of valvepointtestswith the steamrateandgenerator
Steam rate correction divisors were determined output,correctedto specifiedoperatingconditions,
fromthe correctioncurvessuppliedwith the turbine calculatedin accordancewith paras.6A.3 through
performancedata (Figs.6A.3, 6A.4, and 6A.5). The 6A.8. At the guaranteedoutputof 112,000 kW the
corrected value of the throttle steam flow was used corresponding test steamrate is determinedfrom
in determining
thosecorrections
that varyas a func- the test curveto be 3.702 kg/kWh.Therefore,the
tion of the steam flow. No correction for the effect test steam rate is 0.007 kg/kWh, or 0.2%, better
of speed was requiredbecausethe turbine was than guarantee.
30

6.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
420 430 440 450 460 470
Throttle Temperature, øC
FIG. 6A.3 THROTTLE TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
1.5 I I
Throttle flow, 1,000 kg/h
1.0
0.5
' 0
• 0.5
1.0
5,000 5,100 5,200 5,300 5,400 5,500 5,600 5,700 5,800 5,900
Throttle Pressure, kPa Absolute
FIG. 6A.4 THROTTLE PRESSURE CORRECTION
31

15.0
•o.o
5.0
0
118.69 Throttle
flow,
1,000
kg/s
89.08
5.0
59.3• '
10.0
15.0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Exhaust Pressure, mm Hg Absolute
FIG. 6A.5 EXHAUST PRESSURE CORRECTION
32

SECTION 7 SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR A TEST OF

A NON-REHEAT REGENERATIVE CYCLE TURBINE
7.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE UNIT TO BE Miscellaneous
TESTED Air ejectorflow(frommainsteamline) 500 Ibm/hr

Othercycle losses 0
Power factor 0.90
The unit tested was a 26,704 kW non-reheat
Hydrogenpressure 30 psig
regenerativecycle turbine.Ratedsteamconditions
Guaranteed Performance Corrected to
are850 psia,900øF,with 1.5 in. Hg absolute
exhaust
Group1 and2 Corrections
pressure.The generatorratingis 31,280 KVAat 0.90 Heat rate 9,669 Btu/kWhr
powerfactorand 30 psighydrogenpressure. Output 26,704 kW
The cycle is shownon Fig. 7.1. There are four
stagesof feedwaterheating.The feedwaterpumpis The partiesto the test mutuallyagreedthat the
motor driven. All main turbineglandsare steam- feedwaterpumpenthalpyriseandcondensate pump
sealed. A shaft-driven exciter is used. performance parameters would be neglected.
7.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PERFORMANCE

7.3 DESCRIPTION OF TESTING AND
GUARANTEE TO BE VERIFIED BY TESTING
INSTRUMENTATION
Performance was specifiedon the basisof gross
A seriesof valve-pointtestswere conductedto
turbineheat rate (GTHR)at the cycle conditionsas
establishthe test curve in Fig. 7.2. Becauseheat
specifiedin the contract.The test was conducted
in accordance with ASME PTC 6-1996. Gross turbine rate changeswith load, the curvewill be usedto
determinethe test heat rate corresponding to the
heat rate is definedby
guaranteed output.Thetestdescribed in thissample
Heat Suppliedto Cycle calculationwas run with the governingvalveswide
GTHR =
open.
Generator Output
7.3.1 Flows.Condensateflow was measuredby
It was mutuallyagreedthat the specifiedheat rate
meansof a calibrated
ASMEthroat-tapnozzlelocated
would be comparedto the corresponding corrected at the deaerator inlet.
test heat rate at the specifiedkilowattload on a
Feedwater pumpsealinjectionflow and desuper-
locuscurve drawn throughthe heat rate pointsin
heatingsprayflow weremeasured with orifices.The
accordancewith Code para. 3.13.2.
air ejectorsteamflow was determinedfrom the
Figure7.1 is a heatbalanceshowingthe specified
measuredpressureand temperatureof its steam
performanceof the turbine, with contractcycle
supply,and the cross-sectional area of the jets, as
conditions.The contractcycle conditionsare as
follows: discussedin para.4.16.5 of theCode.Theextraction
steamsupplyto the combustionair heatingcoils
Inlet Steam and boiler blowdown were isolated. Flows were
Throttlepressure 865 psia well isolatedin accordancewith para. 3.5.5 of the
Throttletemperature 900øF Code.
Desuperheatingsprayflow 0 Ibm/hr
High Pressure
Heater(Heater4) 7.3.2 Pressures andTemperatures. Steampressures
Performance
werereadwith high-accuracy calibratedtransmitters
Terminaltemperature difference
(TTD) 5øF
Draincoolerapproach(DCA) 10øF calibratedprior to the test.
Extraction
line pressure
drop 5% Turbineexhaustpressure wasmeasured with abso-
Turbineexhaustpressure 1.5 in. Hga lute pressuretransmitters.
33

TURBINES
CODEFORSTEAM
A TOPTC6,THETEST

APPENDIX
34
PTC6A-2000
R
ASME
to oto
•o
E
o
(:D O0 O0 t',. t',. q::) q::) LO
JqMN/n•8 'e•e• •eeH eu]qJni ssoJD
35

All temperatureswere measuredby meansof Paragraph

3.5.3 of the Code limitsthe unaccount-
calibratedthermocouples
with 32øFreference
junc- able loss to 0.1% of full load test throttle flow.
tions, or calibrated four-wire RTDs. Unaccountedchangein storage,as a percentage
Extractionsteampressureswere measuredat the of throttle flow, at full load = (200/232,100) x
turbineflangeand at the heaters. 100 = 0.086%. This is an acceptablequantity.
7.3.3 Power.Generatoroutputwas measuredwith 7.6.2 Calculation of Test Feedwater Flow. Conden-
three single-phase,
integratingwatthourmeters. sate flow measurement at the deaerator inlet conden-
sate flow nozzle (wc) was 214,044 Ibm/hr. The
correspondingfeedwaterflow to the boiler was
7.4 SUMMARY OF TEST DATA determinedusingan iterativeprocedureas follows'
The data recordedduringthe testwas averaged Step 1: The feedwaterflow (wr) was assumedto
andcorrected for instrument
calibrations,
waterlegs, be equal to the value (232,100 Ibm/hr),
barometric
pressures, andambienttemperatures.
The shownon the designheat balance,Fig.
7.1. The assumed value will not affect
data is shown in Table 7.1.
the final resultbut may affectthe number
of iterations needed to arrive at the final
result.
7.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE CALCULATIONS
Step2' The extractionflow to the No. 4 heater
Thissamplecalculationdemonstrates
thedetermi- (we4)was determinedby heat balance.
nation from test data of heat rate, and correction
of heatrateto thespecifiedconditions(calledGroup We4 = Wfw(h4fwout- h4fwin)
/
1 and Group 2 correctionsin the Code). (h4stmin- h4drn)
Paragraph5.8.2 of the Codestatesthatcorrections
for Group 1 cycle conditionscan be made either (346.9 - 276.3)
We4 = 232,100 *
by heat balancecalculationor by applicationof (1,31 7.8 - 282.7)
correction curves or tables. The Code states that
= 15,831 Ibm/hr
Group2 corrections
mustbe by the correctioncurve
or table method.
In this samplecalculation,the correctioncurve Step3' Thefeedpump
suctionflow (Wrps)
was
methodis usedfor both Group 1 and Group 2 foundby massbalance,usingthe feed-
corrections.SampleCalculation8 demonstrates the water flow Wfw,sprayflow WWsh•,
and
use of the heat balancemethod,althoughfor a feedpumpsealinjection
flow Win;.
reheat turbine. The heat balance calculation for a
Wfp
s = Wfp+ Wsh
s - Win
j
non-reheat turbine would be similar. If the heat
balance method is selectedfor a non-reheatturbine, Wfps= 232,100 + 3,500- 1,997
SampleCalculation8 shouldbe usedfor guidance. = 233,603 Ibm/hr
The calculations
are dividedintotwo parts:
(a) Determination of test heat rate Step 4' The extractionflow to the deaerator
(b) Calculation of test heat rate corrected to con- (We3)and the condensate flow to the
tract conditions deaerator(Wc)were calculatedby a heat
and mass balance on the deaerator.
Deaerator Mass Balance

7.6 DETERMINATION OF TEST HEAT RATE
Wfps : We4 + We3 + Wc
7.6.1 Water Balance.Thedegreeof cycleisolation 233,603 = 15,831 + we3 + Wc
of the systemwas checkedby waterbalance.Any
unaccounted for lossesfrom the systemwere as- Heat Balance
sumedto haveoccurredin the steamgenerator.
273.5 * Wfps= 282.7 * we4+
Hotwellstoragechange(levelfall) -200 Ibm/hr 1,307.2 * we3 + 212.8 * wc
Deaeratorstoragechange(levelunchanged) 0 Ibm/hr
Boilerdrumlevelchange(levelunchanged) 0 Ibm/hr 273.5 * 233,603 = 282.7 * 15,831
Unaccounted-forchangein storage -200 Ibm/hr + 1,307.2 * we3 + 212.8 * wc
36

APPENDIX
A TO PTC6, THETESTCODEFORSTEAMTURBINES ASMEPTC6A-2000
TABLE 7.1
TEST DATA
Unit loadgross 28,15O kW

Throttletemperature 904.0øF
Throttlepressure 872.0 psia

Exhaustpressure 1.98 in. Hga
Condenser subcooling 0øF(no correctionrequired)
Desuperheating sprayflow 3,500 Ibm/hr
Sealinjectionflow (net) 1,997 Ibm/hr
Condensate nozzle flow 214,044 Ibm/hr
Air ejectorflow 500 Ibm/hr
Hydrogenpressure 30 psig
Power factor 0.90 (no correctionrequired)
Heater4 (High Pressure)

Steaminlet temperature 588.5øF
Steampressure 183.3 psia

Saturationtemperature 374.5øF (from steam tables)
Feedwateroutlettemperature 372.5øF
Feedwateroutletpressure 1,125 psia

Test TTD 2.0øF
Drain temperature 312.5øF
Feedwaterinlettemperature 304.5øF
Test DCA 7.9øF
Steampressureat turbine 189.0 psia

Steampressureat heater 183.3 psia
Testpressure
drop 3.0% of turbinepressure
Heater 3 (Deaerator)

Feedpump
discharge
pressure 1,135 psia
Feedpump
discharge
temperature 304.5øF
Test TTD 2.0øF
Steampressure
at turbine 76.0 psia
Steampressure
at heater 72.9 psia
Heater 2 (Low Pressure)

Test TTD 6.0øF
Drain temperature 191.6øF
Feedwaterinlet temperature 179.6øF

Test DCA 12.0øF
Steampressure
Steampressure
at heater 29.92 psia
Heater I (Low Pressure)

Test TTD 8.0øF
Drain temperature ll4,2øF
Feedwaterinlettemperature 104.2øF
Test DCA 10.0øF
Steampressure
Steampressure
at heater 8.87 psia
37

Solvingthese equations 7.7 CORRECTION OF TEST PERFORMANCE TO

simultaneouslygives' SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS
We3 = 11,945 and Wc = 205,827 Testsshouldbe conductedwith the leastpossible

Ibm/hr deviationfrom specifiedconditions,to minimize
correction errors (see PTC 6-1996, Table 3.1 for
Step 5: The calculatedvalue of wc (205,827) limits of deviations).Correctionsto specifiedop-
was 3.8% below the measured value of
eratingconditionsare separatedinto Group 1 and
214,044. The feedwater flow is increased Group 2 corrections.
by 3.8% to 240,920 Ibm/hrfor the next
iteration. 7.7.1 Group I Corrections.The Group 1 correc-
Step 6: Steps1 through5 were repeatedtwice tionsare for variablesprimarilyaffectingthe feed-
until the calculationprocessconverged waterheatingsystem.Theturbinemanufacturer pro-
the following: vided the correctioncurves for the Group 1
Condensate flow
correctionsfollowingTable 8.1 in PTC 6-1996. The
214,044 Ibm/hr
Feedpumpsuctionflow 242,933 Ibm/hr
Group1 curvesare shownin Figs.7.3 and 7.4. The
Feedwater flow corrections are calculated below and summarized
241,430 Ibm/hr
followingthe calculations.
7.6.3 Calculation of Throttle Steam Flow. Throttle
The followingGroup 1 corrections were made:
(a) Superheatdesuperheatingsprayflow
steam flow (wt) is calculated from the feedwater
(b) Finalfeedwater
heaterterminaltemperature
dif-
flow, by accounting
fortheattemporation
flow (w•), ference (TTD)
air ejectorflow (wa;),and the total unaccounted (c) Finalfeedwaterheaterextractionline pressure
cycle flows (wu)assumedto have leakedfrom the drop
cycle in the steamgenerator. Basedon testmeasurements,otherGroup1 correc-
tionswere deemednegligible.
Wt --' Wf+ Wsh
s + Wu -- Waj
wt = 241,430 + 3,500- 200- 500 7.7.2 SuperheatDesuperheating SprayCorrection.
= 244,230 Ibm/hr The superheatdesuperheating spray operatedat
3,500 Ib/hr duringthe test.The sprayflow is taken
7.6.4 Calculation of Test Heat Rate off the dischargeof the feedwaterpump upstream
of Heater4. The contractspecified0.0 Ibm/hrspray
Heat Suppliedto Cycle flow. The correctionwill be made usingFig. 7.3
Test Heat Rate
and the desuperheating flow correctionequation
Generator Output from Table 8.1 of the PTC 6-1996 code.
Heat suppliedto cycle is found from flows and

their enthalpiesenteringand leavingthe boiler.It Corr. = 1 + [% Corr./(100 x % Desup. Flow)]
was agreedin the contractto includethe flow to % Desup.Flow = [Wsh s x 100]/wt
the steamjet air ejectorin the heatsuppliedto the = [3,500 x 100]/244,730
cycle. % Desup.Flow = 1.43%
% HR Corr. = 0.017% from Fig. 7.3
Heat supplied = (w•- Wsh
s) (h•- hfw)+ Wsh
s Corr. = 1 + [% Corr./100x % Desup.Flow]
HR Corr. = 1 + [(0.017/100)x 1.43]
(h•- h fpo)+ wa/(h•- h•w) = 1.0002
= (244,230- 3,500)
% LoadCorr. = 0.032% from Fig. 7.3
(1,455.4- 346.9)+ 3,500
Corr. = 1 + [(% Corr./100)x % Desup.Flow]
(1,455.4 - 276.3) Load Corr. = 1 + [(0.032/100)x 1.43]
+ 500 (1455.4 - 346.9) = 1.0005
= 271,531,305 Btu/hr
Therefore, the test heat rate is'

7.7.3 TTD Correction of Final Feedwater Heater.
The final feedwaterheateroperatedat a TTD of
271,531,305 Btu/hr 2øFduringthe test.The contractspecified5øFTTD.
= 9,646 Btu/kWhr
28,1 5O kW ,
The correctionwill be madeusingFig.7.4 and the
38

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01 m mm mm mm m
m m mmm
-- --
0.00
50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0
Percent VWO Throttle Flow
-- • -- Heat Rate * Load
7.3 CORRECTION FOR MAIN STEAM DESUPERHEATING SPRAY FLOW
0.70
e • 0.60
u• 0.50
=• 0.40
.o
I•E
ß•. 0.30
0 ,-
• • 0.20
ß 0.10
0.00
5O.O 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0
Percent VWO Throttle Flow
-- • -- Heat Rate ½. Load
7.4 FINAL FEEDwATER TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
39

TABLE 7.2
GROUP I CORRECTIONS
Variable Heat Rate Factor Load Factor
SH desuperheating
sprayflow 1.0002 1.0005
Final feedwater heater TTD 0.9990 0.9980
Final feedwater heater ELPD 0.9995 0.9989
Combinedcorrection
factor(product) 0.9987 0.9974
terminaldifferencecorrectionequationfrom Table 7.7.5 Summaryof Group I Corrections.Table 7.2

8.1 of the PTC 6-1996 code. summarizes the heat rate and load correction factors
that were requiredin the contractfor this turbine.
Corr. = 1 + [% Corr./100{(TDtest-TDdesi•:n)/5øF}]
% HR Corr. = 0.16% per 5øFchangefrom Fig. 7.4 7.7.6 Group 2 Corrections.The Group 2 correc-
HR Corr. = 1 + [0.16/100 {(2 - 5)/5øF}]
= 0.9990
tionsarefor deviations
primarilyaffectingtheturbine
% LoadCorr. = 0.33%/5øFchangefrom Fig. 7.4
performance discussedin paras.5.8.3 and 5.8.4 of
Load Corr. = 1 + [0.33/100 {(2 - 5)/5øF}] PTC6-1996. The turbinemanufacturer providedthe
= 0.9980 correctioncurvesfor the Group2 corrections. If the
curveswere unavailable theycouldbe createdusing
7.7.4 ExtractionLine PressureDrop Correctionof a heatbalanceprogramand varyingeach parameter
Top Heater. The final feedwaterheaterextraction to determinethe effecton heat rateand output.The
line pressuredrop (ELPD)was 3% duringthe test Group2 curvesare shownin Figs.7.5 through7.9.
The corrections are calculated below and summa-
as comparedto 5% specifiedin the contract.The
correctionwill be made usingthe sameFig. 7.4 as rized followingthe calculations.
abovein para.7.7.3. The correctionvalueswill also The contractrequiresGroup2 correctionsfor the
be the samesincethe corrections changeonlywith following:
load. Refer to the extractionline pressuredrop (a) Throttletemperature
correctionequationfrom Table 8.1 of the PTC 6- (b) Throttlepressure
1996 code. (c) Backpressure
The throttleflow shouldbe correctedto design
Corr. = 1 + [% Corr./100
inlet conditionsper para. 5.4.2 of the PTC 6-
({(tsar
at (Ptbtest
- Pdrop
desi&,n)
- 1996 code.
(tsat
at (Ptt•
test
- Pdrop
test)}/5øF)]
FromFig.7.1' Pdrop
desi•,,n
: 186.5 - 177.3
= 9.2 psi
Ptbtest- Pdrop
desi!,,n
= 189.0 - 9.2
= 179.8 psia
wtc
=wt
:'P•
xvt xvs
tsarat 179.8 psia = 373.0øF at the specifiedpressurePs: 850 psia, ts

Fromtestdata:Pdrop
test: 189.0 - 183.3 = 900øF, vs = 0.8869 ft3/Ib
-' 5.7 psi
Ptbtest- Pdrop
test= 189.0 - 5.7 at the testedconditionsPt = 872 psia, tt
= 183.3 psia = 904øF,vt = 0.8825 ft3/Ib
tsatat 183.3 psia = 374.6øF
% HR Corr. = 0.16% per 5øFchange
from Fig. 7.4
HR Corr. = 1 + [0.16/100
wtc=
244230:8•
65x0'8825
' 72 x 0.8869
{(373.0- 374.6)/5øF}] wtc = 242,644 Ib/hr
= 0.9995
% LoadCorr. = 0.33%/5øFchange
from Fig. 7.4 7.7.7 ComparisonBetweenTestand SpecifiedCy-
Load Corr. = 1 + [0.33/100 cle, Group 2 Variables.Table 7.3 showsthe devia-
{(373.0- 374.6)/5øF}] tions of Group 2 variablesas testedas compared
= 0.9989 to thosespecified.
40

0.3%
0.2%
•• • 0.1%
Percent
Poorer
= -E
,.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0,0'"'"'-,.,•.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.
-0.1% •
Percent
Better _ •
_0.2% ...... •
-0.3% ,
Change in Initial Pressure at Rated Load
FIG. 7.5 THROTTLE PRESSURE CORRECTION FACTORS: HEAT RATE
5.0%
4.0%
. J
3.0% Percent
Increase
J
2.0% J
1.0% /
0.0%
J
•.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0
•,,,,,•.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.
,•-1.0%
J -2.0%
J -3.0%
J -4.0%
j Percent
I
Decrease
I -5.0%
Change in Initial Pressure at Rated Load
FIG. 7.6 THROTTLE PRESSURE CORRECTION FACTORS: OUTPUT
41

1.5%
• 1.0%
• •,,,,,•0.5% Percent
poorer
-5 .0
).0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0•.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50
-0.5% •
Percent
better -1.0%
• •
-1.5% •
Change in Throttle Temperature, øF
FIG. 7.7 THROTTLE TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTORS: HEAT RATE
2.0%
1.0% •
Percent
increase J
-5 .0
J -1.0%
Percent decrease
Change in Throttle Temperature, øF
FIG. 7.8 THROTTLE TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTORS: OUTPUT
42

3.5
3.0
231,607
Ibm/hr-
VWO/
2.5
2.0
/hr- 105%
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4 o
-0.5
Exhaust Pressure, in. Hga
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) These correctionfactors assume constantcontrol valve opening. Apply to heat rates and kilowatt loads at
1.5 in. Hg. absolute, and 0% make-up.
(b) The percentchange in kilowatt load for various exhaust pressuresis equal to (minus the percent increase
in heat rate x 100) / (100 + percent increase in heat rate).
FIG. 7.9 EXHAUST PRESSURE CORRECTION FACTOR
43

TABLE 7.3
DEVIATIONS OF GROUP 2 VARIABLES
Test Specified
Variable Value Value Change
Throttlepressure,
psig 857 850 +7 psi
Throttletemperature,
øF 904 900 +4øF
Backpressure,in. Hga 1.98 1.50 +0.48 in. Hg
TABLE 7.4
GROUP 2 CORRECTIONS
Variable Heat Rate Factor Load Factor
Throttlepressure
(Figs.7.5 and7.6) 0.9996 1.0080
Throttletemperature(Figs.7.7 and7.8) 0.9990 1.0015

Exhaustpressure(Fig.7.9) 1.0039 0.9961
Combinedcorrection factor(product) 1.0025 1.0056
7.7.8 Summaryof Group2 Corrections. TheGroup HRc = HRt,/(CFGrlx CFGr2 )

2 correctioncurvesin Figs.7.5 through7.9 with = 9,646/(0.9987 x 1.0025)
the correctedflow from para. 7.7.6 are used to
determine the correction factors in Table 7.4. The HRc = 9,634 Btu/kWhr
correctionfactorsare calculatedusingthe factors
7.8.2 Calculation of Corrected Load. Measured
from each graphand the followingequations:
generatorpower is first correctedfor any deviation
Heatrateat desiredconditionisfoundby multiplying in powerfactoror hydrogenpressure. No correction
is needed because the test was conducted at the
the rated heat rate by
specified0.90 powerfactorand 30 psighydrogen
pressure.
1 +
% changein grossheat rate
The correctedload is calculatedby dividingthe
100
test load by the combinedcorrectionfactorsfor
Group 1 (para. 7.7.5) and Group 2 (para. 7.7.6).
Kilowatt load is found in the same manner:
kWc = kWt//(CFGrlx CFGr

2)
1 +
% changein kW load = 28,1 50/(0.9974 X 1.0056)
100
kWc = 28,067 kW
The combinedcorrectionfactoris the productof
the individual correction factors. 7.9 COMPARISON OF TEST TO GUARANTEE
HEAT RATE AND OUTPUT
7.8 CORRECTION OF LOAD, HEAT RATE AND

Figure7.2 showsthe heat rate plotted versus
COMPARISON TO GUARANTEE output.The manufacturerprovidedthe guarantee
curvewith the guaranteepoint shownon Fig. 7.2,
7.8.1 Calculation of Corrected Heat Rate. The as noted. The test curve was drawn from a series
correctedheatrate is calculatedby dividingthe test of valvepointtestswith the correctedtestheatrate
heat rate by the combinedcorrectionfactorsfor from para. 7.8.1 and outputfrom para. 7.8.2, as
Group 1 (para. 7.7.5) and Group 2 (para. 7.7.6). noted.Thecorresponding testheatrateisdetermined
44

APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES ASME PTC 6A-2000
from the test curve at the guaranteedoutput of

26,704 as noted in Fig. 7.2.
Guarantee heat rate 9,669 Btu/kWhr
Corresponding
testheatrate[Note(1)] 9,587 Btu/kWhr
Difference (better) 82 Btu/kWhr
Guaranteed output 26,704 kW
Correctedtestoutput 28,067 kW
Difference (better) 1,363 kW
NOTE:
(1) This value was derivedfrom Fig. 7.2 at the specifiedtest
outputof 26,704 kW.
7.10 TEST I•ESUI.'I'
The corrected test turbine heat rate was 82 Btu/

kWhrbetterthanguarantee.Thecorrected
testoutput
is 1,363 kW betterthan guarantee.
45



A REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE TURBINE 1
8.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT Injectionand leakoffflows from the feedwater

pumpglandswere measured with orifices.The out-
The unittestedwasa 500,000 kW reheat-regenera-
boardglandleakages to atmospherewere measured
tive cycle turbinewith an auxiliaryturbinefor the
with a bucketand stopwatch.
feedwaterpump drive and an extractionfor station
heating.Ratedsteamconditionswere 2,400 psig, 8.2.2 Steampressures were read with high-accu-
1,000øF, and 1,000øF with 1.5 in. Hg absolute racy calibratedtransducers.
Extractionsteampres-
exhaustpressure. Thegenerator wasratedat 560,000 suresandtemperatures weremeasured at the turbine
KVA,with 0.95 powerfactor,and 60 psighydrogen flange and at the heaters,except for the lowest
pressure. Therewere sevenstagesof feedwaterheat- pressureheater,which was in the condenserneck.
ing. All main turbineand auxiliaryturbineglands
8.2.3 All temperatures
were measuredby means
were steamsealed.Performance was guaranteed on
of calibratedthermocoupleswith 32øF reference
the basisof heat rate with feedwaterheatingcycle
junctions.
conditionsand auxiliary turbine performanceas
specifiedin the contract.Excitationwas supplied 8.2.4 Generatoroutput was measuredwith three
by a shaft-drivenexciter. It was mutuallyagreed single-phase,
integratingwatthourmeters.
that the specifiedheat rateswould be comparedto
the corresponding correctedtest heat ratesat the
samekilowattloadon a locuscurvedrawnthrough 8.3 SUMMARY OF TEST DATA
the heat rate points.
The data recordedduringthe testwere averaged
and correctedfor instrument
calibrations,
water legs,
zero corrections,
barometricpressures,and ambient
INSTRUMENTATION
temperatures.
All test measurements, corrected for instrument
8.2.1 Condensate flow was measuredby meansof calibration, have been summarized on the flow
a calibratedthroat-tapnozzlelocatedat thedeaerator diagramshownin Fig.8.1. Steamand waterenthal-
inlet. The No. 1 glandhigh pressureleakoffflow, pies derivedfrom these data and the 1967 ASME
No. 2 valve stem leakoff flow, and the leakoff to Steam Tables have also been entered.
hot reheatwere measuredby meansof an orifice.
The leakoffsfrom the No. 1 and No. 3 glandsto
thesteamsealregulator weremeasured withforward- 8.4 CALCULATION OF PERFORMANCE UNDER
reversetype pitottubes.A pitottube was alsoused TEST OPERATING CONDITIONS
to measurethe leakofffromthe steamsealregulator 8.4.1 Calculation of Throttle Steam Flow. Conden-

to the lowestpressure
heater.Subatmospheric gland sate flow measurement at the deaerator inlet was
leakoff was measured with a water meter in the
2,941,405 Ibm/hr. The corresponding
flow to the
drain line from the gland seal condenser(GSC)to
steamgeneratorwas determinedas follows:
the main condenser. The No. 2 glandleakageflow
to the reheatbowl was determinedby calculations w7= extractionsteamto No. 7 heater,Ibm/hr
usingthe resultsof a specialtest. w6- extractionsteamto No. 6 heater,Ibm/hr
w5 = extractionsteamto No. 5 heater at tur-
bine, Ibm/hr
•This samplecalculationis for a full-scaletest of a reheat-
regenerative
cycleturbine.Fora samplecalculationof an alterna- Whp=NO.1 glandhigh pressure
leakoff,
tive test of the same turbine, see Section 8A. Ibm/hr
47

ASMEPTC6A-2000 APPENDIX
A TO PTC6, THETEST
CODEFORSTEAM
TURBINES
I
I
o-if-o! I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
•i• '1
o •
I
I
• o
o •
48

APPENDIXA TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES ASME PTC 6A-2000
Whp •
W6
h6
hhp v
hfo7
• ß
Deaerator = Wm
hfdi
•ter ter
h7d h6d lhfdo

3,000
FIG. 8.2 EXTRACTION FLOWS TO HIGH PRESSURE HEATERS
Wd= inlet steamto No. 5 heater(deaerator) The flowsw7, w6, and Wdare determinedby heat
at heater, Ibm/hr balancearoundthe top threeheaters.Whpwas
wf = final feedwaterflow determinedby measurement.Becausefeedwater
Wm= measuredcondensateflow flow throughthe heatersis not known,it is conve-
Wd•= 0 = feedwaterdrawn from deaerator nientto solvea setof simultaneous
equationsinvolv-
storage,Ibm/hr ing heat balancesaroundeach heater.
80,967 = feedwaterpumpsealinjection,Ibm/hr (b) Heat Balance Around the No. 7 Heater
35,000 = feedwaterpumpsealleakage,Ibm/hr
3,000=feedwater pump outboard leakage, wf (hfo7- hfi7) = W7 (h7- h7d)
Ibm/hr
108,095= throttledesuperheating
flow, Ibm/hr
62,181 = reheatdesuperheating
flow, Ibm/hr (2,814,096 + w7 + w6 + Wd)(464.7 - 381.7)
= w7 (1,310.4 - 389.4)
8.4.1.1 ExtractionFlowsto High PressureHeat-
ers. Referto Fig.8.2 for an illustration
of extraction
flowsto high pressureheaters. 838.0 (w7) - 83.0 (w6) - 83.0 (Wd)
(a) Feedwater Flow to the Steam Generator = 233,569,968 Btu/hr
Wf = W m + W 7 + W 6 + W d-- Wds +
• pumpinjectionflows- (C) Heat Balance Around the No. 6 Heater
•, pumpleakageflows-
wf (hfo6- hfi6) : w7 (h7d- h6d)+ w6 (h6- h6d)
•, desuperheating
flows
wf = 2,941,405 + w7 + w6 + Wd- 0 + (80,967) (2,814,096 + w7 + w6 + Wd)(381.7 - 340.3)
= w7 (389.4 - 343.4) + w6 (1,416.9 - 343.4)
- (35,000 + 3,000)
- (108,095 + 62,181)
4.6 (w7) + 1,032.1 (w6)- 41.4 (Wd)
wf = 2,814,096 + w7 + w6 + Wd = 116,503,574 Btu/hr
49

(d) Heat Balance Around the No. 5 Heater 8.4.1.2 Unaccounted-ForChange in Storage.
(Deaerator) The tightness
of the systemwas checkedby water
massbalance.Any unaccounted-forlossesfromthe
w,, (hfo- hfdi)= (W7+ W6)(h6d- hfdo)+
systemwere assumedto haveoccurredin the steam
Wd(hd- hfdo)
generator.
2,941,405(328.1 - 283.3) - (w7 -i- w6) (343.4 - 328.1) +
Hotwellstoragechange(levelfall) -8,000 Ibm/hr
(1,351.8- 328.1)(Wd)
Deaeratorstoragechange 0 Ibm/hr
Feedwaterpumpglandleakage 3,000 Ibm/hr
15.3(w7) + 15.3(w6) +
Condensate pumpglandleakage 3,500 Ibm/hr
1,023.7(Wd) -- 131,744,944 Btu/hr
Unaccounted-for
changein storage -1,500 Ibm/hr
The solutionof thesesimultaneous
equationsgives
the followingresults: 8.4.1.3 Throttle Steam Flow. Throttle flow =
feedwaterflow + superheatattemperation flow +
w7 = 302,386 Ibm/hr unaccounted for changein storage- steamflow to
w6 = 116,445 Ibm/hr the air ejectors= 3,355,391 + 108,095 - 1,500 -
1,000 = 3,460,986 Ibm/hr(197.5558kg/s)
Wd = 122,464 Ibm/hr
8.4.1.4 Check of Unaccounted-For Changein
W5 : Wd -- Whp Storage.In para. 3.5.3 of the Code it is required
that the leakagebe lessthan 0.1% of test throttle
ws = 122,464 - 17,913 flowatfull load.Unaccounted-forchangein storage,
= 104,551 Ibm/hr as a percentageof throttle flow, at full load =
(1,500/3,460,986) x 100 = 0.043%. This is an
Note that calculations must be carried to sufficient acceptablequantity.
significantfiguresto ensureaccuracy. 8.4.2 Extraction Flows to Low Pressure Heaters.
Final feedwater flow is
Referto Fig. 8.3 for an illustrationof extraction
flowsto low pressureheaters.
2,814,096 + w7 + w6 + wd = (a) No. 4 HeaterExtractionFlow, w4
3,355,391 Ibm/hr (422.7793 kg/s)
w,• (h•o4 - h•i4)= w4 (h4 - h4d)
8.4.1.1.1 Iterative Solution. The method of

2,941,405 (283.3 - 241.4) - w4 (1,310.2 - 250.1)
solvingsimultaneousequationscanbetime-consum-
ing, especiallyif many high pressureheatersand
test pointsare to be calculated.An alternatemethod w4 = 116,258 Ibm/hr
is to employ an iterativesolution.
A preliminaryestimateof the final feedwaterflow (b) No. 3 HeaterExtractionFlow, w3
is required.Thismay be basedon the relationship wm(hfo3- hfi3): w4 (h4d- hgd
)+
between deaerator inlet flow and final feedwater
w3 (h3 - hgd)
flow shownon the designheat balances.A close
estimateis not necessary,
becauseevena largeerror 2,941,405 (241.4 - 201.7) - 116,258 (250.1 - 210.1 ) +
will be reducedin the first iteration.Usingthis w3 (1,253.4- 210.1)
procedure,first calculateall high pressureheater w3 = 107,470 Ibm/hr
extraction flows based on the assumed feedwater
flow. Then, usingtheseextractionflows,calculate (c) No. 2 Heater ExtractionFlow, w2
the flow enteringthe deaeratorto compareto the
measured flow. From the difference between these wm(hfo
2 - hfi2): (w3 +w4)(hgd-h2d) +
two flow values, calculate a new feedwater flow, w2(h2 - h2d)
which is then used to recalculate the extraction
2,941,405 (201.7- 161.3) = 223,728 (210.1 - 168.5)+
flows.Thisprocedureiscontinueduntilthemeasured
w2(1,196.5 - 168.5)
and calculatedflows enteringthe deaeratorreach
the desireddegreeof convergence. w2 -' 106,542 Ibm/hr
50

h2 hs
• hfi4 Nc
•
hfø3 I',, hfi3 hfø2 N½
Wm
JH(
h4• h3d h2d hld •
FIG. 8.3 EXTRACTION FLOWS TO LOW PRESSURE HEATERS
The extraction flow to the No. 1 heater has less 2,941,405 (161.3 - 71.4) = 330,270 (168.5 - 78.4) +
than 27øFsuperheat; therefore,in accordancewith 6,451 (1,359.3 - 78.4) +
para. 3.11.2 of the Code, its enthalpycouldnot be w• (1,142.0- 78.4)
accuratelydeterminedfrom the steam tables by w• = 212,873 Ibm/hr
pressureand temperaturemeasurements. 8.4.3 Miscellaneous Extractions. The steam flow
The enthalpyof this steamwas estimatedfrom to the feedwaterpump drive turbinewas measured
an extrapolationof the test expansionline of the with a calibrated orifice. The flow was 155,180
turbineasspecifiedin para.5.19 of the Code.Points Ibm/hr. The stationheating steam flow from the
representing steamconditionsat the reheatbowl, cold reheat line was also measured with an orifice.
and extractionsto the No. 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2 heaters
The flow was 19,064 Ibm/hr, and for the test was
were plottedon a Mollier chart.An expansionline returned to the condenser.
was drawnas a smoothcurvesimilarto the expan-
sion line furnishedwith the specifiedperformance 8.4.4 Reheat Steam Flow
datasuppliedby the turbine-generatormanufacturer 8.4.4.1 Cold reheat steam flow

usingan estimatedexpansion-line end point (ELEP) = Throttle flow - No. 2 valve stem
(referto Fig. 8.4). leakoff flow - Leakoff flow to hot
The enthalpyof the extractionsteamto the No. reheat- No. 1 gland high pressure
1 heater was then estimated to be 1,142.0 Btu/
leakoffflow - No. 1 gland low pres-
Ibm usingthe measuredextractionpressure. A high sure leakoff flow - Steam flow to
degreeof accuracyfor thisenthalpyis not required station heating- Extractionsteam
because an iterative solution is used. When the
flow to No. 7 heater- No. 2 gland
solutionfor the ELEPis obtained,it is comparedto highpressure leakoffflow- Subatmo-
the estimatedvalue used for the drawingof the sphericgland leakoffflow
expansionline. If the end pointsare within0.1 Btu/
Ibm, the estimateis within acceptablelimits.If the = 3,460,986 - 933 - 1,324 - 17,913 -
estimateis outsidethis limit, a new ELEPis assumed, 6,000- 19,064- 302,386- 55,968-
700
a new expansionline is drawn, and the No. 1
heaterenthalpyis re-estimated.
The ELEPis recalcu- = 3,056,698 Ibm/hr(385.1439 kg/s)
lated until the desiredconvergenceis obtained.
8.4.4.2 Hot reheat steam flow
Measuredflow from the steamseal regulator=
6,451 Ibm/hr at 1,359.3 Btu/Ibm. = Cold reheatflow + reheatspraywater
flow
(d) No. 1 Heater ExtractionFlow, w•
Wm(hfo1 - hfil) : (w4 + w2 -I- w3)(h2d- hid)+ = 3,056,698 + 62,18
ws (hs- hi)+ w• (hi- hid) = 3,118,879 Ibm/hr (392.9788 kg/s)
51

Inlet to reheat turbine (as tested)
After group No. I corrections

1,515.1 992 T
1,512.6 986.9 T--
•1o.o
P
1,417.4 No. 6 heater extraction (as tested)
1,310.3
No. 4 heater extraction (as tested)
1,254.3
No. 3 heater extraction (as tested)

(estimated)
2.0 in. Hg absolute
1,012.5
(calculated) Expansion-line end point
Entropy,Btu/Ibm øF
P= pressure, psia
T= temperature, øF
GENERAL NOTE:This diagram is not to scale. Changes in inlet steam conditions and deviations from the
test expansion line are exaggerated for clarity. A smooth curve is drawn on a Mollier Diagram with
enthalpy scale of 10 Btu/Ib to the centimeter and entropy scale of 0.02 Btu/IbøFto the centimeter. Ship's
curves such as K & E 864-31 or 864-41 or a 50-in. radius curve should be used. When extraction stage
pressures are changed as a result of Group I corrections,revised steam conditions are read from the
dotted lines drawn through the test points parallel to the expansion line.
FIG. 8.4 TURBINE EXPANSION LINE
52

8.4.4.3 Intermediatepressure
turbine-inletsteam Annulusarea, A -- 206.4 ft2
flow
= hot reheat steam flow + leakoff flow wv
to hot reheat+ No. 2 packinghigh Annulus

velocity
-- 3600A
pressureleakoffflow
-- 3,118,879 + 1,324 + 55,968 2,253,134 (309.07)
3600 (206.4)
-- 3,176,171 Ibm/hr(400.1975 kg/s)
= 937.21 ft/s
8.4.5 Calculation of Expansion-LineEnd Point
(ELEP).To calculatethe expansion-line end point,
it is necessaryto sum all of the heat into and out Exhaustloss,El_(from Fig. 8.6), 21.9 Btu/Ibm
of the turbine.This includesthe heatequivalentof
the electricaloutputandgeneratorlosses andturbine ELEP = UEEP - 0.87 (1 - M)(EL)
exhaust losses as heat out of the turbine (refer to
Table 8.1 ). = 1,029.9 - 0.87 (1 - 0.089)(21.9)
Measuredgeneratoroutput 526,135 kW -- 1,012.5 Btu/Ibm
Electricallosses(Fig.8.5) +6,045 kW
Fixed losses +2,167 kW The procedureis repeated,usingthe calculated
ELEPas the estimated ELEP,until the estimated and
Turbineshaftoutput 534,347 kW
calculatedELEPagreewithin 0.1 Btu/Ibm.
Measuredgeneratorpowerfactor 0.95
Measuredgeneratorhydrogenpressure 60 psig
ELEP -- 1,012.5 Btu/Ibm
Heat to condenser
Used energyend point (UEEP)=
Flow to condenser 8.4.6 Calculation of Overall Turbine Section Effi-
2,320.4 x 106 Btu/hr ciencies. Initial and final steam conditions for the
calculation of the overall turbine section efficiencies
2,253,134 Ibm/hr
are now known. The calculated test efficiencies can
= 1,029.9 Btu/Ibm
then be comparedto the valuesderivedfrom the
designheat balancesand can be usedto determine
The exhaustlossand expansion-line
end point where the gainsor deficienciesare.
(ELEP) can now be calculated. This is an iterative (a) High Pressure
TurbineEfficiency
procedurebecausemoistureat the ELEPmust be
knownto calculateexhaustloss.The extrapolation hi- ho
of the expansionline, basedon the known steam •Thp=
conditions at the inlet to the reheat section and the hi- hs
extractionpoints,indicatesan end pointof 1,012.7 1,464.2 - 1,312.6

Btu/Ibm. -- x 100
1,464.2 - 1,288.1
Estimated ELEP -- 1,012.7 Btu/Ibm 86.1%
Exhaustpressure-- 2.0 in. Hg abs

Moisture, M -- 0.089 (b) Intermediate
Pressure
TurbineEfficiency
Specificvolume, v -- vs (1 - M) hi- ho
ßlip=
= 339.26 (1 - 0.089) hi- hs
-- 309.07 ftg/Ibm 1,515.1 - 1,357.0
where = x 100
1,515.1 - 1,344.0
vs -- saturated
dryspecificvolumeat
the actualbackpressure -- 92.4%
53

TABLE 8.1
CALCULATION OF EXPANSION-LINE END POINT (ELEP)
Parameters Ibm/hr Btu/Ibm 106 Btu/hr
Heat In
Throttle 3,460,986 1,464.2 5,067.6

Hot reheat 3,118,879 1,515.1 4,725.4
Total 9,793.0
Heat Out
No. 2 valve stem leakoff 933 1,449.3 1.3522

No. 1 glandhighpressure leakoff 17,913 1,327.6 23.7813
No. 1 glandlow pressureleakoff 6,000 1,327.6 7.9656
No. 1 glandsubatmospheric leakoff 700 1,327.6 0.9293
Steamflow to stationheating 19,064 1,312.6 25.0234
Extraction flow to No. 7 heater 302,386 1,31 2.6 396.9117
Steamflow to feedwaterpumpdriveturbine 155,180 1,357.0 210.5793
Extraction flow to No. 5 heater 104,551 1,357.0 141.8757
No. 3 glandlow pressure
leakoff 3,500 1,389.5 4.8633
No. 3 glandsubatmosphericleakoff 700 1,389.5 0.9727
Cold reheat flow 3,056,698 1,31 2.6 4,012.2218
Shaftoutput 534,347 kW x 3,412.142 Btu/kWhr = 1,823.2668

Total 7,472.6097
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Heatto condenser= heatto turbinecycle- turbineshaftoutput- heatin steamleavingthe cycle
-- 9,793.0 x 106 - 7,472.6 x 106
-- 2,320.4 x 106 Btu/hr(2,448.4 x 106 kJ/h)
6
(b) Flow to the condenser
= intermediate
pressure
turbineinlet steamflow - ,•, Heatern extraction
n=l
steamflow - feedpumpturbinedriversteamflow - No. 3 glandhigh-pressureleakoff
flow - No. 3 glandlow pressure
leakoffflow + low pressure
turbinesealflow
= 3,176,171 - (116,445 + 104,551 + 116,258 + 107,470 + 106,542 + 212,873) -
155,180 - 3,500 - 700 + 482
= 2,253,134Ibm/hr(283.8949kg/s)
54

6,000
5,000
60psigH
2.•/
4,000
Fixed losses - 2,167 kW

3,000
300 350 400 450 500 550
GeneratorOutput,kVA x 10-3
FIG. 8.5 GENERATOR LOSSES
(c) Low PressureTurbineEfficiency 1,513.7 - 1,357.0

•Tip = x 100 = 92.0%
1,513.7- 1,343.4
hi- ho
•71p=
hi- hs
8.4.7 Calculationof Test Cycle Heat Rate. The

(1) To (UEEP) basic definition of heat rate, which is usedto formu-
lategrossand net heatrates,is statedin para.5.7.1
of the Code as
1,357.0 - 1,029.9
= x 100 - 84.5%
1,357.0 - 970.0
heat rate = (heat supplied- heat returned)/(output)
(2) To (ELEP)
(a) Grossheatrate(GHR)for cyclesusing

1,357.0 - 1,012.5
(1) Motor-DrivenFeedPump
= x 100 = 89.0%
1,357.0 - 970.0
GHR = heat input/generator

output
Valve stem leakoff flows and gland leakages
into turbinesectionsfurtheralongthe flow path
can have some effect on the overall section effi- (2) Shaft-Driven
FeedPump
ciency. For example, the intermediatepressure
turbine actually has a mixtureof steamto its first
stagewith a steamenthalpyof 1,513.7 Btu/Ibm. GHR = heat input/(generatoroutput
The actual sectionefficiencyis + power to pump coupling)
55

28
26
24
22
E 20
• 18
o
*, 16
ru 14
12
10
6
200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Annulus Velocity, ft/sec
FIG. 8.6 EXHAUST LOSSES
(3) Turbine-Driven
FeedPump fromvariationsin pumpingpower.Because different
steam flow rates affect pumpingpower, turbine
GHR = heat input/(generatoroutput performance can bestbe describedby net heatrate.
+ auxiliaryturbineoutput) The heat input to the cycle is definedas
(b) Net heatrate(NHR)for cyclesusing Wt(ht- htw) + wr (hhrh- hcrh)

(1) Motor-DrivenFeedPump
where
NHR = heat input/(generator
output wt = throttle flow (Ibm/hr)
- power to motor) wr = reheat flow (Ibm/hr)
ht = throttleenthalpy(Btu/Ibm)
(2) Shaft-Driven
or Turbine-Driven
FeedPump hfw -- final feedwaterenthalpy(Btu/Ibm)
hhrh= enthalpyleavingreheater(Btu/Ibm)
NHR = heat input/generator
output hcrh= enthalpyenteringreheater(Btu/Ibm)
Turbinegrossor net heat ratescan be used.For The heat input may be modifiedto includeheat
comparingtest resultsto specifiedresults,the test addedby the feed pump, flow to the steamjet air
heat rate mustbe the one definedin the specified ejector(SJAE), or variousotherflows.It is important
heatbalance.Grossheatratesat the sameoutputdo for all heat inputsor losseswhich are chargedto
notillustrate
thedifferences
in performanceresulting the turbinecycle to be completelyspecified.The
56

net heat rate as specifiedfor the testturbinecycle (h) Enthalpyof feedwaterto the lowestpressure
in this exampleis feedwaterheatercorresponding to that of saturated
wateratthetestexhaustpressure of 2.0 in. Hg absolute
(Wt - Wshs)(hi- hfo7)+ Wsh
s (ht- hfi6)+ If sufficientlylarge,extractionsteamflows may
(wr - Wrhs)(hhrh- hcrh)+ Wrh
s (hhrh- hrhs) causecorresponding changesin the extractionpres-
HR = sures,necessitating an iterativecalculationof the
generator output
correctedextractionsteamflows.As a firstapproxi-
mation,new extractionflowswere calculated,using
where test extractionpressuresand specifiedvalues of
W•,• = superheatspraywater extraction-linepressuredrop.
Wrl,s = reheatspraywater All flows into and out of the turbinewere pre-
Hfo7 : enthalpyleavingNo. 7 heater viously calculatedor are the same as measured.
Hfi6 = enthalpyenteringNo. 6 heater The flowsthroughthe stagesof the turbinecan now
Hrh• = enthalpyof reheatspraywater be calculated.
The ratio of steamflow to the followingstage,
(3,460,986 - 108,095) (1,464.2 -464.7) + wf•to (p/v)ø'5,referred
to in para.5.2(d)of theCode,
(108,095) (1,464.2 - 340.3)+ for small changesin pressureand with constant
(3,118,879 - 62,181)(1,515.1 - 1,312.6) + temperature,may be reducedto w/p. This relation-
HR =
(62,181) (1,515.1 - 334.2) ship is calculatedfor the testcycle at each turbine
526,135 extractionstage.
Heat balancearoundthe steamseal regulatoris
= 7,916 Btu/kWhr (8,352 kJ/kWh)
10,433x = 933 (1,449.3) + 6,000 (1,327.6)
+ 3,500 (1,389.5)
x = 1,359.3 Btu/Ibm
8.5 CORRECTION OF TEST PERFORMANCE TO
SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS Measureddrain flow from the gland steamcon-
denser was 4,900 Ibm/hr. This flow was allocated
8.5.1 Group I Corrections. Performanceis first
as to source as follows: 700 Ibm/hr from each of
correctedfor the effectof the Group 1 variables,
describedin para. 5.8.2 of the Code and outlined sixturbineglandsplus700 Ibm/hrfromthefeedwater
in para. 5.11. The variablesprimarily affect the pumpturbineglands.The spilloverof glandsteam
to the No. 1 heater was measuredto be 6,451 Ibm/
feedwaterheatingsystem.Correctionsfor generator
operatingconditionsare convenientlymade at this hr. The flow of gland steamfrom the steam seal
time. Test characteristicsfor the turbine, such as regulatorto the low pressureturbine glands is
turbineefficiencies,
packingflows,and stageflow 10,433 - 6,451 or 3,982 Ibm/hr. By difference
(3,982 - 3,500) a flow of 482 Ibm/hr from the low
functions, are maintained.
The firststepis to calculatethe extractionsteam pressureglandsinto the condenseris determined.
Assumingsaturationtemperatureat the deaerator
flows that would exist with the specifiedheater
terminaltemperaturedifferencesand extractionline and specifiedterminaldifferencesand drain cooler
pressure drops.Otherspecifiedoperatingconditions approachtemperature, calculatehighpressureheater
also introduced at this time are conditions.The heat balancediagramis shown in
Fig. 8.7.
(a) Throttleflow equalsthe testthrottleflow
(b) Feedwaterflow leavingthe highestpressure 8.5.1.1 FirstApproximation(Refer to Fig. 8.7)
feedwaterheaterequalto the testturbineflow plus
the specifiedair ejectorsteamflow (1,000 Ibm/hr) 8.5.1.1.1 Extraction Steam Flow Calculations
(c) No changein water storageat any point in

the cycle (a) No. 7 Heater
(d) No spraywater
(e) No make-up wf (hfo7 - hfi7) = w7 (h7 - h7d)
(f) No heat loss from extraction steam lines
3,461,986 (4,63.4- 381.0) = wz (1,312.6 - 388.7)
(g) Specifiedfeedwaterenthalpyrise acrossthe
feedwaterpumps w7 = 308,765 Ibm/hr
57

ASME PTC 6A-2000 APPENDIXA TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES
coco i• ..c:: o
I
I
'1 I
58

(b) No. 6 Heater (e) No. 3 Heater

wr(hro6- hfi6)= w7 (h7d- h6d)+ w6 (h6- h6d)
Wm(hfo3- hfi3): w4 (h4d- h3d)+ w3 (h3 - h3d)
2,930,359 (241.1 - 201.4) -- 132,205 (250.8 -

3,461,986 (381.0 - 340.1) -- 308,765 (388.7 -
210.8) + w3 (1,254.3 - 210.8)
346.3) + w6 (1,417.4 - 346.3)
w3 -- 106,418 Ibm/hr
w6 '- 119,973 Ibm/hr
(f) No. 2 Heater
wm(hfo2- hfi2): (w4 + w3) (h3d- h2d)+ w2 (h2 -

(c) No. 5 Heater (Deaerator) h2d)
2,930,359 (201.4- 160.3) = (132,205 + 106,418)

(210.8- 169.5) + w2 (1,197.5- 169.5)
Wf(hfd
o- hfo4)
= (w7+ w6)(h6d-hfo4)
+ Whp
(hhp-
hfo4)+ ws (hs- hro4) w2 '- 107,571 Ibm/hr
3461,986 (327.6- 288.9) = (308,765 + 119,973)

(346.3 - 288.9) + 17,913 (1,327.6 - 288.9) +w s
(g) No. 1 Heater
(1,357.0- 288.9) Wm(hfo1- hfi1) = (w4 + w3 + w2) (h2d- hid) + ws
(hs- h•d)+ w• (h• - h•d)
ws -- 84,976 Ibm/hr 2,930,359 (160.3 - 72.5) -- (132,205 + 106,418 +
107,571) x (169.5 - 81.5) + 6,451 (1,359.3- 81.5)
Steam flow requiredto pump 3,461,986 Ibm/hr + w• (1,142.0- 81.5)

feedwater flow:
w• = 206,108 Ibm/hr
8.5.1.1.2 Steam flows throughthe stagesof

the turbine (for the first iteration)are presentedin
(Contract &h)(feedwater flow) Table8.2. Testrelationships are shownin Table8.3.
[(feedwaterpumpturbine efficiency)x Usingthe testflow/pressure relationshipsand the
(availablesteamenergy)] calculatedflow to the followingstageat eachextrac-
tionpoint,revisedextractionpressures arecalculated
as w•(w/p). Referto Table 8.4.
The revisedextractionpressures are used in the
Assumethat the exhaustpressureis 2.5 in. Hg secondapproximation. Steamenthalpies correspond-
absolute. ingto the revisedextractionpressures aredetermined
from the plot of the turbine expansionline, and
new extractionflows and pressures are then calcu-
lated (referto Fig. 8.4).
12.5 (3,461,986) Somescatteringof the pointsrepresenting steam
0.79(1,375.0-982.2) conditionsat the extractionstagesis likely and the
pointsmay not fall exactlyon the test expansion
= 146,153 Ibm/hr line. Enthalpiesshouldbe assumedto vary alonga
line parallelto the testexpansionline, but passing
throughthe point representing steamconditionsas
(d) No. 4 Heater actuallymeasured.This processmust be repeated
until the change for two successiveiterationsin
W,. (hfo4- hfi4)= w4 (h4 - h4d) extractionpressureis lessthan 1.0% or 1.0 psi,
whichever is smaller, on all heaters.
In accordancewith para. 5.12.1 of the Code,the
2,930,359 (288.9 - 241.1) -- w4 (1,310.3 - 250.8)
highpressure turbineexhaustpressure is maintained
at the testvalue.This,in effect,changesthe reheater
w4 -- 132,205 Ibm/hr pressuredrop. This changeis compensated for by
59

TABLE 8.2
STEAM FLOWS THROUGH THE STAGES OF THE TURBINE IN THE FIRST
APPROXIMATION (FOR THE FIRST ITERATION)
Stage Flow,Ibm/hr
Throttle flow 3,460,986
No. 2 valve stem leakoff -933
Leakoff flow to hot reheat -1,324
No. 2 glandhighpressure
leakoffflow -55,968
First-stage
steamflow 3,402,761
No. 1 glandhighpressureleakoffflow -17,913
leakoffflow -6,000
No. 1 glandsubatmosphericleakoffflow -700
Steamflow leavinghighpressure
turbine 3,378,148
No. 7 heater extraction steam flow -308,765
Coldreheat
steam
flow 3,069,383
Hot reheat steam flow 3,069,383
Leakoff flow to hot reheat +1,324
No. 2 glandhighpressureleakoffflow +55,968
Steamflow at intermediate
pressureturbineinlet 3,126,675
Steamflow followingextraction 3,006,702

Feedwaterpumpturbineextractionsteamflow -146,153
leakoffflow -3,500
Crossover steam flow 2,771,373

Steamflow followingextraction 2,532,75O


Flow from steam seals +482
Steam flow to condenser 2,219,553
the reheaterpressuredrop correctionfactorcorre- (b) No. 6 Heater

spondingto the revisedvalue of reheaterpressure w•(h•o6- h•i6)= w7 (h7d- h6d)+ w6 (h6- h6d)
dropratherthanto the originaltestvalue.Therefore, 3,461,986 (379.4 - 339.3) = 314,182 (387.0 -
correctionsto the high pressureturbineefficiency 345.6) + w6 (1,414.1 - 345.6)
for the effect of changesin high pressureturbine
exhaustpressureare avoided. w6 = 117,752 Ibm/hr
8.5.1.2 SecondApproximation(Referto Fig.8.8)
(c) No. 5 Heater
8.5.1.2.1 Extraction Steam Flow Calculation
wf(hfo6
- hfi6): (W7+ W6)(h6d-hfo4)
+ Whp
(hhp-
(a) No. 7 Heater h•o4)+ ws(h• - h•o4)
wf (hfo7 - hfi7) = W7 (h7 - h7d) 3,461,986 (326.8- 281.7) = (314,182 + 117,752)
(345.6- 281.7) + 17,913 (1,327.6- 281.7)+ w$
3,461,986 (463.4 - 379.4) = w7 (1,312.6 - 387.0) (1,354.7- 281.7)
W7 -- 314,182 Ibm/hr ws = 102,330 Ibm/hr
60

TABLE 8.3
TEST RELATIONSHIPS
Stage w-lbm/hr p-psia w/p

Throttle flow 3,460,986 ......
No. 2 valve stem leakoff flow -933 ......
Leakoff flow to hot reheat -1,324 ......
leakoffflow -55,968 ......
First-stage
steamflow 3,402,761 ......
No. 1 glandhighpressureleakoffflow -17,913 ......
No. 1 glandsubatmosphericleakoffflow -700 ......
turbine 3,378,148 570.0 5,926.6
Stationheatingsteamflow -19,064 ......
No. 7 heater extraction steam flow -302,386 ......
Cold reheat steam flow 3,056,698

Desuperheating
waterflow +62,181
Hot reheat steam flow 3,118,879 531.0 5,873.6

Leakoff flow to hot reheat +1,324 ......
No. 2 glandhighpressureleakoffflow +55,968 ......
pressureturbineinlet 3,176,171 ......
No. 6 heat extraction steam flow -116,445 ......
Steamflowfollowingextraction 3,059,726 270.0 11,332.3

Feedwater pumpturbineextractionsteamflow -155,180 ......
No. 3 glandsubatmosphericleakoffflow -700 ......
Crossover steam flow 2,795,795 152.0 18,393.4

Steamflow followingextraction 2,679,537 90.8 29,510.3

No. 3 heater extraction steam flow -107,470 ... ß ß o

No. 2 heater extraction steam flow -106,542 ... ß . o
Steamflow followingextraction 2,465,525 25.1 98,228.1

No. 1 heater extraction steam flow -212,873 . . . . . .

Flow from steam seals +482 ... ß , ,
Steam flow to condenser 2,253,134 ... ß , ,
61

TABLE 8.4
REVISED EXTRACTION PRESSURES: FIRST APPROXIMATION
%p
Stage w-lbm/hr w/p p-psia change
Hot reheat inlet steam flow 3,069,383 5,873.6 522.6 1.6
Steamflow followingNo. 6
heater extraction 3,006,702 11,332.3 265.3 1.7
Crossoversteam flow 2,771,373 18,393.4 150.7 0.9
Steamflow requiredto pump 3,461,986 Ibm/hr 2,909,809 (159.4 - 72.5) = w• (1,140.2 - 81.5) +
feedwater flow' (220,391 + 107,419)(168.6 - 81.5) + 6,451
(1,359.3 - 81.5)
12.5 (3,461,986) w• = 204,087 Ibm/hr
0.79 (1,354.7- 982.2)
8.5.1.2.2 Steamflows throughthe stagesof
= 146,153 Ibm/hr the turbine (for the first iteration)are presentedin
Table 8.5.
(d) No. 4 Heater Usingthe testflow/pressure relationshipsand the
calculatedflow to the followingstageat eachextrac-
wm(hfo4- hf•4)= w4 (h4- h4d) tionpoint,revisedextractionpressures arecalculated
2,909,809 (281.7- 240.1) = w4 (1,308.0- 249.8) as w•(w/p). Referto Table 8.6.
Pressures arewithin 1.0% of the previousiteration,
w4 = 114,391 Ibm/hr illustratingthat they are close enoughto the test
pressure/flow curve.
(,e) No. 3 Heater The changein steamflow to the reheatturbine
causesa corresponding changein pressureat the
wm(hfo3- hfi3) = w3 (h3- h3d)+ w4 (h4d- h3d) inlet to the reheat turbine. New values of steam
2,909,809 (240.1 - 200.5) = w3 (1,253.9- 209.9) temperatureand enthalpymustbe determinedfrom
+ 114,391 (249.8- 209.9) the test expansionline at the revisedpressure.
W3 : 106,000 Ibm/hr Test pressure 531.0 psia
Test steam flow to the 3,118,879 Ibm/hr
reheat turbine
(f) No. 2 Heater
Revised steam flow to the 3,063,966 Ibm/hr
Wm(hfo2- hfi2) -- w2 (h2 - h2d)+ (w4 + w3) (h3d- reheat turbine
h2d)
531.0 x 3,063,966
2,909,809 (200.5 - 159.4) = w2 (1,197.2 - 168.6) Revisedpressure
3,118,879
+ (114,391 + 106,000) (209.9 - 168.6)
521.7 psia
w2 = 107,419 Ibm/hr
Revisedtemperature 986.9 øF
(g) No. 1 Heater Revised
enthalpy 1,512.6 Btu/Ibm
Wm(hfo•- hfi•) = w• (h• - h•d) + (w4 + w3 + w2) Becauseexhaust lossvaries with the exhaustflow,
(h2d- h•d)+ ws(hs- h•d) a revisedvalue of the exhauststeamenthalpymust
be determined.
62

ASMEPTC6A-2000
I-
o
z
z

63
TURBINES
"'1
A TO PTC6, THETESTCODEFORSTEAM
o
APPENDIX
TABLE 8.5
STEAM FLOWS THROUGH THE STAGES OF THE TURBINE IN THE SECOND
APPROXIMATION (FOR THE FIRST ITERATION)
Stage Flow,Ibm/hr
No. 2 valve stem leakoff -933
Leakoff flow to hot reheat -1,324
leakoffflow -55,968
First-stage
steamflow 3,402,761
No. 1 glandhighpressureleakoffflow -17,913
leakoffflow -6,000
turbine 3,378,148
Cold reheat steam flow 3,063,966
Hot reheat steam flow 3,063,966
Leakoff flow to hot reheat +1,324
leakoffflow +55,968
pressure
turbineinlet 3,121,25

Feedwaterpumpturbineextractionsteamflow -147,056
leakoffflow -3,500
Crossover steam flow 2,749,920


No. 3 heater extraction steam flow - 106,000



Flow from steam seals +482
Steam flow to condenser 2,218,505
64

TABLE 8.6
REVISED EXTRACTION PRESSURES: SECOND APPROXIMATION
%p
Stage w-lbm/hr w/p p-psia change
Hot reheat inlet steam flow 3,069,966 5,873.6 521.7 0.2
Crossover steam flow 2,749,920 18,393.4 149.5 0.8
Steamflow followingNo.3
Exhaustpressure 2.0 in.Hgabs Test,AfterGroup1

Expansion-line
end point 1,012.5
Btu/Ibm SpecifiedCorrections
(test value) Throttlepressure,
psia 2,415 2,402
Moisture, M 0.089 Throttletemperature,

øF 1,000 1,005
Throttle
flow,Ibm/hr ... 3,460,986
Specificvolume,v 339.26 (1 - 0.089) - 309.07 ft3/Ibm
Reheattemperature,
øF 1,000 986.9
Annulus area, A 206.4 ft 2 Exhaust
pressure,
in. Hg abs 1.5 2.0
wv 2,218,505 (309.07) Reheaterpressure
drop,% 10.0 8.44
Annulus
velocity = 922.8 ft/sec
3600A 3600 (206.4)
Throttlesteam flow was correctedto specified
21.2 Btu/Ibm
conditionsfor the effectof deviationin initial pres-
Exhaust
lossfromcurve(Fig.8.6)
sureand temperatureas specifiedin para. 5.12.3
of the Code.
Revisedusedenergyend point
= 1,012.5 + 0.87 (1 -0.089)(21.2)
= 1,012.5+16.8
wraP;
xvt X vs
= 1,029.3 Btu/Ibm
=3460,986•/•
'415xø'3229
'
.
,402 x 0.3193
3,460,986•/1.01 67
A turbineheatrateandgenerator
output,corrected
to the specifiedvaluesof Group1 variables,were 3,460,986 x 1.0083
calculatedby meansof a heat balancearoundthe
turbine. Refer to Table 8.7. 3,489,712 Ibm/hr (439.7037 kg/s)
8.5.2 Group 2 Corrections.Group 2 corrections The factorslisted in Table 8.8 permit correcting
describedin para. 5.8.3 of the Code, and outlined the test heat rate and load to specifiedconditions.
in para. 5.12, coverthe effectof deviationsfrom Correctionfactorsare defined as 1 + (% change)/
100. These factors will be used as divisors when
specifiedinitialandreheatsteamconditions,reheater
pressuredrop, and exhaustpressure, and are deter- correctingfrom testto specified.
minedfromcorrectioncurvessuppliedby theturbine
Corrected heat rate = 7,866/0.9993
manufacturer. The revised conditions at the reheat
turbinestopvalveresulting
fromthe Group1 correc- = 7,872 Btu/kWhr (8,305 kJ/kWh)
tionsmustbe usedto determinethe Group2 correc- Corrected load = 518,264/0.9894
tions.
= 523,816 kW
65

TABLE 8.7
TURBINE HEAT RATE AND GENERATOR OUTPUT

Parameters Ibm/hr Btu/Ibm 106 Btu/hr
Heat In
Throttle 3,460,986 1,464.2 5,067.68

Hot reheat 3,063,966 1,51 2.6 4,634.55
Total 9,702.13
Heat Out
No. 2 valve stem leakoff 933 1,449.3 1.35
No. 1 glandhighpressureleakoff 17,913 1,327.6 23.78

leakoff 6,000 1,327.6 7.97

Extraction flow to No 6 heater 117,752 1,414.1 166.51
Steamflow to feedwaterpumpdriveturbine 147,056 1,354.7 199.22


leakoff 3,500 1,389.5 4.86

Cold reheat flow 3,036,966 1,312.6 4,021.76
Flow to condenser 2,218,505 1,029.3 2,283.51
Total 7,905.72
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Heat used = (9,702.13 - 7,905.72) x 106 = 1,796.41 x 106 Btu/hr
1,796.41 x 106
(b) Equivalent
power = = 526,476.1 kW
3,412.14
(c) Electricallosses(Fig.8.5) 6,045 kW
(d) Fixed losses 2,167 kW
(e) Generator
output,corrected
for GroupNo. 1 variables= 518,264kW
3,460,986 (1,464.2 - 463.4) + 3,063,966 (1,51 2.6 - 1,312.6)
(f) Heat rate =
518,264
= 7,866 Btu/kWh (8,299 kJ/kWh)
TABLE 8.8
CORRECTION FACTORS
Heat Rate Load
Change PercentChange Correction PercentChange Correction

Throttlepressure
(Fig.8.9) -13 psi +0.02 1.0002 -0.54 0.9946
-0.5%
Throttletemperature(Fig.8.10) +5.0øF -0.08 0.9992 -0.15 0.9985
Reheattemperature (Fig.8.11) -13.1 øF +0.10 1.001 0 -0.60 0.9940

Reheaterpressuredrop(Fig.8.12) -1.56% -0.28 0.9972 +0.40 1.0040
Exhaust pressure
(Fig.8.13) +0.5 in. Hg +0.17 1.0017 -0;17 0.9983
Combinedcorrection factor(productof ...... 0.9993 ... 0.9894
correction factors)
66

APPENDIXA TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES ASMEPTC 6A-2000
According to para.3.13.2of theCode,testresults h - enthalpy,Btu/Ibm

may be comparedwith the specifiedperformance M = measured water flow
by readingthe difference
betweentwo locuscurves, 1 = No. 2 valve stem leakoff
one drawnthroughthe specifiedperformance points 2 = No. 1 glandlow pressure
leakoff
andthe otherthroughthe testpoints.The difference 3 = No. 1 glandhighpressureleakoff
is determinedat the specifiedload point. 4 = No. 3 glandlow pressure
leakoff
The specifiedcycle,shownon Fig. 8.14, hasa 5 = main steamspraywater
heat rate of 7,897 Btu/kWhr (8,332 kJ/kWh) at an 6 = reheatsteamspraywater
outputof 489,288 kW at the generator
terminals. 7 = glandsealsteam;suppliesfourglandson
The corrected test heat rate at this load, as deter- mainturbineshaftwith equalflowsand
mined from the locus curve shown in Fig. 8.15, supplieseachof two glandson thefeed-
was 7,856 Btu/kWhr (8,288 kJ/kWh),41 Btu/kWhr water pumpturbinewith one-halfthe
(43.3 kJ/kWh)betterthan specified. flowto themainturbinegland;therefore,
PercentChangefrom expected a totalof five glands
8 = glandsealreturn
(7,856- 7,897) 9 = feedwaterpumpglandsealflow
= x 100
10 = feedwater pumpglandsealleakofftocon-
7,897 denser
- -0.5%
11 = stationheatingsteamflow returnto con-
denser
A = No. 6 heaterextraction'
The correctedtestperformanceis 0.5% betterthan B = No. 5 heater extraction
the specifiedturbineperformance. C = No. 4 heater extraction
8.6 KEY TO FIGS. 8.1, 8.7, 8.8, AND 8.14 D = No. 3 heater extraction
W = flow, Ibm/hr E = No. 2 heater extraction
P = pressure,psia F = No. 1 heater extraction
F = temperature,øF G = steamjet air ejector steam
67

+6
I I I 1/4 load
Percent change in kilowatt load 1/2 load
Rated load
Percent increase
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
I I
Percent change in pressure
Percent decrease
Heat rate at desired

condition is found by
multiplying the rated
heat rate by:
Percent change in heat rate
1+
100
Kilowatt load is found

in the same manner:
Percent change in kW load

1+
100
Percent change in heat rate Percent increase

+1 +2 +3 +4 +5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Rated load
1/2 load
V4 load
Percent decrease
I I
FIG. 8.9 THROTTLE PRESSURE CORRECTION FACTORS
68

+2
I I I I I
Percent change in kilowatt load Percent increase
+10 +20 +30 +40 +50
-5O -40 -30 -20 -10

Rated load
Change in initial temperature, øF 1/2 load
1/4 load
Percent decrease
I I
+2
I I
+1
Change in initial temperature, øF

+10 +20 +30 +40 +50
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10
1/4 load
Rated load
Percent decrease
I ,
FIG. 8.10 THROTTLE TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTORS
69

+3
I I I I [ 1/4
load
Percent change in kilowatt load Percent increase 1/2 load
Rated load
+2
+1
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50
I I I I
Change in reheat temperature, øF
Percent decrease
+2
I I I I I I
Change in reheat temperature, øF

+10 +20 +30 +40 +50
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10
Rated load
1/2 load
,
1/4 load
Percent decrease
I I ,
FIG. 8.11 REHEAT TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTORS
70

+2
I I I I I I
Percent increase
ntchange
inkilowatt
load
11 12 13 14 15
5 6 7 8 9 10
Percent reheater pressure drop
•/4 and 1/2 load

Percent decrease Rated load
I I
+1
I I I I
Percent change in heat rate Per!ent
incr!
+0.5
5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
-0.5
Percent reheat pressure drop

ent
decr -1
FIG. 8.12 REHEATER PRESSURE DROP CORRECTION FACTORS
71

+12.0 85,000 Ibm/h
+10.0
+8.0
1,875,000 Ibm/h
+6.0
+4.0
+2.0
Thrøttle
fløws
• /j 2,550,00
3,450,000
Ibm/h
Ibm/h
-2.0
-4.0 ø / ,
/
-6.0
.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Exhaust Pressure, in. Hg
FIG. 8.13 EXHAUST PRESSURE CORRECTION FACTOR
72

ASME PTC 6A-2000

73
APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAM TURBINES
i
i
e-E-o[
8,000
• ßTest
point
• 0Specified
point
•-' 7,900
'--,,,. .
7,800
300 400 500
Generator Output, MW
FIG. 8.15 HEAT RATE VERSUS LOAD
74

SECTION 8A SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR A TEST

OF A REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE USING THE
ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE WITH FINAL FEEDWATER
FLOW MEASUREMENT
8A.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT AND BASIS OF agreedthat this would have a negligibleeffecton
GUARANTEE the flow measurement.
The unit tested is the same unit that underwent

a full-scale test in Section 8. It is a 500,000 kW,
8A.2.2 Calibratedpressuretransducers in accord-
ancewith Code para.4.17.1 were usedto measure
reheat-regenerativecycle turbinewith an auxiliary
pressures
with high accuracy(throttle,cold reheat,
turbinefor the feedwater-pump driveand an extrac- hot reheat, No. 7 heater extraction steam and LP
tion for stationheating.The generatoris rated at
turbine and auxiliary turbinesexhaustpressures).
560,000 kVA with 0.95 power factor and 60 psig
Test Bourdontube gageswere used to measure
hydrogenpressure. Ratedsteamconditions are2,400
feedwaterand nozzle pressures.All other pressures
psig,1,000øFand 1,000øFwith 1.5 in. Hg absolute
were measuredwith pressuretransducers through
exhaustpressure. Therearesevenstages of feedwater
the stationon-line computer.
heating. All main-turbine and auxiliary-turbine
glandsare steamsealed.Performance is guaranteed
8A.2.3 TypeE ChromeI-Constantan thermocouples
on the basisof heat rate with feedwaterheating
in accordance with Code para.4.18.2(a)were used
cycle conditionsand auxiliary-turbineperformance
with a precisionpotentiometer
to measuretempera-
as specifiedin the contract.The exciter is shaft
tureswith high accuracy(throttle,cold reheat,hot
driven. The partiesagreedto use the alternative reheat, No. 7 heater extraction steam, feedwater to
procedurewith final feedwaterflow measurement
and from the No. 7 heater, drain leaving No. 7
for the acceptancetest. The test was run at the
heater,condensateleavingthe hot well, auxiliary
valves-wide-open position.
turbine throttle,air preheatingsteam, main steam
desuperheating water, and reheat desuperheating
water).All othertemperatures were taken from the
8A.2 DESCRIPTION OF TEST stationon-line computer.
INSTRUMENTATION
8A.2.4 The differentialpressureacrossthe flow
8A.2.1 Feedwaterflow leavingthe highestpressure nozzle was measuredwith high accuracy(0.05%)
feedwater heater was derived from the measured noncontacting
opticalsensors
usinga five 1/2-digit
differentialpressuredevelopedby a calibratedthroat- multi-channelmicroprocessor readout. The flow
tap nozzle.Theflow sectionwasmadein accordance correspondingto each set of taps was determined
with Fig. 4.8 of the Code,fittedwith an inspection and averagedfor the nozzle.
port, and permanentlyinstalledin the feedwater
piping.Duringa turbineshutdownpriorto the tests, 8^.2.$ Superheaterand reheater desuperheating
the inspectionportwasopened,and the nozzlewas spraywater flowswere measuredwith stationflow
inspected for damageandcleanedwith highpressure nozzlesutilizingforce-balancedifferentialpressure
water jets. At the first availableshutdownafterthe transducersand the stationon-line computer.
tests,the nozzle was againinspectedand foundto
have a slight,uniformlydistributediron oxide film 8^.2.6 Steamflowsto theturbinedrivingthe boiler
lessthan 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)thick. Bothparties feed pump and for stationheatingwere measured
75

with calibratedventurinozzlesusingforce-balance (b) Throttle Flow

differentialpressure
transducers
and the stationon- Flow Rate, Ibm/hr
line computer. Measuredfeedwaterflow (w) 3,355,391
Unaccounted-for water losses -1,5OO
8^.2.7 The cycle was isolatedbeforeconducting Superheater
desuperheating sprayflow 108,100
the test as described in Section 3 of the Code. Steamflowto air ejectors - 1,000
Feedwaterheater leakagewas checkedand found Throttleflow (wf) 3,460,991
to be negligible.Steamflow to the air preheater
(C) High Pressure
TurbineExhaustFlow
coils was isolatedduring the test. Level changes Flow Rate, Ibm/hr
were measuredin accordancewith para. 4.22 of
the Code, and water losses were measured at the
High pressurevalvestemleakageflow -1,324
beginningand end of the test by meansof a timed Lowpressure valvestemleakageflow -933
quantityof water.Adequacyof the systemisolation No. 2 glandhighpressure leak-offflow -55,968
was checkedby a water balanceas shownbelow. No. 1 glandleakoff flow -24,613
High pressureturbineexhaustflow 3,378,153
8^.2.8 Steamflow to the air ejectorsfrom main
steam,valve packingleakageflows,and steamseal (d) No. 7 HeaterExtraction
SteamFlow(SeeFig.
8A.2)
flows were assumedto be designvalues.
8^.2.9 Beforethe test,all pertinentcyclepressures wfh7 + wfhfi7 : wfhfo7 + w7h7d

and temperaturesto be takenfromthe stationcom- wf(hfoz - hfiz)
puter were checkedwith test instrumentation and W7 :
(h7 - h7d)
calibrationswere performedwhen differencesin
readingsgreaterthan 1.0% were noted. 3,355,391 (464.7- 381.7)
W7 :
1,310.4 - 389.4
w7 = 302,386 Ibm/hr
8A.3 SUMMARY OF TEST DATA
(e) Cold Reheat Steam Flow
All test measurements
were averagedand cor-
rected for instrument calibrations. All test data in-
W•h = high pressureturbine exhaustflow
cludingsteamand waterproperties
are summarized
- No. 7 heater extraction steam flow
in Fig. 8A.1.
The testdata and flow resultsfrom highaccuracy - steamflow to stationheating
instrumentsare shown in boxes in Fig. 8A.1 to
distinguishthem from station instrumentationav- = 3,378,153- 302,386- 19,100
erages. Wcrh= 3,056,667 Ibm/hr
(f) Hot Reheat Steam Flow
8A.4 CALCULATION OF TEST TURBINE HEAT

Whrh= cold reheatsteamflow + reheatsprayflow
RATE FOR VWO TEST
= 3,056,667 + 62,200
8A.4.1 Calculations for Test Turbine Heat Rate.
Whrh= 3,11 8,867 Ibm/hr
The testturbineheatratefor VWO testis presented
in Table 8A.1. The No. 7 heater extraction steam
(g) OutputCorrected forPowerFactorandHydro-
flow is illustratedin Fig. 8A.2. gen Pressure.
Measuredoutputis correctedfordevia-
tionsin hydrogenpressureandpower factorby use
(a) Unaccounted-for Water Losses
of generatorelectricallosscurves.In this example,
Flow
Rate, Ibm/hr thedesignandtesthydrogen pressureswerethesame;
therefore,
Steamgeneratordrum levelchange 0
Hotwellstoragechange(leveldrop) -8,000
Deaeratorstoragechange 0 Hydrogenpressurecorrection = 0 kW
Feedwaterpumpleakage 3,000
Condensate pumpleakage 3,500 Designpower factorand test power factorwere
-1,500
• (leakageand storage) 0.95. If theseweredifferent,the powerfactorcorrec-
76

(:5)--
'1
77

ASMEPTC6A-2000 APPENDIXA TO PTC6, THETESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES
hfo7 hfi7
h7d
FIG. 8A.2 DIAGRAM FOR NO. 7 HEATER EXTRACTION STEAM FLOW
tionwouldbe determined
by subtracting
the design (3,460,991 - 108,100) (1,464.2 - 464.7)
electrical losses from the electrical losses under test
+ 108,100 (1,464.2 - 340.3)
conditionsusingthe manufacturer's
curve.
+ 3,056,667 (1,51 5.1 - 1,312.6)
But in this example + 62,200 (1,51 5.1 - 334.2)

HRt :
526,135
power factor correction = 0 kW HRt = 7,916 Btu/kWhr (8,352 kJ/kWh)
For this example,measuredkW = 526,135 kW

8A.5 CALCULATION OF GROUP 1
CORRECTIONS
hydrogenpressurecorrection= 0 8A.5.1 Paragraph5.8.2 of the Code statesthat

Group 1 cyclecorrections for the effectof variables
power factor correction = 0 thatprimarilyaffectthe feed-heating systemcan be
madeby heatbalancecalculation
or by application
corrected kW = 526,135 kW of correction curves or tables. These curves or tables
are developed by rigorousheatbalancetechniques
and are usedto correctthe testcycleheatratefor
theeffectofsignificantchangesin thecyclefromthat
8A.4.2 TestCycleHeat Rate.Testcycleheatrate usedin the specifiedcycleheatbalance.Correction
is calculatedusingthe relationship
givenin para. curvesfor the cycleshownin Fig.8A.1 are given
5.7.1 of the Code.In thiscycle,the heatinputis in Figs.8A.3 through8A.7.Corrections are usually
modifiedfortheeffectof superheater
steamdesuper- madefor the followingsignificant cycledeviations:
heating
flowandreheat-steam desuperheating
flow. (a) changes in finalfeedwatertemperaturedueto
Thenetheatrateequation forthisexamplebecomes changes interminaltemperature difference
(TTD)and
extractionline pressure drop(ELPD)of the highest
pressure
feedwaterheater
(b) changes
in auxiliaryextraction
steamflow
(Wt - Wshs) (ht- hfo7)+ Wshs (ht- hfi6)
(c) changes
in superheat andreheatdesuperheat-
ing flow
+ Wcr h (hhrh- hcrh)+ Wrh
s (hhrh- hrhs) (d) condensate
subcooling
HR t:
GeneratorOutput (e) condenser
make-upflow
78

0.6
: 0.5
Load
i: 0.4
a.
: 0.2
Heat rate •------""

.• o.•
50 75 lOO
Test VWO Throttle Flow, %
FIG. 8A.3 FINAL FEEDWATER TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
(f) changesin extractionflow to the feedwater AHR = +0.12%/5øFChange

pumpturbine
AkW = +0.403%/5øFChange
8A.5.2 ComparisonBetweenTestCycleand Speci- Correction Factors

fied Cycle, Group I Variables.Table 8A.1 shows
the significant
deviationsin the cycleastestedfrom
that shownon the specifiedheat balance.
The correctionsin paras.8A.5.3 through8A.5.9
HR=I+
Percent 100- TTDd)
Correction
(TTDt x
5
are derivedas prescribedin Table 8.1 of PTC 6-
1996.
=1 +(0.12 -4.0
-(-3.0).)
5
8A.5.3 TTD Correctionof Top Heater. The No.

O.9992
7 feedwaterheateroperatedwith a IøF lowerTTD
duringthe testthan was specified.From Fig. 8A.3
at 100.0% VWO throttle flow:
Load = 1 +
Percent
Correction
TTD
t- TTDd),)
100
x
5
79

0.8
o
,-r 50%VWOflow 75%VWOflow
=
._o
0.7
• 100%
VWOflow
3x0.6
._o
o0.5
0.4
01
0 50 100 150 200 250
Extraction Stage Pressure, psia

GENERAL NOTES'
(a) Auxiliary extraction returns to condenser.
(b) Percent auxiliary extraction is percent of throttle flow.
(c)The correction applies to both load and heat rate.
FIG. 8A.4 AUXILIARY EXTRACTION CORRECTION

(EXTRACTION DOWNSTREAM OF RE-HEATER)
tsa
t at 542.6 psig = 475.5øF
= 1+ 0.403
•00 -4.0
-(-3.0))
5 (Ptest- APtest)= 570.0 - 2 6.6
= 543.4 psig
: 0.9998
tsarat 543.4 psig = 475.7øF
8A.5.4 ExtractionLine PressureDrop (ELPD)Cor- This correctionusesthe same Fig. 8A.3 as in
rectionof Top Heater. The No. 7 feedwaterheater para. 8A.5.3, and, becausethe valueschangeonly
operatedat 0.33% lower extraction-linepressure with load setting,the percentcorrectionvaluesfor
drop duringthe test than was specified,with an heat rate and load are the same as used for the
actualpressuredrop of 26.6 psi versus27.4 psi in TTD correctionof the top heaterin para. 8A.5.3.
the specifiedcycle.The lowerpressure drop in the
test cycle causedthe saturationtemperatureof the Correction Factors
heaterto be higherthan would be expectedand
increasedthe final feedwatertemperature.
HR=I+\ Percent
Correction
1•-• x
(Ptest
- APalesign)
= 570.0 - 27.4
= 542.6 psig [tsa
tat(Ptbtest-
APdesi14n)-
tsat
at(Ptbtest-
APtest)])
5
80

0.8
Load
-- • • • • • Heatrate
0.7
ß- o
l= o
om 0.6
0
50 75 100
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Auxiliary extraction returns to condenser.
(b) Percent auxiliary extraction is percent of throttle flow.
FIG. 8A.5 CORRECTION FOR AUXILIARY EXTRACTION FROM COLD REHEAT
19,100 x 100
: 0.12
x (475.5
- 475.7))
, 5
PercentAuxiliary Extraction=
3,460,991
= 0.9999
= 0.55% of wt
Load = 1 +
Percent
Correction 100
x
HR = 0.723% per PercentAuxiliary Extraction

[tsat
at(Ptbtest
- APdesig
n)- tsat
at(Ptbtest-
APtest)]
I 5
kW = 0.677% per PercentAuxiliary Extraction

: 1+
(0.403
(475.5
- 475.7))
100
X
5
,
= 0.9998
Correction Factors
8A.5.5 Auxiliary ExtractionSteam Flow Correc-
tion. Extraction
flow for stationheatingcomesfrom
the cold reheatsteamline. Duringthe testthisflow
was measured to be 19,100 Ibm/hr, whereas it is
zero in the specifiedcycle. Auxiliaryflow at this
HR
=1+[Percent
Correction 100
pointin the cyclecausesa changein the hot reheat (PercentAuxiliary Extractiontest-

steam flow that affectsthe intermediatepressure
(IP) and low pressure(LP) turbine stagepressure Percent
Auxiliary
Extractiondes)
1
distribution
and LPturbinestageflow, whichaffects
the IP and LP turbineexhaustlosses.Figure8A.5 = 1 + 0.55- 0)
100
is used for this correction at 100.0% VWO throt-
tle flow. = 1.0040
81

0.8
0.7
- Load correction
• •....•_ reheatsteamdesuperheat
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Heat rate correction •

reheat
steam
desuperheat__.
• -• '
0.1 Load correction

main steam desuperheat
;at rate correction

main steam desuperheat
I I i I
50 75 100
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Percent desuperheating flow is percent of throttle flow.
(b) Desuperheating flow supply is from feedwater pump.
(c) Apply corrections at a constant main steam and reheat temperature.
FIG. 8A.6 CORRECTIONS FOR MAIN STEAM AND REHEAT STEAM DESUPERHEATING FLOW
82

0.2
Load
0.1
Load and heat rate correction
0
50 75 100
FIG. 8A.7 CONDENSATE SUBCOOLING CORRECTION
TABLE 8A.1
COMPARISON BETWEEN TEST CYCLE AND SPECIFIED CYCLE,
GROUP I VARIABLES
Test Specified
Flow Cycle Cycle
No. 7 heater TTD -4.0øF -3.0øF
No. 7 heater ELPD 26.6 psi(4.67%) 27.4 psi(5.0%)
Auxiliarysteamflow for stationheating 19,100 Ibm/hr 0
Reheatdesuperheating flow 62,200 Ibm/hr 0
Superheat desuperheatingflow 108,100 Ibm/hr 0
Condensate subcooling 1 .IøF 0
Condenser make-upflow 0 0
BFPT throttle flow 155,200 Ibm/hr 130,549 Ibm/hr
Turbine throttle flow 3,469,991 Ibm/hr 3,263,986 Ibm/hr
Generatoroutput 526,135 kW 489,288 kW
GENERAL NOTE:
Percent
VWOThrottle
Flow-- 3,460,991100 = 100.0%
3,460,991
83

8A.5.7 Throttle Desuperheating

Flow Correction.
Load
=1- IPercent'
Correction 100 Throttledesuperheating
flow causesreducedextrac-
tion steam flows to the feedwater heaters downstream
(PercentAuxiliary Extractiontest- of the point where the flow leavesthe cycle due
Percent
Auxiliary
Extractiondes)
1 to the lower feedwaterflow throughthe heaters.
However,because theflow re-entersthecycleahead
of the turbinestopvalves,the turbinestagepressure
-1-I0'677(0.55-0)]
100
distribution
pressure
changeis generallylimitedto the high
turbine.In the specifiedcycle,throttlede-
= 0.9963 superheating flow waszero. Figure8A.6 is usedfor
this correction at 100.0% VWO throttle flow.
8A.5.6 JReheat DesuperheatingFlow Correction. 108,100 x 100

Reheatdesuperheating flow in the testcyclecauses PercentDesuperheating
Flow --
3,460,991
higherhotreheatsteamflow, increases turbinestage
pressures downstreamof the interceptvalvesand = 3.12%of w•
increasesLP turbineexhaustlossesdue to higher
flowsto the condenser.in the specifiedcycle,reheat AHR -- 0.023% per PercentDesuperheatingFlow
desuperheating flow was zero. Figure8A.6 is used
for this correction at 100.0% VWO throttle flow.
AkW -- 0.073% per PercentDesuperheatingFlow
62,200 x 100
PercentDesuperheatingFlow = Correction Factors
3,460,991
= 1.8% of wt
HR=I+
Percent
Correction 100
x
HR = 0.1 98% per PercentDesuperheatingFlow

Percent
Desuperheating
Flow)
kW = 0.590% per PercentDesuperheating
Flow = 1+\0.023
•1'•-•'
x 3.12
= 1.0007
Correction Factors
Load = 1 +
Percent
Correction 1 00
x
HR=I+
Percent
Correction 100
x
Percent
Desuperheating
Flow)
Percent
Desuperheating
Flow) -1+ x3.12
100
= 1+ xl.80
00
= 1.0023
= 1.0036
8A.5.8 Correctionfor Condensate Subcooling.The

condenser operatedduringthe testwith 1.1øFsub-
Load = 1 +
Percent
Correction 1 00
x
cooling below the saturationtemperaturecorres-
pondingto turbineexhaustpressure. This placeda
Percent
Desuperheating
Flow) greaterdutyon the lowestpressurefeedwaterheater
causingadditionalextractionthat affectsthe used
=
0.590 )
1 +
1 00
x 1.80 energy end point and exhaustloss calculations.
Figure8A.7 is usedfor this correctionat 100.0%
= 1.01 06 VWO throttle flow.
84

APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TEST CODE FOR STEAM TURBINES ASME PTC 6A- 2000
AHR = 0.026% per 5øFsubcooling

= 1 + (4.484- 4.000)
00
AkW= 0.026% per 5øFsubcooling
= 1.0028
Correction Factors
Load
1-(Percent
:
Correction) 100
' X
HR
=1+(Percent
Correction
øF
subcooling) 100 5 (Percent BFPT Extractiontest-
PercentBFPTExtractionspec)
=1+ •x00 '.
= 1.0001
=1-(0i582)(4.484-4.000)
00
= 0.9972
NOTE:Forsimplicity,
thisexampleassumed
thatthemainturbine
Load 1 \(Percent
Co.rrection
øFsubcooling)
exhaustpressure
correctionfactorobtainedfrom Fig. 8.13 does
100 5 not includethe exhaustpressure
correctionfor the BFPTthrottle
flow. Generally,the BFPTexhaustpressuremustbe measured
and used to correct the BFPT throttle flow in accordance with
_
- 1- 0261.1) 00 5
pre-testagreementsbetweenthe userand the manufacturer.
alsopara.8.4.2 of the Code.
See
= 0.9999
8A.5.10 Summaryof Group I Corrections.Table
8A.2 summarizes the heat rate and load correction
factorsthatwerefoundby multiplying the individual
8A.5.9 Correctionfor Change in BFPTThrottle correctionfactorsand roundingto the samenumber
Flow. The feedwaterpump turbine extractssteam of significantfigures.
from the crossover between the IP turbine exhaust
andthe LPturbineinlet.Duringthe test,thisturbine
8A.6 CALCULATION OF GROUP 2
extractedmore steamthan in the specifiedcycle
that caused a reduction in LP turbine steam flow CORRECTIONS
affectingLP turbinestagepressuredistributionand 8A.6.1 Paragraph 5.8.3 of the Codediscusses cor-

end point calculations.Figure8A.4 is usedfor this rectionsfor deviationin the variablesthat primarily
correction at 100.0% VWO throttle flow and 152.0
affectturbine performance.These correctionscan
psia extraction pressure. be calculatedby heat balancetechniquesbut are
generallydeterminedfrom correctioncurvessup-
155,200 x 100 pliedby theturbinemanufacturer. Useof the correc-
% BFPT Extraction (test)
3,460,991 tion curvesrequirescorrectionof the test throttle
= 4.484%
flow to designconditions,as follows:
130,549 x 100
% BFPTExtraction(specified)=
3,263,986 Wt
c=Wt
•/Ps
xvt Pt x vs
= 4.000%
at Ps = 2,415 psia
Correction = 0.582% per percent extraction
ts = 1,000øF
Correction Factors
vs = 0.3193
HR=I+
Percent
Correction)
100
x
and Pt = 2,402 psia
(Percent BFPT Extractiontest- tt : 1,005øF
PercentBFPTExtractionspec) vt = 0.3229
85

TABLE 8A.2
GROUP I CORRECTIONS
Heat Rate Load

Variable Factor Factor
TTD - No. 7 feedwater heater 0.9998 O.9992

ELPD - No. 7 feedwater heater O.9999 O.9998
Auxiliarystreamextraction(stationheating) 1 .OO4O O.9963

Reheatdesuperheating flow 1 .OO36 1.01 O6
Throttledesuperheatingflow 1.0009 1 .OO23
Condensate subcooling 1.0001 O.9999

BFPT throttle flow extraction 1 .OO28 O.9972
Combinedcorrection
factor(product) 1.0109 1.0052
TABLE 8A.3
COMPARISON BETWEEN TEST CYCLE AND SPECIFIC CYCLE,
GROUP 2 VARIABLES
Test Specified
Variable Value Value Change
Throttlepressure,
psia 2,402 2,415 -13 psi
Throttletemperature,
øF 1,005 1,000 +5.0øF
Reheattemperature,øF 992 1,000 -8.0øF
Reheater,Jp,% 6.84 10.0 -3.16%

Exhaust pressure,
in. Hg abs. 2.0 1.5 +0.5 in. Hg
from para. 8A.5.10 and the combinedheat rate

wtc
2,41
= 3,460,991
5
¾2,402
x
0.3229
0.3193 correctionfactorfrom para. 8A.6.3 as follows:
= 3,489,853 Ibm/hr
HRt
HRc =
CFGr1CFGr2
8A.6.2 ComparisonBetweenTest Cycle and Spe- 7,916
cific Cycle, Group 2 Variables.Table 8A.3 shows 1.0109 x 0.9990
the deviationsof Group2 variablesin the cycleas
testedfrom thosespecified. = 7,838 Btu/kWhr (8,270 kJ/kWh)
8A.6.3 Summaryof Group 2 Corrections.Figures

8.9 through8.13 from Section8 were used with
the informationfrom para. 8A.6.1 to obtain the 8A.8 CALCULATION OF CORRECTED LOAD
correction factors shown in Table 8A.4. The com-
binedcorrectionfactorswere foundby multiplying Measuredgeneratoroutputmustbe correctedfor
the individualcorrectionfactorsand roundingto the effect of Group 1 and Group 2 variablesto
the same numberof significantfigures. permitplottingthe heat rate resultsfor drawingthe
locuscurveas discussed in Code para. 3.13.2.
8A.7 CALCULATION OF CORRECTED HEAT 8A.8.1 Outputcorrectedfor Group 1 and Group

RATE 2 correctionsisdetermined by dividingthe measured
output correctedfor power factor and hydrogen
8A.7.1 The test cycle heat rate (para. 8A.4.2) is pressure (para.8A.8.2)by the productof the correc-
correctedfor Group 1 and Group 2 variablesby tion factorsdueto Group1 variables(para.8A.5.10)
dividingby the combinedheatratecorrection factor and Group2 variables(para.8A.6.3), as follows:
86

TABLE 8A.4
GROUP 2 CORRECTIONS
Heat Rate Load

Variable Factor Factor
Throttlepressure
(Fig.8.9) 1.0002 O.9948
Throttletemperature(Fig.8.1O) O.9992 O.9996
Reheattemperature (Fig.8.11) 1.0011 O.9963
Reheater,4p(Fig.8.12) O.9968 1.0080
Exhaust pressure
(Fig.8.13) 1.001 7 O.9983
Combinedcorrectionfactor(product 0.9990 0.9970
of correction factors)
kw 1 = No. 2 valve stem leakoff
CFGrlCFGr2 2 =
No. 1 glandlow pressureleakoff
3 =
No. 1 glandhighpressure leakoff
526,135
4 =
No. 3 glandlow pressureleakoff
1.0052 x 0.9970 5 =
mainsteamdesuperheating water
kWc = 524,988
6 =
reheatsteamdesuperheating water
7 =
glandsealsteam;suppliesfour glands
on mainturbineshaftwith equalflows
8A.8.2 Comparisonto Guarantee.Correctedheat andsupplies eachof two glandson the
rate, para. 8A.7.1, is plotted versusthe corrected feedwaterpumpturbinewith one-half
output, para. 8A.8.1. The correctedheat rate is the flow to the main turbine gland;
comparedto the heat ratefrom the guaranteeheat therefore,a totalof five glands
ratecurveprovidedby the manufacturer. Whentests 8 = glandsealreturn
are run at othervalve points,a curvecan be drawn 9 = feedwaterpumpglandsealflow
througheach test point and the curve represents 10 = feedwaterpump gland seal leakoffto
the test locusof valve points.Heat rate is read at condenser
the specifiedload. See Fig. 8.15. 11 - stationheatingsteamflowreturnto con-
denser
8A.9 KEY TO FIG. 8A.1 A - No. 6 heater extraction
W = flow, Ibm/hr B = No. 5 heater extraction
P = pressure,psia C = No. 4 heater extraction
F = temperature,øF D = No. 3 heater extraction
h = enthalpy,Btu/Ibm E = No. 2 heater extraction
M = measured water flow F = No. 1 heater extraction
G = steamjet air ejector steam
87


SECTION 9 SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR A STEAM

TURBINE OPERATING IN A NUCLEAR CYCLE1
9.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT also used to measure the drain flows from the
moistureseparator,both reheaters,and No. 1 feed-
This sample calculationis for a 900,000 kW,
water heater,and to determinethe enthalpyof the
tandem-compound, six-flowunit,with a regenerative
steamto the feedwaterpump turbine.
cycle and externalmoistureseparatorreheaterwith
superheated steamsuppliedfrom a nuclearsteam
supplysystem.Ratedsteamconditionsare 900 psia
9.3 SUMMARY OF TEST DATA
and 575øFsteamtemperature with 1.0 in. Hg abso-
lute exhaustpressure. The heat cycle containstwo The test cycle heat balancediagram,Fig. 9.2,
parallelstringsof heaters,pumps,and piping.The shows measured and calculated flows and certain
generatoris rated at 930,000 kVA, 0.99 power testmeasurements.
Steamand water enthalpiesde-
factor,and 60 psighydrogenpressure. rived from test data (not shown) and the 1967 ASME
It was mutuallyagreedthatthe heatratecompari- steam tables have also been entered. Calculations
son to specifiedconditionswould be made at the as shownin this examplewere done by the com-
specifiedload of 899,910 kW. The testingand all puter, and resultswill vary from manual methods
calculationsare based on performanceat valve becauseof roundingerrors.The principalsourceof
points. The specifiedheat rate curve is given on this differencebetweencomputercalculationsand
Fig. 9.1. manualmethodsappears to be roundingoff decimal
placesof steamtable valuesused in conventional
manualcalculations comparedto the largenumbers
of decimalplacesof steamtablevaluescarriedalong
INSTRUMENTATION
in computercomputations. Cautionshouldalso be
9.2.1 Condensate flow was measuredby meansof exercisedin decimalplaceroundingwhen calculat-
threecalibratedthroat-tapflow nozzleslocatedat the ing the moistureremovaleffectiveness, E. Under
suctionofthesteamgenerator feedwaterpumps.These somecircumstances, morethan two decimalplaces
flownozzleswerein parallelwithtwosetsoftapsmea- may be requiredfor E to give correctresults.
suringdifferential
pressureoneachnozzle.Thetotalof
thesethreemeasured flowswasequaltothewaterflow
9.4 CALCULATION OF TURBINE
tothesteamgenerator, exceptforshaft-sealing
flowsat
PERFORMANCE AS TESTED
the feedwaterpumps.Together,theseflow measure-
mentsconstitutetheprimaryflowmeasurement. Feed- Thiscalculationprocedureis containedon pages
waterheaterleakagewascheckedusinga tracertech- 89-114.
niqueandfoundto be negligible.
9.4.1 Overall Considerations
9.2.2 Throttle steam moisture was not determined, (a) Summation of the condensate flow measure-
because
thethrottlesteamcontainedsomesuperheat. ment,adjusted
forfeedwaterpumpshaftleakageflow,
9.2.3 Radioactive sodium (24Na) was used as the is as follows:
Rate,
tracer in accordancewith para. 4.19 of the Code Flow Ibm/hr
to measureflows and enthalpiesto the feedwater
heatersthat were not superheated.The tracer was Feedwater
pumpsuctionflow (measured) 10,789,254
Feedwaterpumpsealinjection(measured) +83,100
• Thissample
calculation
isfora full-scale
testof a steam
turbine Feedwater
pumpsealreturnflow (measured) -88,469
operatingin a nuclearcycle. Final feedwater flow 10,783,885
89

9,750
9,700
Specified
heatrate
ß 9,650
9,600
9,596
• 'X•• Test point
9,591
9,550
700 800 900
Generator Output, MW
FIG. 9.1 SPECIFIED HEAT RATE CURVE
(b) The isolationof the systemwas checkedby a This is lessthan the 0.1% leakagelimit set in
waterbalance.Unaccounted-for losses
fromthe sys- para. 3.5.3 of the Code.
tem were assumed to have occurred between the feed- (d) Thethrottlesteamenthalpy,
asdeterminedfrom
watersystem outletandthesteamturbineinlet.Steam the measurement of steampressure
andtemperature,
generatorlevelchangewasfoundto be zero. was 1,255.1 Btu/Ibm.
Sumof storagechangesand leakagesisasfollows: (e) Thetestheatrate,asspecified
forthetestturbine
Rate, cyclein thisexample,is definedas
Flow Ibm/hr
Heat rate :
w• h• - w2 h2
Steamgeneratorstorage 0
Generator output
Hotwellstorage(levelfall) -7,335
Condensate pumpleakage +1,675
where
No. 2 heaterdrainpumpleakage +2,749
No. 3 heaterdrain pumpleakage 0 w• = steamflow to turbine,Ibm/hr
Unaccounted-for
changein systemstorage -2,911 h• = enthalpyof steam suppliedto turbine,
Btu/Ibm
(c) Thetotalquantityof steamsuppliedto thetur- w2 = feedwaterflow leavingNo. 6 heater,Ibm/hr
binecyclewascalculatedasshownin the following h2 = enthalpyoffeedwater leavingNo. 6 heater,
tabulation'
Btu/Ibrn
Rate,
Flow Ibm/hr
10,779,670 x 1,255.1 -
Final feedwater flow 10,783,885 10,783,885 x 441.0
Unaccountedfor changein systemstorage -2,911 Test heat rate =
Steamsuppliedto air ejectors -1,304 919,223
Test total steam flow 10,779,670
= 9,544.9 Btu/kWhr
Unaccounted-for
leakageas percentof testtotalsteamflow =
(2,911/10,779,670) x 100 = 0.03% (1 0,070.4 kJ/kWh)
90

APPENDIXA TO PTC6, THETESTCODEFORSTEAMTURBINES ASMEPTC6A-2000
• oo q •'817/.. --
q •'990' I.
d 9•'/... L
q 8Z.6L' L
d gO'L9
/1/I BgS'L1;'B
L_I
U
q 6'•t,g
/vI 8•' I,•
dI.'S/_I.
••) q17'6g1.'1.
q t,'6•l.'l.
NI •01.'0•6'•
/I/I•98'61.
d•7..0 •
q8'/..60'
L
/VI S L1;'ZS/
q S'•SL'L
/VI 6L6'L•S
q t"O•' L
/1/I1;'/_S'899 q g'6L•:'L
q•'6•L'L
/I/I 99&'6L
91

w 1 stage
flowbefore •'
ext.(1) •w 3,h3 extraction
• flowto No. 6
• heater
(3)
h•
// • w2 stageflow
p,/ • •fterext.(2)
FIG. 9.3 EXPANSION LINE AND STEAM CONDITIONS LEAVING NO. 6 HEATER EXTRACTION
STAGE POINT
9.4.2 Calculation of Extraction Flows and En- Drain flow from No. 6 heater
thaipies
9.4.2.1 No. 6 Heater Extraction and Drain Flow. Wd6 = Wext6 + Wrh1 + Wrh2
The No. 6 heater extraction flow was calculated = 638,574 + 430,343 + 387,790
by heat balance, since the extractionsteam was
= 1,456,707 Ibm/hr
superheated.(See Fig. 9.3.) Drain flows from the
first and second stage reheaters(Wrh•and wrh2)
were determinedfrom water flow measurement by 9.4.2.2 No. 5 Heater Extraction Flow and En-
radioactivetracertechnique.(Seepara. 9.4.2.6 for thalpy
method.)
(a) Thetracertechniquewasusedto determinethe
Heat balancefor No. 6 heater.(See Fig. 9.4.)
No. 5 heaterextractionmoisture.
Thefollowingexam-
ple showsthe methodof calculationfor this heater
and is referenced to illustrate the method for other
Wfo6(hfo6- hfi6) - Wrh
1 (hrh•- hd6)-
heaters.
Wrh2(hrh2- hd6) Calculation of mass flow rate of water in the
Wext6 :
h6 - hd6 steammixturein accordancewith para.4.19.1.6 of
the Code:
(1) Measured
where
(a) BeforeInjection
Wfo6= final feedwater flow = 10,783,885 Ibm/hr Co = 0.0724 counts/min-lbm
10,783,885 (441.0 - 384.5) - 430,343 (b) DuringInjection

(443.0- 387.1)- 387,790 (525.8- 387.1)
Wext6 =
1,219.3 - 387.1 winj= 9.32 Ibm/hr
Cinj= 77,933.900counts/min-lbm
= 638,574 Ibm/hr by computercalculation Cw = 56.941 counts/min-lbm
92

APPENDIXA TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES ASME PTC 6A-2000
Wrh2
hext6 Wrhl
hrhl hrh2
Wfo6
hfo6 I
No.
•6Heater[
• wfi6 I-' hfi6
Wd6
hd6
FIG. 9.4 NO. 6 HEATER EXTRACTION FLOW AND ENTHALPY
tin/= 72.0øF (b) No. 5 heaterextractionflow andenthalpywere

Pext5= 283.0 psia calculatedby heatbalance.(SeeFig.9.5.)
(2) Calculated wfo5(hfo5- hfi5)- Ww5(hw5- hd5)-

Wd6(hd6- hd5)
Dw
_ Winj
(hr- hinj) W$5 =
hs5- hd5
hf = 388.2 Btu/Ibm(saturatedwater from where

steamtablesat 283.0 psia)(hw5)
hfg= 814.2Btu/Ibm
hin;= 40.0 Btu/Ibm Wfo5= wfi6 = Wfo6= 10,783,885 Ibm/hr
9.32 (388.2 - 40.0)
Dw = = 3.99 Ibm/hr hs5= 1,202.4 Btu/Ibm (saturatedsteam
814.2
Then solve for Ww5,the massflow rate of water at 283.0 psia)

in the steam/watermixtureat the samplingpoint,
10,783,885 (384.5- 338.3)- 12,759
usingthe equationin para4.19.1.6 in of the Code.
(388.2 - 345.1) - 1,456,707
Winj(Cinj- Cw)- DwCw (387.1 - 345.1)
Ww5 =
Cw- Co 1,202.4 - 345.1
9.32 (77,933.900- 56.941)- - 509,160 Ibm/hr by computercalculation

3.99 x 56.941
Ww5 : Wext5= Ws5+ Ww5= 509,160 + 12,759
56.941 - 0.0724
= 12,759 Ibm/hr moisture = 521,919 Ibm/hr
93

Wext5
hext
Ww5 Ws5
Wfo5
hfo5
No.
5Heater Wfi5
hf•5
hd6
Wd5
hd5
Enthalpy
of steammixtureenteringNo. 5 heater: where
(ws5x hs5)+ (Ww5x hw5) Wfo4= 10,789,254 Ibm/hr(measured)

hext5= Wins
dandhms dwerecalculated
usingradio-
Wext$
active tracer measurement data from the
(509,160 x 1,202.4) + (12,759 x 388.2) moisture
separator
drainlines.(Sampleis
521,919 not shownfor this calculation;see para.
9.4.2.6 for tracer method.)
= 1,182.5 Btu/Ibm
Ww4= 90,781 Ibm/hr(by radioactivetracer;see
Drain flow from No. 5 heater: para.9.4.2.2(a)fortracermethod)
hs4= 1,196.2 Btu/Ibm(saturatedsteamat 172.4
Wd5 --• Wd6 + Wext5 psiafromsteamtables)
-- 1,456,707 + 521,919 hw4= 342.4 Btu/Ibm(saturatedwater at 172.4
psiafromsteamtables)
= 1,978,626 Ibm/hr
[10,789,254 (336.4- 255.5)- 1,978,626

9.4.2.3 No. 4 Heater Extraction Flow and En-
(345.1 - 260.0)- 1,580 (1,255.1 -
thalpy.No. 4 heaterextractionflow and enthalpy
were calculatedby heat balances.(See Fig. 9.6.) 260.0)- 521,238(342.9 - 260.0)-
First,the tracertechniquewas usedto determine 90,781 (342.4- 260.0)]
the No. 4 heater extraction moisture. The method 1,196.2 - 260.0
used to determine the moisture was the same as
shownin para.9.4.2.2(a)and is not shownfor No.
4 heater. = 696,634 Ibm/hr
Wfo4(hfo4- hfi4)- Wd5(hd5- hd4) -

Wext4 : Ws4 + Ww4
Wcv/o
(hcv/o- hd4)- Wmsd (hmsd- hd4)-
-- 696,634 + 90,781
Ww4(hw4- hd4)
Ws4 =
hs4- hd4 = 787,415 Ibm/hr
94

C.V.L.O M.S.D. to
(H.R)
l ext4
hext
No. 4 heater
WCVLO Ww4 Ws4 WMSD
hcvLo hw4 hs4 WMSD
Wfo4
I No.
4Heater
I
L_ wfi4
hfo4 [• hfi4
hd5
Wd4
hd4
(Ws4X hs4)+ (Ww4X hw4) where

hext4=
Wext4
(696,634 x 1,196.2) + (90,781 x 342.4) wfi4 = Wfo4= 10,789,254 Ibm/hr

787,415 10,789,254 (255.5 - 180.0) -
= 1,097.8 Btu/Ibm 3,288,859 (260.0 - 180.0)
W3 =
1,197.8 - 180.0
= 541,835 Ibm/hr
Drain Flow from No. 4 Heater'
Wext3= W3 + measuredsteamsupplyto
feedwaterpumpturbine
Wd4 : Wd5 + Wmsd + Wext4 + Wcvlo
= 541,835 + 125,354
= 1,978,626 + 521,238 + 787,415 + 1,580
= 667,189 Ibm/hr
= 3,288,859 Ibm/hr
Wfi3 = Wfi4- Wd4- W3
= 10,789,254 - 3,288,859 - 541,835
9.4.2.4 No. 3 Heater Extraction Flow. The No. = 6,958,559 Ibm/hr

3 heater extractionflow was calculatedby heat
balance,becauseextractionsteamwassuperheated. 9.4.2.5 No. 2 Heater Extraction Flow and En-
(See Fig. 9.7.)
thalpy. No. 2 heaterextractionflow and enthalpy
were calculatedby heat balances(See Fig. 9.8.)
First,the radioactivetracertechniquewas usedto
Wfi4(hi4- hfi3)- Wd3(hd4- hfi3) determinethe No. 2 heaterextractionmoisture(ww2)
W3 =
h3 - hfi3 and enthalpy(hw2).The methodusedto determine
95

ASME PTC 6A- 2000 APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TEST CODE FOR STEAM TURBINES
Wext3
Steam supplied
to feedwater
pump turbine
h3
wf•
No.
3Heater
[•..
wfi3
Wd3
hd4
".,,•ow
FIG. 9.7 NO. 3 HEATER EXTRACTION FLOW
the moistureand enthalpywas the sameas shown

(ws x hs) + (ww x hw)
in para.9.4.2.2(a)and is not shownfor No. 2 heater. hext2--
Calculate saturated steam to heater Wext2
(444,038 x 1,151.9) + (43,009 x 184.1)

Wco2(hco2- hci2)- Ww2(hw2- hci2)+ 487,047
wd2 (hd2- hci2)
Ws2 -- = 1,066.5 Btu/Ibm
hs2- hci2
Wci2 : Wco2 -- Wext2 + Wd2
where
-- 6,958,559- 487,047 + 2,749
Wco
2 = Wfi3= 6,958,559 Ibm/hr
-- 6,474,261 Ibm/hr
Ww2= 43,009 Ibm/hr(by radioactive
tracer)
hs2= 1,151.9 Btu/Ibm(saturatedsteamat 15.87
psiafrom steamtables) 9.4.2.6 No. I Heater Extraction Flow and En-
hw2= 184.1 Btu/Ibm (saturatedwater at 15.87 thalpy
psiafrom steamtables) (a) The tracertechniquewas used in the heater
drainlineto measure drainflowdirectly.Thisexample
6,9,58,559 (180.0 - 113.3) - 43,009
applyingto heaterNo. 1 was basedon radioactive
(184.1 - 113.3) + 2,749 (148.8- 113.3) tracerinjectionand samplingin the drain line using
ws2
= 1,151.9-113.3 24Nain accordance
withpara.4.19.1.6oftheCode.
(1) Measured
= 444,038 Ibm/hr
(a) BeforeInjection
Calculatetotalextraction
flow andenthalpy(water Co = 0.025 counts/min-lbm
and steam moisture)
(b) DuringInjection
Wext2 = Ws2 + Ww2 Win
j '- 14.0 Ibm/hr
-- 444,038 + 43,009 Ci,j -- 75,054.9counts/min-lbm
-- 487,047 Ibm/hr w -- 1.995 counts/min-lbm
96

hext2
Ws2 Ww2
hs2 hw2
Wco2
INo.
I
2Heater
shell pressure
= 15.87 psia
Wci2
hco2 hci2
Wd2
hd2
where hextl: Wco1 (hco•- hen)- wss

(h•- hd•)+ we•t•(hd•)
Wd• = heater drain flow Wextl
(2) Calculated Wco•= wci2= 6,474,261 Ibm/hr

he•t• = 6,474,261 (113.3- 56.7)- 3,661
WdlCo+ Winj
Cinj: (Wdl+ Win
j) Cw
(1,21 8.7 - 64.4) + 529,710 (64.4)
Wdl
: Winj
(Cinj
- Cw)
Cw- Co
529,710
= 748.2 Btu/Ibm
14.0 (75,054.9 - 1.995)
1.995 - 0.025
9.4.3 Calculationof SteamFlowto MoistureSepa-
- 533,371 Ibm/hr
rator Reheater.(See Fig. 9.10.)
An alternate method to determine extraction flows (a) The highpressureturbineexhaustflow going
is the heaterdrainflow methoddescribedin para. to themoisture separator
reheater wasdeterminedby
4.16.2 of the Code. a massbalancearoundthe highpressure turbineas
(b) Calculation of Extraction Flow and Steam Con- follows:
ditionsat No. 1 Heater(SeeFig.9.9) Rate,

Stream Ibm/hr
wext• = Total extraction flow Steamflow suppliedto the turbinecycle 10,779,670

Controlvalveleakoffflow (highpressure) -1,580
Wextl = Wdl - Wss Controlvalveleakoffflow (low pressure) -408
Heatingsteamflow to secondstagereheaters -387,790
No. 1 shaftpackingleakoff -19,766
where No. 2 shaftpackingleakoff -19,862
No. 1 glandsealleakoff -917
No. 2 glandsealleakoff -917
Wd•= 533,371 Ibm/hr(by radioactivetracer) Heatingsteamflow to firststagereheaters -430,343
wss= 3,661 Ibm/hr (steamseals) No. 6 heater extraction flow -638,574
wext• = 533,371 - 3,661 = 529,710 Ibm/hr No. 5 heater extraction flow -521,919
No. 4 heater extraction flow
he•t•= enthalpyof steamand water mixturein -787,415
extraction Steamflow to moistureseparator
(w2) 7,970,107
.97

Wextl Wss
hext hss
• Whl
No. I Heater
shell pressure
= 3.44 psia
wcil
hco1 hcil
Wdl
hdl
FIG. 9.9 NO. I HEATER EXTRACTION FLOW
w3 Reheat steam to low
h4 '• pressure
heater
Second stage
reheater
Heating steam Wrh2 Wrh
2 Heatingsteam
to second • drain to No. 6
stage reheater hrh2 heater
h6
First stage
reheater
Heating steam Wrhl Wrh1 Heatingsteam
to first stage .• drain to No. 6
reheater hrhl heater
h3
Moisture Wmsd
sepa rator hmsd Moisture

separator
drains to No. 4
w2 heaters
h2
Steam from high pressure
turbine exhaust
FIG. 9.10 STEAM FLOW TO MOISTURE SEPARATOR REHEATER
98

(b) Thereheatersteamflowwascalculatedby sub- The enthalpy of steam going to the moisture

tractingthe moistureseparatordrainflow measured separator(h2) is higherthan the enthalpyof the
by radioactive
tracer(seepara9.4.2.6(a)for method). extractionto No. 4 heaterdue to physicalarrange-
Rate,
mentof the piping,which causeda greaterpropor-
Stream Ibm/hr
tion of moisture in the steam-moisture mixture to
separateout into the No. 4 heaterextraction.
Steamflow to moisture
separator(w2) 7,970,107 The enthalpyof steamenteringthe secondstage
Moistureseparator
drainflow (w,,sd) -521,238 reheater (h6) was calculatedfrom heat and mass
Reheatersteamflow (w3) 7,448,869 balancesaroundfirst stagereheateras follows(see
Fig. 9.10 for key):
(c) The enthalpyof steamenteringthe firststage
reheater(h3) was calculatedfrom heatand massbal-
ancesaroundeach componentas follows(seeFig. W3(h6- h3) = Wrhl(h5- hrh•)
9.10 for key):
w• (hs- h•)
h6 = h3 +
W3
Wrh2h
1 + w3h3 + Wrhlh5 : w3h4 + Wrh2hrh2
+
430,343 x
Wrhlhrh
1 (heat balance around MSR)
(1,220.4 - 443.0)
h6 = 1,195.1 +
7,970,107
W3 : W2 -- Wrnsd(mass
balance around MS)
= 1,240.0 Btu/Ibm
w2h2 : w3h3 + Wmsdhms

d (heat balance around MS)
Thisgivesa firststagereheaterleavingtemperature
of 441.7øFat 169.8 psia(at 5% pressure dropfrom
SolvingEq. 1 for h3, enthalpyof steamentering highpressure turbineexhaustpressure of 175.1 psia
the first stagereheater. to first stagereheateroutlet)and 1,240.0 Btu/Ibm
from steam tables.
(d) Calculationof FirstStageReheaterTerminal
h3: h4_Wrh
2(h•- hrh
2)W3
+Wrh
1(h5- hrh•) Temperature Difference
387,790 (1,255.1 - 525.8) + Heatingsteampressureat reheater(at 5%

430,343 (1,220.4 - 443.0) pressuredropfromhighpressure turbine
h3 = 1,278.0 - extractionpressure
of 507.4 psiato re-
7,448,869 heater) = 482.0 psia
h3 = 1,195.1 Btu/Ibm Heatingsteamsaturation temperature(from
steamtablesat 482.0 psia) = 463.3øF
Firststageterminaltemperature
difference = 463.3 - 441.7
= 21.6OF
NOTE: In this exampleh5 is superheated. This givesmoisture

separator leavingmoisture(moisture
carryover)
of 0.12% at 171.6
psia (at 2% pressuredrop from high pressureturbineexhaust (e) Calculationof SecondStageReheaterTerminal
pressure of 175.1 psiato moistureseparator)
and 1,195.1 Btu/
Ibm from steam tables. TemperatureDifference.Steamconditionsleaving
secondstagereheater fromthetestdataareasfollows'
SolvingEq. (3) for h2, enthalpyof steamentering
moisture-separator: Pressu re = 166.4 psia
Temperature = 510.1 øF
Enthalpy(at 166.4 psiaand 510.1øF) = 1,278.0 Btu/Ibm
w3h3 + Wmsd
hmsd
h2 = Heatingsteampressure at reheater(at
W2 2% pressure dropfromthrottlesteam
pressure of 907.1 psiato reheater) 889.0 psia
7,448,869 X 1,195.1 + 521,238 X 342.9 Heatingsteamsaturationtemperature
h2 = = 530.5 øF
7,970,107 (fromsteamtablesat 889.0 psia)
Secondstageterminaltemperaturedif- = 530.5 - 510.1
= 1,139.4 Btu/Ibm ference = 20.4øF
99

TABLE 9.1
CALCULATION
OF LOWPRESSURE
TURBINEEXHAUST
ENTHALPY
Parameter Ibm/hr Btu/Ibm Btu/hr
Heat In
Main steam 10,779,670 1,255.1 13,529,563,817

Total heat in 13,529,563,817
Heat Out
Controlvalveleakoff(highpressure) 1,580 1,255.1 1,983,058

Extraction to No. 6 heater 638,574 1,220.4 779,315,710
Extraction to No. 5 heater 521,91 9 1,1 82.5 617,169,218
Moistureseparatordrainsto No. 4 heater 521,238 342.9 178,732,510
Firststagereheaterdrainsto No. 6 heater 430,343 443.0 190,641,949
Secondstagereheaterdrainsto No. 6 heater 387,790 525.8 203,899,982
Steamto feedwaterpumpturbine 125,354 1,1 97.8 150,149,021
Extraction to No. 1 heater 529,710 748.2 396,329,022
Controlvalveleakoff(low pressure) 480 1,255.1 602,448
No. 1 shaftpackingleakoff 19,766 1,1 39.4 22,521,380
No. 2 shaftpackingleakoff 19,862 1,139.4 22,630,763
No. 1 glandsealleakoff 917 1,1 39.4 1,044,830
No. 2 glandsealleakoff 917 1,1 39.4 1,044,830
Thermal Heat Flow,

Power,kw Equivalent Btu/hr
Generatoroutput 919,223 3,412.14 3,136,517,567
Generator electrical losses 7,550 3,412.14 25,761,657
Mechanical losses 2,811 3,412.14 9,591,526
Total Heat Out ...... 7,770,805,206
GENERAL NOTE:
Net heat = heat in - heat out = 13,529,563,817 - 7,770,805,206

--- 5,758,758,611 Btu/Ibm
Exhaustenthalpy --- net heat/exhauststeamfrom low pressureturbine
5,758,758,611
Exhaustenthalpy = = 998.93 Btu/Ibm
5,764,923
9.4.4 Determination of Low Pressure Turbine Ex- balancearoundthe turbine-generator

system.See
haustFlow. The low pressureturbineexhaustflow Table 9.1.
was determined as follows:
Rate, 9.4.6 Turbine Expansion-LineEnd Point. The
Flow Ibm/hr expansion-lineend point (ELEP)is the low pressure
turbineendpoint(TEP)less theexhaustloss.Because
Reheatersteamflow to low pressure
turbine 7,448,869 the exhaustlossis a functionof the specificvolume
No. 3 heater extraction flow -541,835
No. 2 heater extraction flow -487,047
at the expansion-line end point,an iterativeproce-
No. 1 heater extraction flow -529,710 dureis required,firstfor estimating
the exhaustloss.
Steamto feedwaterpumpturbine -125,354
Lowpressure
turbineexhaustenthalpy 998.93 Btu/Ibm
Estimated exhaust loss -28.40 Btu/Ibm
Exhaust
flow fromlow pressure
turbine 5,764,923
Trialexpansion-line
end point 970.53 Btu/Ibm
9.4.5 Calculation of Low Pressure Turbine Exhaust Exhaustpressure 1.17 in. Hga
Moisture, M 0.1219
Enthalpy.The enthalpyof the low pressure
turbine Specificvolume,v = 562.47(1.0-0.1219) 493.90 ft3/Ibm
exhaustflow wasdetermined by meansof an energy Annulusarea,A, perend (6 ends) 105.7 ft2
100

FIG. 9.11 NOMENCLATURE FOR HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE EXPANSION
Therefore, equationto calculateactualexhaustlossmay also

be differentfrom that shown in this exampleand
1 (wv) is normallyshownon the exhaustlosscurve.
Annulusvelocity -- - x
6 3600A
9.4.7 Calculationof Turbine ExpansionLine:Test
1 (5,764,923 x 493.90) Cycle.The followingcalculations indicatethe meth-
3600 x 105.7 odsandtechniques usedto determinethetestturbine
expansionline on an extractionstageby stagebasis,
-- 1,247.1 ft/s
which will be usedlaterto determinethe Group 1
corrections.
Dry exhaustloss(from
manufacturer's curve) = 40.38 Btu/Ibm 9.4.7.1 Test High PressureTurbine Expansion.
Thetesthighpressure turbineexpansion iscalculated
Actualexhaustloss= (Dry exhaustIoss)(0.87)
(1 - M)(1 - 0.65M)
basedon bladinginlet steamconditionsand a rea-
sonable assumed dry basis turbine efficiency
= 40.38 x 0.87 throughoutthe highpressure turbineexpansion.The
(1 -0.1219) x samedry basisefficiencymust be usedfor both
(1 - 0.65 x 0.1219) the testcycle and specifiedcycle calculations.For
= 28.40 Btu/Ibm
nomenclature,see Fig. 9.11.
Expansionline 9.4.7.1.1 High PressureTurbine Expansion

Initial Conditions
end point = 998.93 - 28.40
= 970.53 Btu/Ibm
Hi[•hPressure
Turbine
Becausethe calculatedexpansion-line end point MainSteam HPBladin•Inlet
agreeswithin 1.0 Btu/Ibmbasedon the estimated Pressure,
psia 907.1 889.0 (907.1 x 0.98)
exhaustloss,no furtheriterationsare necessary.
If Used2% pressure
dropthrough
agreementhad not been reached,a new exhaust throttle and control valves
loss would have been estimated with successive
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,255.1 1,255.1
iterationsuntil agreementwas reached. Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.45998 1.46183
Some exhaust loss curves are drawn as a function
GENERALNOTE: Assumption: High pressureturbineefficiency
of exhaust volumetric flow; others as a function of - dry basis -- 87.05%. This assumptionis checkedin para.
annulusvelocity,as shown in this example.The 9.4.7.1.1(g).
101

(a) Calculationof Expansion

LineConditionFrom (2) Calculations
HP BladingInlet to No. 6 HeaterExtraction
Stage w2 = FlowfollowingheaterNo. 6 extraction
EnteringConditions = w•- w•x•- W•h• (massbalance)
= 10,389,820 - 638,574 - 430,343
Steam Path Points = 9,320,903 Ibm/hr
HP Bladin•Inlet No.6 Heater w• x h• = (w2 x h2) + (Wext6
X hext6)
+ (Wrh
1 X hrh
1)
Pressure,psia 889.0 507.4 (energybalance)
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,255.1(hi) hi 10,389,820 x 1,210.6) - (638,574 x
Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.46183 ...
Moisture 0.0 ... 1,220.4) - (430,343 x 1,220.4)
h2 =
9,320,903
= 1,209.5 Btu/Ibm
Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 87.05%
(c) CalculationofSteamConditionsWhereExpan-
Efficiency= sionLineCrosses Saturation
Line.Assume 476.2 psia
atthecrossing point,whichgiveshs= 1,204.05Btu/
Ibm at 476.2 psiaand s = 1.46773 Btu/IbmøRfrom
hs = 1,204.0 Btu/Ibmat 507.4 psiaand steam tables.
s = 1.46183 Btu/IbmøR from the steam tables

Efficiency=
hi - h•
0.8705 =
1,255.1 - h•
1,255.1 - 1,204.0 0.8705 =
1,209.5 - ho
1,209.5- 1,204.05
h• = 1,210.6 Btu/Ibm ho = 1,204.8 Btu/Ibm
Thisvalueputsthe extractionpointin the super- This point in the steamtablesagreeswith the

heatedregionat 507.4 psia and 1,210.6 Btu/Ibm assumed pressure of 476.2 psia. If agreement
had
from the steam tables.
not beenreacheda new pressure wouldhavebeen
(b) Calculationof Expansion
LineandSteamCon- assumed with successive iterations.
ditionsLeavingNo. 6 HeaterExtraction
StagePoint (d) ExpansionLineConditionFromSaturationLine
(SeeFig. 9.3) to No. 5 Extraction
StageEnteringConditions
(1) Known
Steam Path Points
Pressure= 507.4 psia
Saturation Line No. 5 Heater
w• = Flowupstreamof heaterNo. 6
extraction zone Pressure,
psia 476.2 300.2
- Test throttle flow to turbine - Enthalpy,
Btu/Ibm 1,204.8(hi) hi
secondstagemoisture
separa- Moisture 0.0 ...
tor reheater flow - control
valveleakoff(highpressure)
flow - control valve leakoff Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 87.05%
(low pressure)
flow
= 10,779,670 - 387,790 - h• = 1,166.1 Btu/Ibmat 300.2 psiaand s
: 1.4685 Btu/IbmøR from steam tables
1,580 - 480
= 10,389,820 Ibm/hr
h• = 1,210.6 Btu/Ibm[seepara. 0.8705 =
1,204.8 - h•
9.4.7.1 .l(a)] 1,204.8 - 1,166.1
Wext6
= 638,574 Ibm/hr(seepara.
9.4.2.1) h• = 1,171.1 Btu/Ibm(dry basis)
hex• = 1,220.4 Btu/Ibm
Wrh•= 430,343 Ibm/hr[seepara. Thisvaluegivesextraction
pointentering
moisture
9.4.3(a)] M• = 0.0393 at 300.2 psia and 1,171.1 Btu/Ibm
hrh• = 1,220.4 Btu/Ibm from steam tables.
102

w 1 stage
flow before
•ext.(1)
ß• / W3, h3 extraction
• • flowto No.5
............
/!
_•__•____
ifil- !eater
(3)
// % w2 stageflow after
/// '• ext.(2)
p!
STAGE POINT
M0 + M1 SuccessiveiterationsusingM1 were made until

Turbine sectionaveragemoisture=
resultingmoisturedifferenceswere 0.01%, which
resulted in
0 + 0.0393
hi = 1,171.7 Btu/Ibm
= 0.01 965
0.0385
where
Turbine sectionefficiency(wet basis)= 85.37%
M0 = moisture at saturation line
(e) Calculationof Expansion
LineandSteamCon-
Correctionfactorto turbinesectionefficiencyfor ditionsLeavingNo. 5 HeaterExtraction
StagePoint
average moisture (SeeFig. 9.12)
(1) Known
= 1.00 - 0.01 965 Pressure= 300.2 psia[seepara.
9.4.7.1 .l(d)]
= 0.98035
wl = 9,320,903 Ibm/hr[seepara.
9.4.7.1 .l(b)]
Correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis) hi = 1,171.7 Btu/Ibm[seepara.
9.4.7.1 .l(d)]
= 87.05 x 0.98035
M1 = 0.0385 [seepara.9.4.7.1.1(d)]
= 85.34% We,,t5
= 521,919 Ibm/hr[seepara.
9.4.2.2(b)]
Firstiterationto recalculate
extractionpointenter- he,,t5= 1,182.5 Btu/Ibm[seepara.
9.4.2.2(b)]
ing enthalpy,usingcorrectedturbine sectioneffi-
(assume zero heat loss in ex-
ciency(wet basis)
tractionpiping)
(2) Calculations
O.8534 =
1,204.8 - hi
w2 = Flowfollowingheater
1,204.8 - 1,166.1 No. 5 extraction
hi = 1,171.8 Btu/Ibm : W1 - Wext5 (massbalance)
= 9,320,903 - 521,919
Thisvaluegivesextractionpointenteringmoisture = 8,798,984 Ibm/hr
M• = 0.0384 at 300.2 psia and 1,171.8 Btu/Ibm wl x hi = (w2 x h2) + (Wext5
X hext5)
from steam tables. (heat balance)
103

(9,320,903 x 1,1 71.7) - 87.05 x 0.9434
(521,919 x 1,182.5) = 82.12%

h2 =
8,798,984
= 1,171.1 Btu/Ibm Firstiterationto recalculatehighpressure
turbine
bladingexhaustenthalpy,usingcorrectedturbine
Thisvaluegivesextractionpointleavingmoisture sectionefficiency(wet basis)
M2 = 0.0393 at 300.2 psia and 1,171.1 Btu/Ibm
from steam tables. 1,171.1 -h•
0.8212
(f) Calculationof Expansion
LineConditionsFrom 1,171.1 - 1,128.0
No. 5 ExtractionStageLeavingConditionsto High
Pressure BladingExhaustConditions h• = 1,135.7 Btu/Ibm
Steam Path Points
This value gives high pressureturbine blading
No.5 Heater HPBladin•Exhaust exhaustpointmoistureM• = 0.0713 at 175.1 psia
Pressure,psia 300.2 175.1 and 1,135.7 Btu/Ibm from steam tables.
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,171.1 (hi) h•
SeconditerationusingM• = 0.0713 to calculate
Moisture 0.0393 ... turbine section average moisturecorrection,re-
sulted in
Turbine sectionefficiency- dry basis= 87.05%

h• = 1,135.67 Btu/Ibm
hs = 1,128.0 Btu/Ibmat 175.1 psiaand s M• = 0.071 30

= 1.47422 Btu/IbmøR from steam tables
Turbinesectionefficiency(wet basis)= 82.24%
0.8705 =
1,171.1 -hi
1,171.1 - 1,128.0 (g) Calculatethe highpressureturbinebladingex-
haustenthalpyfrommassandheatbalanceandcom-
pare to the enthalpycalculatedfrom the turbine
1,133.6 Btu/Ibm(dry basis) expansion lineon an extractionstage-by-stage
basis.
(1) Known
This value gives high pressureturbine blading w2 = 7,970,107 Ibm/hr [see para.
exhaustmoistureM• = 0.0738 at 175.1 psia and 9.4.3(a)]
1,133.6 Btu/Ibm from steam tables. h2 : 1,139.4 Btu/Ibm[seepara.
9.4.3(b)]
wext4= 787,415 Ibm/hr(seepara.9.4.2.3)
Turbine section hext4= 1,097.8Btu/Ibm(seepara.9.4.2.3)
M2 + M1
average moisture Whplo•
= 19,766Ibm/hr(seepara.9.4.5)
hhplo
• = 1,139.4Btu/Ibm(seepara.9.4.5)
0.0393 + 0.0738 Whplo
2 : 19,862Ibm/hr(seepara.9.4.5)
hhpio
2 : 1,139.4Btu/Ibm(seepara.9.4.5)
wlp•o
• = 917 Ibm/hr(seepara.9.4.5)
= 0.0566 h•p•o•
= 1,139.4Btu/Ibm(seepara.9.4.5)
w•plo2
= 917 Ibm/hr(seepara.9.4.5)
where M 2 : No. 5 heaterstageleaving
moisture
hlpio
2 : 1,139.4Btu/Ibm(seepara.9.4.5)
(2) Calculations
Correctionfactorto turbinesectionefficiencyfor
average moisture Whpex
h -- W2 + Wext4+ Whplo1
+ Whplo2
+ Wlplo1+
= 1.00 - 0.0566
w•p•o2(massbalance)
-- 7,970,107 + 787,415 + 19,766 +
= 0.9434
19,862 + 917 + 917
Correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis) = 8,798,984 Ibm/hr
104

9.4.7.2.1 LowPressure
TurbineExpansion
Ini-
Whpex
hX hhpex
h : (w2 X h2)+ (Wext4
x hext4)
+
tial Conditions
(Whplo
1 X hhplo
1)+ (Whplo
2X Low Pressure Turbine
hhplo
2)+ (Wlplo
1 X hlplo
1) + Inlet Bowl
Pressure,
psia 166.4 163.1 (166.4 x 0.98)
(Wlplo
2 X hlplo
2)
Used2% pressure drop
(heat balance) throughinterceptvalves
Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.65294 1.65507
GENERALNOTE:Assumption: Low pressure
turbineefficiency-
dry basis -- 90.32%. This assumptionis checked in para.
9.4.7.2.1(j).
(7,970,107 x 1,139.4) + (787,415 x
1,097.8) + (19,766 x 1,139.4)
(a) Calculationof ExpansionLineConditionFrom
+ (1 9,862 x 1,139.4) _ Inletto No. 3 HeaterExtraction
StageEntering
Condi-
(917 x 1,139.4) + (917 x 1,139.4) tions
hhpex
h 8,798,984 Steam Path Points
= 1,135.68 Btu/Ibm LP Bowl No. 3 Heater
Pressure,psia 163.1 61.03

Moisture 0.0 ...
This high pressureturbine bladingexhausten- Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 90.32%

thalpy(1,135.68 Btu/Ibm),calculatedfromthe mass hi- h•
and heat balance,agreeswithin 0.05 Btu/Ibmwith Efficiency=
the high pressure turbinebladingexhaustenthalpy hi- hs
(1,135.67Btu/Ibm),calculated fromthehighpressure hs = 1,187.4 Btu/Ibmat 61.03 psia and s
turbine expansion-line on an extractionstage-by- = 1.65507 Btu/IbmøR from the steam tables
stagemethod.Therefore, the expansion-line
calcula-
tion is correct.If the expansion-line
calculationhad 0.9032 =
1,278.0 - h•
not given the same high pressureturbineblading 1,278.0 - 1,187.4
exhaustenthalpywithin0.05 Btu/Ibm,a newturbine
h• = 1,196.2 Btu/Ibm
sectionefficiencyon a dry basiswould have been
assumedand the testhigh pressure turbineexpan- Thisvalueputsextractionpointin the superheated
sion-linecalculationrepeatedfromthe beginning of regionat 61.03 psia and 1,196.2 Btu/Ibmfrom the
para. 9.4.7.1 until agreementresulted. steam tables.
(b) Calculationof Expansion
LineandSteamCon-
ditionsLeavingNo. 3 HeaterExtraction
StagePoint
9.4.7.2 Test Low PressureTurbine Expansion. (SeeFig. 9.13)
Thetestlow pressure
turbineexpansion
iscalculated (1) Known
based on reheat bowl steam conditions and a reason- Pressure= 61.03 psia
ableassumed drybasisturbineefficiency
throughout w• = Reheaterflow to low pressure
the low pressureturbineexpansion. The samedry turbine
basis efficiencymust be used for both the test = 7,448,869 Ibm/hr[seepara.
cycleandspecifiedcyclecalculations.Thetestcycle 9.4.3(b)]
calculations determine the moisture removal effec- h• = 1,196.2 Btu/Ibm[seepara.
tiveness
for eachextractionpointin the wet region. 9.4.7.2.1(a)]
The test cycle moistureremovaleffectiveness,ex- Wext3: W3 + Wfpt
pressedas percentmoistureremovedat the extrac- = 541,835+ 125,354
tion point, is usedas a basic index of test turbine = 667,189 Ibm/hr(seepara.
performancein the specifiedcycle low pressure 9.4.2.1.4)
turbineexpansionline calculation. hext3: 1,197.8 Btu/Ibm
105

w 1 stage
flowbefore •'
xt. (1) • w3, h3 extraction
• flowto No.3
hi
/...............
h2
p,/
h•ater
//
(3) • w2 stageflow
'• after
ext.(2)
STAGE POINT
(2) Calculations Steam Path Points
w2 = FlowfollowingheaterNo. 3 extraction Saturation Line No. 2 Heater
= w• - wext3 (massbalance) Pressure,psia 43.52 17.56

= 7,448,869 - 667,189 Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,171.4(hi) hi
-- 6,781,680 Ibm/hr Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.66973 ...
Moisture 0 ...
x h• = (w2 x h2) + (wext3X hext3) (heatbalance)
(7,448,869 x 1,196.2) -
Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis
h2: (667,189
x 1,197.8)
6,781,680 = 90.32% (seeopeningsectionof para. 9.4.7.2.1)
= 1,196.0 Btu/Ibm
Efficiency=
(c) Calculationof SteamConditions
WhereExpan-
sion Line CrossesSaturationLine.Assume43.52 psia
isat the crossing
point,whichgiveshs= 1,168.7Btu/ hs = 1,104.3 Btu/Ibmat 17.56 psia and s
= 1.66973 Btu/IbmøF from the steam tables
Ibm at 43.52 psiaand s = 1.66612 Btu/IbmøR
from
the steam tables.
0.9032
1,171.4-h•
1,171.4- 1,104.3
Efficiency=
hl = 1,110.8 Btu/Ibm(dry basis)
0.9032
1,196.0 - ho Thisvaluegivesextraction
pointenteringmoisture
1,196.0 - 1,168.7 M• = 0.0446 at 17.56 psia and 1,110.8 Btu/Ibm
from steam tables.
ho = 1,171.4 Btu/Ibm
Turbine section
(M0 + M•)
This point in the steamtablesagreeswith the average moisture =
assumedpressureof 43.52 psia. If agreementhad
not beenreached,a new pressurewouldhavebeen = (0 + 0.0446)/2
assumed with successive iterations.
0.0223
(d) Calculationof Expansion LineConditionFrom
SaturationLineto No. 2 ExtractionStageEnteringCon-
ditions where M0 = moisture at saturation line
106

Correctionfactorto turbinesectionefficiencyfor (2) Calculations

average moisture w2 = FlowfollowingheaterNo. 2 extraction
= w• - Wext2 (massbalance)
= 1.00 - 0.0223 = 6,781,680 - 487,047
= 6,294,633 Ibm/hr
0.9777
w• x hi = (w2 x h2) + (Wext2
X hext2) (heatbalance)
(6,781,680 x 1,112.1 ) -
Correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis) (487,047 x 1,066.5)
h2 =
6,294,633
90.32 x 0.9777 = 1,115.6 Btu/Ibm
= 88.31%
Thisvaluegivesextractionpointleavingmoisture,
M2 = 0.0396 at 17.56 psia and 1,115.6 Btu/Ibm
Firstiterationto recalculateextractionpointenter- from steam tables.
ing enthalpy,usingcorrectedturbine sectioneffi- (f) Calculation of Moisture Removal Effectiveness.
ciency (wet basis)
E isthe proportion
of "extra"or "freewater"removed
into the extraction line above the amount that nor-
0.8831 =
1,171.4- h• mallywouldbe in the extractionsteamwith moisture
1,171.4- 1,104.3 levelM• as shownin Fig.9.14.
h• = 1,112.1 Btu/Ibm (M 1 - M2)

E2 : x 100
M•
Thisvaluegivesextraction
pointenteringmoisture
M• = 0.0433 at 17.56 psia and 1,112.1 Btu/Ibm where
from steam tables.
SeconditerationusingM• = 0.0433 to calculate M• = extractionpoint enteringmoisture
turbine section average moisturecorrection,re- M 2 = extractionpoint leavingmoisture
sulted in
This relationshipfor E is a closeapproximation

h• -- 1,112.1 Btu/Ibm for the theoretically
correctrelationship
and is suit-
able for this calculation.(Somecasesmay require
M• = 0.0433 carryingE to threedecimalplaces.)
(0.0433 - 0.0396)
Turbine sectionefficiency(wet basis)= 88.37% E2 = x 100 = 8.55%
0.0433
(e) Calculationof Expansion

LineandSteamCon-
ditionsLeavingNo. 2 HeaterExtractionStagePoint (g) Calculationof ExpansionLineConditions From
(SeeFig. 9.14) No. 2 Heater ExtractionStageLeavingConditionsto
(1) Known No. 1 Heater ExtractionStageEnteringConditions
Pressure= 17.56 psia
Steam Path Points
w• = 6,781,680 Ibm/hr[seepara.
9.4.7.2.1(b)] No. 2 HeaterStage No. 1 Heater Stage
h• = 1,112.1 Btu/Ibm[seepara. Pressure,psia 17.56 3.54
9.4.7.2.1(d)] Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,115.6 (hi) h•
M• = 0.0433 [seepara.9.4.7.2.1(d)] Moisture 0.0396 ...
Wext2
= 487,047 Ibm/hr(seepara.
9.4.2.5)
hext2= 1,066.5 BtU/Ibm(seepara. Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 90.32%
9.4.2.5)
(assume zero heat loss in ex-
Efficiency=
tractionpiping)
107

ßStageflow /p
fore
ext.
(1)//////
\',,
.....
• hex• Stage
flow
Extraction
flowto afterext.{2)
No. 2 heater {3)
FIG. 9.14 EXPANSION LINE AND STEAM CONDITIONS LEAVING

NO. 2 HEATER EXTRACTION STAGE POINT
hs = 1,012.1 Btu/Ibmat 3.54 psia and s 0.8392 --

1,115.6- h•
-- 1.68638 Btu/IbmøR from steam tables 1,115.6- 1,012.1
0.9032 --
1,115.6
h• = 1,028.7 Btu/Ibm
1,115.6- 1,012.1
hi = 1,022.1 Btu/Ibm(dry basis) Thisvaluegivesextractionpointenteringmoisture

M• = 0.0957 at 3.54 psia and 1,028.7 Btu/Ibm
from steam tables.
Thisvaluegivesextractionpointenteringmoisture
M• -- 0.1022 at 3.54 psia and 1,022.1 Btu/Ibm SuccessiveiterationsusingM• were made until
from steam tables. resultingmoisturedifferenceswere 0.0001, which
resu Ited in
(M 2 + M 1)
Turbine sectionaveragemoisture --
h• = 1,028.4 Btu/Ibm
where
M• = 0.0960
M 2 -- No. 2 heaterstageleavingmoisture
[para. 9.4.7.2.1 (e)] Turbine sectionefficiency(wet basis)-- 84.20%
Turbine sectionaveragemoisture -- (h) Calculationof Expansion

Lineand SteamCon-
(0.0396 + 0.1022)/2 - 0.0709 ditionsLeavingNo. 1 Heater ExtractionStagePoint
(SeeFig. 9.15)
Correctionfactorto turbine sectionefficiencyfor (1) Known
average moisture -- 1.00 - 0.0709 -- 0.9291 Pressure-- 3.54 psia
w• -- 6,294,633 Ibm/hr[seepara.
Correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis)-- 9.4.7.2.1(e)]
90.32 x0.9291 -- 83.92% hi = 1,028.4 Btu/Ibm[seepara.
9.4.7.2.1(g)]
Firstiterationto recalculateextractionpointenter- M• -- 0.0960 [seepara.9.4.7.2.1(g)]
ing enthalpy,usingcorrectedturbine sectioneffi- wext•= 529,710 Ibm/hr[seepara.
ciency (wet basis) 9.4.2.6(b)]
108

APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES ASME PTC 6Ao2000
M1
i•••
•Stage
•Wl
flow z'p
fore
ext.
(1)
hi
--:--:
..... ..'_•__•
/hex; Stageflow
•"• _
Extraction flow to
a•erext.
(2)
No. 1 heater (3)

NO. I HEATER EXTRACTION STAGE POINT
hext•= 748.2 Btu/Ibm[seepara. where

9.4.2.6(b)] (assumezero heat
lossin extractionpiping) M• = extractionpoint enteringmoisture
(2) Calculations M2 - extractionpointleavingmoisture
(0.0960- 0.0704)
x 100
w2 = Flow following heaterNo. 1 0.0960
extraction = 26.67%
= w• - wext• (massbalance)
= 6,294,633 - 529,710
(j) Calculatethe low pressureturbine exhaust
= 5,764,923 Ibm/hr expansionline end point enthalpyby the same
w• x hi = (w2 x h2) + (Wextlx hextl) methodusedfor previous turbinesections
and com-
pareto ELEPfromoverallturbineenergybalancein
(heat balance) para. 9.4.6.
(6,294,633 x 1,028.4)-
Steam Path Points
(529,710 x 748.2)
h2 = No. 1 HeaterStase LP Turbine Exhaust
5,764,923
= 1,054.2 Btu/Ibm (1.17 in. Hga)
Enthalpy,
Btu/Ibm 1,054.2(hi) ho
Entropy,
Btu/IbmøR 1.75568 ...
Moisture 0.0704 ...
Thisvaluegivesextractionpointleavingmoisture,
M2 - 0.0704 at 3.54 psia and 1,054.2 Btu/Ibm
from steam tables. Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis = 90.32%
(i) Calculation of Moisture Removal Effectiveness,
Efficiency=
(M• - M 2) x 100 hs = 951.68 Btu/Ibmat 0.575 psia

E1 --
M1 s = 1.75568 Btu/IbmøR from steam tables
109

0.9032 =
1,054.2 - ho ThisELEPenthalpy(ho = 970.51 Btu/Ibm),calcu-
1,054.2 - 951.68 latedfrom the low pressureturbineexpansionline
on an extractionstage-by-stage basis,agreeswithin
ho = 961.6 Btu/Ibm(dry basis) 0.05 Btu/Ibmwith the overalllow pressureturbine
energybalanceELEPat 970.53 Btu/Ibm(see para.
Thisvaluegivesextractionpointenteringmoisture 9.4.6). Therefore,the expansion-line calculationis
M0 - 0.1305 at 1.17 in. Hga and 961.6 Btu/Ibm correct. If the expansion-linecalculationhad not
from steam tables. giventhe sameELEPenthalpywithin 0.05 Btu/Ibm,
a new turbine sectionefficiencyon a dry basis
(M• + M0) wouldhavebeenassumed andthe testlow pressure
Turbine sectionaveragemoisture = turbineexpansion-line calculationrepeatedfromthe
beginning of para.9.4.7.2.1 untilagreementresulted.
where
9.4.7.3 The test steampath pressure/flow
rela-
tionshipswere calculatedas shown in Table 9.2.
M• = No. 1 heater stageleaving moisture[see
9.4.8 Calculation of Overall Turbine Section Effi-
para. 9.4.7.2.1 (h)]
cienciesand Effectiveness.
Initial,final, and expan-
Turbine section sion-line steam conditions for the calculation of the
overall turbine section efficiencies and effectiveness
averagemoisture= (0.0704 + 0.1305)/2
= 0.1005 are now known. The calculated test efficiencies and
effectiveness
can then be comparedto the values
Correctionfactorto turbinesectionefficiencyfor derivedfrom the designheat balancesand can be
average moisture usedto determinewhere the gainsor deficiencies
are.
= 1.00-0.1005 High pressureturbineefficiency:

= 0.8995
Efficiency
(hp) hi- ho
hi- hs
Correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis)
1,255.1 - 1,135.7
= 90.32 x 0.8995 = x 100
1,255.1 - 1,116.2
= 81.24%
- 86.O%
Firstiterationto recalculateELEPenthalpyusing
correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis). (a) High PressureTurbineEffectiveness. For.tur-
bineswithmoistureremovalstages, sectionefficiency
0.8124 =
1,054.2 - ho is not an appropriateperformanceindicatoras dis-
1,054.2 - 951.68 cussedin para.5.10.2 of the Code.With the internal
efficiencydefinition,moreeffectivewaterremovalre-
ho = 970.9 Btu/Ibm ducescalculatedefficiency,which is contradictory.
Performance of such turbine section is therefore better
measuredin terms of effectiveness,where
This value gives low pressureturbine exhaust
moistureof M• = 0.1216 at 1.17 in. Hgaand970.9
Btu/ Ibm from steam tables. Dh
Effectiveness =
Successiveiterationsusing M0 were made until Dh + To Ds
resultingmoisturedifferences
were lessthan0.0001,
which resulted in
where
ho = 970.51 Btu/Ibm
M 0 = 0.1220 Dh = sumof theactualwork(in Btu/Ibmor kJ/kg)
of the individualexpansions
in the turbine
Turbinesectionefficiency(wet basis)= 81.63% steampath
110

TABLE 9.2
TEST STEAM PATH PRESSURE/FLOW RELATIONSHIPS
Pressure/Flow
Relationships,
SteamPath Stage
Flows, Pressures, •/1 - M
Stage w-lbm/hr p-psia
Steamflow suppliedto the turbinecycle 10,779,670 ......
Heatingsteamflow to secondstagereheaters -387,790 ......
Throttle flow 10,391,880 ......
Controlvalveleakoff(low pressure) -480 ......
Controlvalveleakoff(highpressure) -1,580 ......

Firststageflow 10,389,820 ......
Heatingsteamflow to firststagereheaters -638,574 ......
Extractionto firststage -430,343 ......
Flowfollowingextraction 9,320,903 507.4 398,087.4
[seepara.9.4.3(d)]
Extraction to No. 5 heater -521,919 ......
Flowfollowingextraction 8,798,984 300.2 630,725.5
[seepara.9.4.7.1.1(d)]
No. 1 packingleakoff -19,766 ......
No. 2 packingleakoff -19,862 ......
No. 1 glandsealleakoff -917 ......
No. 2 glandsealleakoff -917 ......

Flow leavinghighpressure
turbine 7,970,107 175.1 [seepara.9.4.7.1.1(f)]
Moistureremovedby moistureseparator -521,238 ......
Flowto low pressure
turbine 7,448,869 166.4 1,055,948.0
[seepara.9.4.3(b)]
Extraction
to feedwaterpumpturbine -125,354 ......
Flowfollowingextraction 6,781,680 61.03 2,367,142.4
[seepara.9.4.7.2.1(a)]
[seepara.9.4.7.2.1(d)]
[seepara.9.4.7.2.1(g)]
Flow to condenser 5,764,923 ......
Ds = sumoftheentropychanges(inBtu/IbmøRor providedwith moistureremoval stages.In those

kJ/kgK)
corresponding
to the Dh expansions casesit will be necessary
to calculateeffectiveness.
used above (1) Calculations
To = absolutetemperature(in øR or K) corre- Dh = (1,255.1 - 1,210.6) + (1,209.5 -
spondingto the turbineexhaustpressure 1,171.7) + (1,1 71.1 - 1,135.7) (from
expansionline, see Fig.9.16)
High pressureturbine section,in this example, = 117.7 Btu/Ibm
has inlet steam conditions, which contain some Ds = (1.46892 - 1.46183) + (1.47495 -
superheat.Therefore,it is only partiallyoperating 1.46773) + (1.48343 - 1.47422)
in the moistureregionwithout provisionsfor the (fromexpansionline, see Fig.9.16)
moistureremovalstages.In this case,the effective- = 0.02537 Btu/IbmøR
nessis calculatedfor demonstrativepurposes only. To = (370.8 + 459.67)
A substantial
numberof highpressure turbineshave = 830.47 øR(saturated
temperature
inlet steam conditions that contain moisture and are 175.1 psia)
111

HP blading inlet
l'•dry
1,255.1••)•)ø•
No.
: 7.05ø/k/
6heater extraction
1,2 H
No. 5 heater
R•• 1,204.8
H extraction
••ø'q' ne
q wet=
85.37%
1,171.1•
• • 0.0385
0.0393 1,171.7
H
M
HP blading
qwet= 82.24% exhaust
1,135.68 H
0.0713 M
FIG. 9.16 H-S DIAGRAM OF TEST CYCLE HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE
117.7 To = absolutetemperature(in øRor K) corre-

Effectiveness = x 100
117.7 + (830.47 x 0.02537) sponding to theturbineexhaustpressure
= 84.8%
(c) Effectivenessto TEP Calculations
(b) Low Pressure Turbine Effectiveness Dh = (1,278.0- 1,196.2)+(1,196.0- 1,171.4)
+ (1,171.4 - 1,112.1) + (1,115.6 -
Dh
Effectiveness = 1,028.4) + (1,054.2 - 998.93)(from
Dh + To Ds expansionline, seeFig.9.17)
= 308.17 Btu/Ibm
where Ds = (1.66632 - 1.65294) + (1.66973 -
1.66612) + (1.68119 - 1.66973)+
Dh = sum of the actual work (in Btu/Ibm or kJ/ (1.71331 - 1.68638) + (1.84262 -
kg) of the individualexpansions in the 1.75568) (fromexpansionline)
turbinesteampath = 0.14232 Btu/IbmøR
Ds = sumoftheentropychanges (inBtu/IbmøR To = 83.9 + 459.67
or kJ/kgK)corresponding to the Dh = 543.57øR (saturatedtemperature1.17
expansions usedabove in. Hg)
112

.•/LP turbine
bowl
l•dry--90.32%
H
1,196.0 H
No. 2 heater
extraction
1,171.4 H
ine
Tiwet= 88.37% No. 1 heater

1,115.6 H extraction
0.0396 M
1,112.1 H Tiwet= 84.20%

0.0433 M
1,054.2 H
0.0704 M
Tiwet= 81.63%
1,028.4 H-
0.0960 M
97O.53 H
0.1220 M
FIG. 9.17 H-S DIAGRAM OF TEST CYCLE LOW PRESSURE TURBINE
308.17 To = 83.9 + 459.67 = 543.57 øR (saturated

Effectiveness to TEP : x 100
308.17 + (543.57 x 0.14232)
temperature1.17 in. Hg)
= 79.9%
336.57
Effectiveness to ELEP = x 100
336.57 + (543.57 x 0.09007)
(d) Effectiveness to ELEP Calculations
Effectiveness to ELEP = 87.3%
Dh = (1,278.0 - 1,196.2) + (1,1 96.0 - 1,1 71.4)

+ (1,1 71.4 - 1,112.1) + (1,115.6 -
1,028.4) + (1,054.2 - 970.53)(from 9.4.9 Keysto Figs.9.2 and 9.18
expansionline, seeFig.9.17) W = flow, Ibm/hr
= 336.57 Btu/Ibm P = pressure,psia
Ds = (1.66632 - 1.65294) + (1.66973 - h - enthalpy,Btu/Ibm
1.66612) + (1.68119 - 1.66973) + 1 = valve stem leakoff to heater 4
(1.71 331 - 1.68638) + (1.79037 - 2 = valve stem leakoff to SSR
1.75568) (fromexpansionline) 3 = firststagereheaterdrainsto heater6
= 0.09007 Btu/IbmøR 4 = secondstagereheater drainsto heater6
113

5 -- low pressure
turbineextractionsteam (b) Thecycleconditions externalto theequipment
to FWP turbine throttle suppliedby the turbinegeneratormanufacturer are
6 -- high pressuresteamto air ejector calculatedon the sameperformance basisasfor the
7 -- SSRsteamto steampackingexhauster specifiedcycle. These include feedwaterheaters,
8 -- FWP turbine seal steam leakoff to SSR pumpsandpumpdrives(including steamdrivenauxil-
9 -- HP turbineshaftpackingleakageto iaryturbines
notsupplied aspartoftheturbinegenera-
SSR tor package),
extractionline pressure
drops,andheat
10 = HP turbine shaftpackingleakageto losses.
SSR (c) In calculating
the testturbinein the specified
11 -- HP turbine shaftpackingleakageto cycleheatbalancediagram,Fig.9.18, extraction and
SSR steampathflow conditionswill changedue to the
differentcycleequipmentperformance characteristics
(specifiedconditions
ratherthantest).It mustberecog-
9.5 CORRECTION OF TEST PERFORMANCE TO
nizedthatcertainperformance criteriawithinthetur-
SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS
bine must be maintained on the same basis as the test
to reflect the measured turbine characteristic condi-
Thefollowingmethodpresentsoneway of analyz-
ing steamturbineperformancein a nuclearcycle. tions.Therefore,adjustments
to thetestturbinecondi-
tionsarenecessary dueto newsteamflowvaluesand
9.5.1 Group I Corrections.Performanceis cor- includethe following:
rectedfor the effect of the Group 1 variablesas (1) The main steam flow for the test turbine in
describedin para. 5.8.2 of the Code and outlined specifiedcyclemay be differentfromtestdue to the
in para. 5.11 of the Code. The Group 1 variables changein the secondstagereheaterflow.
primarilyincludethe effectof thefeedwater/conden- (2) The reheatturbine inlet pressure(intercept
sate systemand all auxiliary equipmentexternal valve inlet)musthavethe sameflow versuspressure
to the turbinegenerator.Correctionsfor generator relationship astest.Adjustments in the reheatturbine
operatingconditions,which are convenientlymade inlet pressure may be requiredto maintainthe test
at this time, are also included. relationshipwithin 1%. Other pressureversusflow
The test data that reflects the characteristics of relationships shouldagreewith the test within the
the turbine, such as turbine efficiencies,packing same1% limitor 1 psi,whicheveris smaller.
and leakoff flows, and stageflow functions,are (3) If the reheatturbineinlet pressurechanges,
maintained. the highpressure turbineexhaustpressure shouldbe
(a) For this example,theseturbinecharacteristic determined fromthenewreheatturbineinletpressure
conditions,taken from the test data, are as follows: andthetestpressure dropthroughthe moisture sepa-
(1) Test throttle flow to the turbine. ratorreheatersystem(heatedsteamside).
(2) Testmainsteampressure andtemperature. (4) Thetestturbinesectionefficiencies mayre-
(3) Testlow pressure turbineexhaustpressure. quire adjustments as a functionof a changein the
(4) Testpercentpressure dropfromhighpres- averagemoisture, usingthe relationship 1% efficiency
sureturbineexhaustto interceptvalve inlet. changeforeach1% changein averagemoisture. Aver-
(5) Testhighpressure andlow pressure turbine age moistureis definedas the arithmeticaverageof
sectionefficiencieson a dry basis. the moisture at the inlet and at the exit of the turbine
(6) Testterminaltemperature differences
forthe section under consideration.
first and secondstagereheaters(thesecomponents
are suppliedby the turbinegeneratormanufacturer). 9.5.1.1 Calculationof TestTurbinein Specified
(7) Testmoistureseparatorperformance (these Cycle.Thecyclecorrectionfor the effectof variables
componentsare suppliedby the turbinegenerator thatprimarilyaffectthe feedwater/condensate heater
manufacturer). systemis determinedby calculatinga new heat
(8) Test turbine steam seal leakoffs and steam balance,whichusesthe testturbineexpansionline,
sealsystemflows. testpackingleakages, testmoistureremovaleffective-
(9) Feedwater flow leavingthehighest pressure ness,testthrottleflow, andspecifiedcycleconditions
feedwaterheaterisequalto thetestturbineflow plus in accordancewith para. 5.11 of the Code. This
the specifiedair ejectorsteamflow (1,000 Ibm/hr). heat balanceusesan iterativecalculationprocedure
(10) No changein waterstorageat any pointin in whichthe specifiedextractionline pressure drop,
the cycle. specifiedheater terminal temperatureand drain
114

- '•' -o •J,- qSZSL '":: •:..,::

J
• I • •J 44lzl;,80J9 "
• I•. •1•1 I
• \ Q.. qg'690'
L
j - 44
qcj'ZBL qõ'98L
6/P"õZõ
J
q 8'•:8L o
qS'LGL'L
• •/7•
A4gSL'91,9
A4t•t•0'986'9
_.,"• 1.06' I
q6'99Z: m• J
n A•OLg'O•L'O• Y=,'• I •1
U
q 6'•:t,g
3,4 8g•' L•9
--•q •Z:'6gL'L,
AA Z:98'6L
t
AA L96'Lg9 ' '
•, I. • q •'OZ:Z' L
3,4 •80'999
ø(D-
o
L_• A/t
i./t,•'6gL'L
99L'6L
o
,..
i-
o
z
(• ß
115

cooler approachdifferences,test extractionstage Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 87.05%.

coefficients, and moisture removal effectivenessare See paras.9.4.7.1 and 9.4.7.1.1(g).
used to determine new extraction flows for all heaters No. 6 heaterextractionpressure mustbe assumed
and moistureseparatorreheater.This in turn allows due to the change in the extractionflow while
the calculationof a new low pressure
turbineexhaust maintainingthe testturbinepressure/flow relation-
flow and enthalpy of the steam flowing to the ship. This assumptionwill be checked in para.
condenser.The corresponding generatoroutput is 9.5.1.1 .l(d).
then calculatedby meansof an energybalance
around the overall turbine, and this is used with
Efficiency--
the corresponding turbineheat inputto calculatea
correctedturbine heat rate for comparisonto the
specifiedperformance. hs '- 1,204.0 Btu/Ibmat 507.4 psia
In this example,the high pressure turbineexpan- s -- 1.461 83 Btu/Ibm øR from the steam tables
sion line lies partially in the superheatedsteam
1,255.1 - h•
region.Therefore,the amountof moisturepresent O.87O5 =
1,255.1 - 1,204.0
at extractionstagesto Nos. 6 and 5 heatersis
relativelysmall.No. 4 heaterextractioncontainsa h• -- 1,210.6 Btu/Ibm
significantpercentage of moisture,and No. 3 heater
receivessuperheated steam.The technicallycorrect
Thisvalue putsthe extractionpoint in the super-
procedure to befollowedisgivenaboveandrequires
revised calculations for all feedwater heaters,which
heatedregionat 507.4 psia and 1,210.6 Btu/Ibm
from the steam tables.
are shownbelow. For nomenclature
see Fig. 9.11. (b) Calculation of No. 6 Heater Extraction Flow
(1) SpecifiedConditions
9.5.1.1.1 Calculationof High PressureTur-
binein Specified
Cycle.Highpressure
turbine
expan- Pressure
drop from turbine steampath to
sion initial conditions are as follows. heater shell - 5%
Heater terminaltemperaturedifference-
5OF
HighPressure
Turbine Draincoolertemperature
difference= 10øF
MainSteam HPBladin•Inlet
(2) Assumptions
(CheckedLater)
(907.1 x 0.98)
Turbinesteampath pressure= 507.4 psia [as-
U•ed 2% pressure drop
throughthrottleand
sumedin para. 9.5.1.1.1(a)]
control valves hex• = 1,220.4 Btu/Ibm(sameas testdata)
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,255.1 1,255.1 wrl,•= 430,708 Ibm/hr [checked in para.
Entropy,Btu/IbmøR ... 1.46183 9.5.1.1 .l(n)]
hrh• = 443.0 Btu/Ibm (same as test data, see
Fig.9.16)
From test cycle calculationsuse high pressure wrh2= 388,560 Ibm/hr [checked in para.
turbineefficiency- dry basis= 87.05%. 9.5.1.1.1(o)]
See para. 9.4.7.1 and para. 9.4.7.1.1(g). hrh2 = 525.8 Btu/Ibm (same as test data, see
(a) Expansion LineConditionFromHP BladingIn- Fig.9.16)
let to No. 6 Heater.Extraction
stageenteringcondi- tfi6= tlo5 = 407.7øF [checked in para.
tions are as follows. 9.5.1.1.l(g)]
Determine tro6= 458.2øF (and hœo
6 = 439.8 Btu/
Steam Path Points
Ibm) from terminaltemperaturedifferenceapplied
No. 6 Heater
to the heatersaturationtemperatureas a function
HPBlading
Inlet of heater shell pressure(482.0 psia), which was
(assumed)
calculatedfrom turbinesteampath pressure(507.4
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,255.1 (hi) h• psia)as assumed,minusthe specifiedpressure drop
Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.46183 ß . . to heater.Determinetd6= 417.7øF(and hd6= 394.5
Moisture 0 . o o
Btu/Ibm)fromthe specified
draincoolertemperature
116

differenceapplied to the assumedNo. 6 heater 10,389,050 x 1,210.6- 1,066,792 x 1,220.4

water inlet temperature.Determinehfi6 = 384.4 9,322,258
Btu/Ibm from the assumed No. 6 water heater inlet
,209.5 Btu/Ibm
temperature.
Feedwaterflow leavingthe highestpressure(No.
6) feedwaterheateris equalto the testturbineflow Specificvolume, v = 0.9255 cu ft/Ibm at 507.4
(10,779,670 Ibm/hr)plus the specifiedair ejector psia and 1,209.5 Btu/Ibmfrom steamtables.
steam flow (1,000 Ibm/hr). (d) Checkassumed turbinesteampathpressure at
(3) Calculate No. 6 Heater Extraction Flow the No. 6 heater extraction stage [see para.
9.5.1.1.l(a)] by applyingtheteststeampathpressure/
Wext6 =
wfi6(hfo6-hfi6)- Wrhl(hrhl-- hd6)- Whr2(hrh2-hd6) flow relationship for No. 6 heaterextractionstageto
hext6- hd6 the specifiedcyclesteampathflow leavingthe No.
10,780,670 (439.8 - 384.4) - 430,708 6 heater extraction stage calculated in para.
(443.0- 394.5)- 388,560 (525.8- 394.5) 9.5.1.1.1(c).
1,220.4- 394.5
636,084 Ibm/hr
--K
(c) Calculation of Steam Conditions at No. 6 Heater

ExtractionStage(SeeFig.9.3) where
(1) Known
Pressure= 507.4 psia [assumedin para. K = 398,087.4 (constant),

seepara.9.4.7.3
9.5.1.1.1 .(a)] w = w2 = 9,322,258 Ibm/hr, see para.
w• = steampaththroughflow 9.5.1.1.1(c)
= test throttle flow to turbine - v = 0.9255 cu ft/Ibm,seepara.9.5.1.1.1(c)
seco,nd
stagemoistureseparator M = moisture= 0.0 (superheated steam)
reheater flow - control valve p = stagepressure,psia
leakoff(high pressure)flow-
controlvalve leakoff(low pres- 9,322,258/•1p/0.9255
sure) flow = 398,O87.4
= 10,779,670 - 388,560 -
•/1 - 0.0
1,580 - 480
= 10,389,050 Ibm/hr p = 507.6 psia
h• = 1,210.6 Btu/Ibm [see para.
9.5.1.1 .l(a)]
This value checksthe assumedpressure.If the
W3 = Wext6-I- Wrh1 = 636,084 +
assumedpressureis not correctwithin 1% or 1.0
430,708 [seepara.9.5.1.1.1(b)] psi, whicheveris smaller,iterationsusinga new
= 1,066,792 Ibm/hr
assumedpressuremustbe made for No. 6 heater
h3 : hext3= 1,220.4 Btu/Ibm [as- extractionstageenteringconditionswith subsequent
sumedin para.9.5.1.1.l(b)] repeatcalculationsuntil agreementis reached.
w2 = Flow leavingNo. 6 extraction Becausethe assumedextractionpressure(same
stage as test) needs not to be revised and the steam
= w• - w3 = 10,389,050 -
conditions
upstream
of thisextraction
zonearesuper-
1,066,792 (mass balance)
heated,the assumedextractionenthalpy(sameas
= 9,322,258 Ibm/hr test) also needs not to be revised.
(2) Calculation
of Enthalpy
andSpecificVolume (e) Steam Conditions Where ExpansionLine
LeavingNo. 6 HeaterExtraction
Stage[Point(2)] CrossesSaturationLine. Assume476.2 psia at the
crossingpoint,whichgiveshs= 1,204.05Btu/Ibmat
476.2 psiaand s = 1.46773 Btu/IbmøRfrom steam
w• x h• = w2 x h2 + w3 x h3 (heat balance) tables.
w• x h•- w3x h3 Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 87.05%
h2 =
W2 [seeparas.9.4.7.1 and 9.4.7.1.1(g)]
117

Efficiency= average moisture
hi - h•
O.87O5
1,209.5 - ho = 1.00 - 0.0192
1,209.5 - 1,204.05
= 0.9808
ho - 1,204.8 Btu/Ibm
This point in the steamtablesagreeswith the
= 87.05 x 0.9808
assumedpressure of 476.2 psia. If agreement
had
not beenreacheda new pressure wouldhavebeen 85.1 3%
assumed with successive iterations.
(f) ExpansionLineConditionFromSaturationLine
Firstiterationto recalculateextractionpointenter-
to No. 5 Extraction:
StageEnteringConditions
Steam Path Points ing enthalpy,usingcorrectedturbinesectioneffi-
Saturation Line No. 5 Heater ciency(wet basis)
Pressure,psia 476.2 300.0 (assumed)
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,204.8 (h,) h• 0.8513 =
1,204.8 - h•
Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.4685 1,204.8 - 1,166.0
Moisture 0.0
h• = 1,171.7 Btu/Ibm
[seeparas.9.4.7.1 and 9.4.7.1.1(g)].
No. 5 heaterextractionpressuremustbe assumed Thisvaluegivesextractionpointenteringmoisture
due to the change in the extractionflow while M• = 0.0386 at 300.0 psia and 1,171.7 Btu/Ibm
from steam tables.
maintainingthe testturbinepressure/flowrelation-
ship. This assumptionwill be checkedin para. Successiveiterationsusing M• were made until
9.5.1.1.1(i). resultingmoisturedifferenceswere 0.0001, which
resulted in
hs = 1,166.0 Btu/Ibmat 300.0 psia and s h• = 1,171.7 Btu/Ibm

M• = 0.0386
1,204.8 - h• Turbinesectionefficiency(wet basis)= 85.37%

O.87O5 =
1,204.8 - 1,166.0
(g) Calculationof No. 5 Heater ExtractionFlow
h• = 1,171.0 Btu/Ibm(dry basis) (SeeFig. 9.5)
Pressuredrop from turbinesteampath to
Thisvaluegivesextractionpointenteringmoisture heater shell = 5%
M• = 0.0384 at 300.0 psia and 1,171.0 Btu/Ibm Heaterterminaltemperaturedifference-
from steam tables.
5OF
Draincoolertemperature difference= 10øF

(M0 + M•) (2) Assumptions (CheckedLater).Turbinesteam
Turbine sectionaveragemoisture = path pressure= 300.0 psia [firstassumedin para.
9.5.1.1.1(fi] hext5= 1,182.5 Btu/Ibm(calculatedat
(0.0 + 0.0384)
assumedpressure of 300.0 psiafrom testextraction
steamconditions of 300.2 psiaand 1,182.5 Btu/Ibm
-- 0.0192 by drawingexpansionlineparallelto theturbinesec-
tion expansionline).
where M0 - moistureat saturationline tfi5 = 362.2øF
118

Determine tfo5= 407.7øF (and hfo5= 384.4 Btu/ w• x h• = w2 x h2 + w3 X h3 (heat balance)

Ibm) from terminaltemperature differenceapplied
to the heatersaturationtemperatureas a function h2: wlXh•- w3x h3
W2
of heater shell pressure(285.0 psia), which was
calculatedfrom turbinesteampath pressure (300.0 9,322,258 X 1,171.7 -- 537,961 X 1,182.5
psia)as assumed, minusthe specifiedpressure drop 8,784,297
to heater.Determinetd5= 372.2øF(and hd5= 345.4
- 1,171.0 Btu/Ibm
Btu/Ibm)fromthe specifieddraincoolertemperature
differenceapplied to the assumedNo. 5 heater Specificvolume,v = 1.4827 cu ft/Ibmand mois-
water inlet temperature.Determineha5 = 336.0 ture, M2 = 0.0394 at 300.0 psia and 1,171.0 Btu/
Btu/Ibm from the assumed No. 5 water heater inlet Ibm from steam tables.
temperature. (i) Checkassumedturbinesteampath pressure at
(3) Calculate No. 5 Heater Extraction Flow
the No. 5 heater extraction stage [see para.
9.5.1.1.1(fi] by applyingtheteststeampathpressure/
wfi5(hfo5- hfi5)- Wd6(hd6- hd•) flow relationship for No. 5 heaterextraction
stageto
Wext5 :
hext5-- hd5 the specifiedcyclesteampathflow leavingthe No.
5 heater extraction stage calculated in para.
where 9.5.1.1 .l(h).
wfi5= wfo6= 10,780,670 Ibm/hr,seepara.9.5.1.1.1(b) wl'x/plv

=K
Wd6 • Wext6 + Wrh1 + Wrh2 ',,,/1-M
= 636,084 + 430,708 + 388,560 where
- 1,455,352 Ibm/hr, see para. 9.5.1.1.1(b) K= 630,725.5 (constant),seepara.9.4.7.3

w= w2= 8,784,297Ibm/hr,seepara.9.5.1.1.l(h)
hd6-- 394.5 Btu/Ibm,see para. 9.5.1.1.1(b)
v= 1.4827 cu ft/Ibm,seepara.9.5.1.1.1(h)
10,780,670 (384.4 - 336.0) - M2 : 0.0394, seepara.9.5.1.1.1(h)
1,455,352 (394.5 - 345.4)
p = stagepressure,psia
1,182.5 - 345.4
8,784,297/•/p/1.4827
= 537,961 Ibm/hr = 630,725.5
•/1 - 0.0394
(h) Calculation orSteam Conditions at No. 5 Heater
ExtractionStage(SeeFig.9.12) p = 299.5 psia
(1) Known
Pressure- 300.0 psia [assumedin para. assumedpressureis not correctwithin 1% or 1.0
9.5.1.1 .l(f)] psi, whicheveris smaller, iterationsusinga new
Wl = steam path through flow = assumedpressuremustbe made for No. 5 heater
9,322,258 Ibm/hr [w2 from extractionstageenteringconditionswith subsequent
para.9.5.1.1.1(c)] repeatcalculationsuntil agreementis reached.
hi = 1,171.7 Btu/Ibm [para. Becausethe assumedextractionpressureneeds
9.5.1.1 .l(f)] not to be revised and there are no water removal
w3 = Wext5 = 537,961 Ibm/hr[para. provisionsat this location(extractionenthalpyis
9.5.1.1.l(g)] higherthan steampath enthalpy),the assumedex-
h3 = hext3= 1,182.5 Btu/Ibm[para. tractionenthalpyalso needsnot to be revised.
9.5.1.1.l(g)] (j) Calculationof ExpansionLine From No. 5
w2 = flow leavingNo. 6 extraction HeaterExtraction Stage:LeavingConditionsto High
stage Pressure Turbine Exhaust Conditions
= wl - w3 = 9,322,258 - Steam Path Points
537,961 (mass balance) = No. 5 Heater HP Exhaust
8,784,297 Ibm/hr Pressure,

psia 300.0 175.1 (assumed)
(2) Calculationof EnthalpyandSpecificVolume Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.4742 ...
LeavingNo. 5 HeaterExtraction Stage[Point(2)] Moisture 0.0394 ...
119

Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 87.05%; This value gives high pressureturbine blading
see paras.9.4.7.1 and para. 9.4.7.1.1(g) exhaustpoint moistureM• = 0.0713 at 175.1 psia
HP turbine exhaustpressuremust be assumed and 1,135.7 Btu/Ibm from steam tables.
due to the change in the extractionflow while SeconditerationusingM• = 0.0713 to calculate
maintainingthe test turbinepressure/flow relation- turbine section average moisture correction, re-
ship.This pressurelevel is dependenton LP inlet suited in
pressure.Therefore, thisassumptionwill be checked
h• = 1,135.64 Btu/Ibm
in para. 9.5.1.1.2(a)by checkingLP inlet pressure.
This pressurewill need to be revisedif LP inlet M• = 0.0713
pressureis revised. Turbinesectionefficiency(wet basis)= 82.23%
h• = 1,128.0 Btu/Ibmat 175.1 psia and s (k) Calculation of No. 4 Heater Extraction Flow
= 1.4742 Btu/IbmøR from steam tables (SeeFig.9.6)
1,171.0 Pressuredrop from turbinesteampath to
0.8705 = heater shell - 5%
1,171.0- 1,128.0
Heater terminaltemperaturedifference=
5OF
h• = 1,133.6 Btu/Ibm(dry basis)
Draincoolertemperature difference= 10øF
This value gives high pressurebladingexhaust (2) Assumptions (CheckedLater)
moistureM• = 0.0737 at 175.1 psia and 1,133.6 Turbinesteampath pressure= 175.1 psia [as-
Btu/ Ibm from steam tables. sumedin para. 9.5.1.1.1(j)] hext4= 1,097.8 Btu/
Ibm (sameas test data, see Fig. 9.2) hfi4 = 256.9
Turbine section M2 + M 1 Btu/Ibm
average moisture 2 Determinetfo4= 361.7øF(and hœi
4 = 334.1 Btu/
0.0394 + 0.0737
Ibm) from terminaltemperaturedifferenceapplied
to the heatersaturationtemperatureas a function
= 0.0566 calculatedfrom turbinesteampath pressure(175.1
psia)as assumed, minusthe specifiedpressuredrop
where to heater. Determine tci4 : 287.1øF from the as-
sumedNo. 4 water heaterinletenthalpy.Determine
M2 : No. 5 heater stage leaving moisture td4= 297.1øF(and hd4 = 266.9 Btu/Ibm)from the
specifieddraincoolertemperature
differenceapplied
Correctionfactorto turbinesectionefficiencyfor to the assumedNo. 4 heaterwaterinlettemperature.
average moisture: (3) Calculate No. 4 Heater Extraction Flow
= 1.00 - 0.0566 Wext4= wri4(hro4- hri4)- Wd5(hals- hal4)-

Wmsd
(hmsd-hd4
) - Whplo
(hhplo-hd4
)
= 0.9434
hext4- hd4
where
Correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis):
w•i4= w•o6= 10,780,670 Ibm/hr,see para. 9.5.1.1.1(b)
= 87.05 x 0.9434
Wd5 : Wd6 + Wext5
= 82.12%
= 1,455,352 + 537,961
Firstiterationto recalculatehigh pressure

turbine -- 1,993,313 Ibm/hr, see para. 9.5.1.1.1(g)
bladingexhaustenthalpy,usingcorrectedturbine hd5-- 345.4 Btu/Ibm,see para.9.5.1.1.1(g)
sectionefficiency(wet basis)
10,780,670 (334.1 - 256.9) - 1,993,313 (345.4 - 266.9)
0.8212
1,171.0-h• - 521,834 (342.9 - 266.9) - 1,580 (1,255.1 - 266.9)
1,171.0- 1,128.0 vi/ext4
= 1,097.8
- 266.9
hi = 1,135.7 Btu/Ibm = 763,716 Ibm/hr
120

w1 stage p
flow before //
xt.
(1)//z
•, /zz w2
hi ___'•x,/__
HP
exhaust
flov•
h2
• after
ext.
(2)
h3
heater No. 4 (3)

NO. 4 HEATER EXTRACTION STAGE POINT
(I) Calculation of Steam Conditions at No. 4 Heater

= 1,139.2 Btu/Ibm
ExtractionStage(SeeFig. 9.19)
(1) Known
(m) Calculationof MoistureSeparatorDrain Flow
Pressure= 175.1 psia [assumedin para. (1) Known
9.5.1.1.l(j)] High pressureturbine exhaustflow to moisture
wl = high pressureturbine blading separatorand shaft packingleakoff = 8,020,581
exhaust flow Ibm/hr,see para. 9.5.1.1.1(I)
= 8,784,297 Ibm/hr [w2 from High pressureturbineflow enthalpyto moisture
para.9.5.1.1.1(h)] separator(MS) = 1,139.2 Btu/Ibm, see para.
hi = 1135.64 Btu/Ibm, see para. 9.5.1.1.1(I)
9.5.1.1.l(j) High pressure exhaustpressure= 175.1 psia,see
w3 = wext4= 763,716 Ibm/hr, see para. 9.5.1.1.1(j)
para. 9.5.1.1.1(k) Reheatsteampressureat MS = 171.6 psia (2%
h3 -hext3 = 1,097.8 Btu/Ibm [as- pressuredrop from high pressureexhaustto MS -
sumedin para.9.5.1.1.1(k)] same as test)
w2 = high pressureturbine exhaust Reheat steam moisture at MS = 0.0666 (moisture
flow to moistureseparatorand at 171.6 psiaand 1,139.2 Btu/Ibmfromsteamtables)
shaftpackingleakoffs Moisturecarryover fromMS = 0.0012 [frompara.
= wl - w3 = 8,784,297 - 9.4.3(c)]
763,716 (massbalance) Reheatsteamenthalpyat moistureseparatorexit
= 8,020,581 Ibm/hr = 1,195.1 Btu/Ibm(enthalpyat 171.6 psia and
0.0012 moisture from steam tables)
(2) Calculation
of Enthalpy
of HighPressure
Tur- (2) Calculations
bine ExhaustFlow to MoistureSeparatorand Shaft High pressureturbine exhaustflow to moisture
PackingLeakoffs[Point(2)] separator= w2- Whpslo1- Whpslo2- Wlpslo1
- Wlpslo2
(mass balance)
wl x hi = w2 x h2 + w3 X h3 (heat balance)
= 8,020,581 - 19,766-917- 19,862-917
w• x h• - w3 x h3
h2 = = 7,979,119 Ibm/hr
W2
8,784,297 x 1,135.64 Moistureseparator

- 763,716 x 1,097.8 drain flow -- 7,979,119 (0.0666 - 0.0012)
8,020,581 = 521,834 Ibm/hr
121

rcentincrease I Percentch ngei heat ate I I
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-0.2
I '"k.••._ R.t•dlflow
I
-0.4 i i
•.• 85%I I
P;rcent
•ecreate
-0.6
I I
Percent increase
I
Rated flow
-'•'•60%
+0.60 [
i 85%
Percent
change
in• • '100%
kilowatt
load
+0'40
/•
+0.20
Percent
change
in
pressure I I I I
-5-4-3-2-1/ +1+2+3+4+5
/ -0.40
-0.60
••' Percent
decrease I I
FIG. 9.20 THROTTLE PRESSURE CORRECTION TO HEAT RATE AND LOAD
122

Percentincrease Percentchangein heat rate

+0.60
• +0.40
•- +0.20
• Temperature
change,
øF
-20 -10 • +10 +20
_0.20
-0.40
-0.60
Percent decrease
I I I
Percentincrease Percentchangein kilowattload
+0'60 J
+0.40 J
+0'20 J
J Temperature
I change,
øF
I
-20 -10 J +10 +20
J -0.20
J -0.40
J -0.60
Percent decrease
I I I
FIG. 9.21 THROTTLE TEMPERATURE CORRECTION TO HEAT RATE AND LOAD
123

I I I
(minus percent change in heat rate) x 100
Percent change in load =
100 + percent change in heat rate
12
10 /
A
!
B
/
Exhaust pressure, in. Hg absolute
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
-2
Throttle Flow, Ibm/hr
A = 3,800,000
B = 5,500,000
C = 7,800,000
D- 10,400,000
-4
FIG. 9.22 EXHAUST PRESSURE CORRECTION TO HEAT RATE
124

HP blading
•b•bcb.•/•
inlet
T•dr¾
1,255.1/•/[
=87.05ø/•"
No.
6
heater extraction
12 H
No. 5 heater
••1,204.8 H
• line
•/ extraction
1,170.0H--,4 y'-- 1,171.7H
0.0394.•
/ 0.0386
M
I•lwet=
82.23%
/ HP
exhaust
,,,•-- 1,135.64H
0.0713
M
FIG. 9.23 H-S DIAGRAM FROM TEST TURBINE IN SPECIFIED CYCLE, HIGH PRESSURETURBINE
125

LP turbine
I
/'•'•ø'5
bowl No. 3 heater extraction
•o•/ •ldry
=90.32%
• 1,196.3
h
1,196.1•
•
-• m1,171.4h
No.
2heater
• / extraction
Sat••. ^b,ø•"
line
••
•wet
=88.30%•
• 1,115.5
h
// 0.0397
M No. I heater
1,111.9
h• l•wet
- 83.92% extraction
' •..••1,054.4
h
,,•.•.•'"'
I 010703
M
. •/P'• 970.53h
•oA•o.,•"O.1220
M
FIG. 9.24 H-S DIAGRAM FROM TEST TURBINE IN SPECIFIED CYCLE, LOW PRESSURETURBINE
126

5O
/
•o4O
= 30
//
' /
• 20
/
• •o
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400
Annulus Velocity. ft/sec
FIG. 9.25 EXHAUST LOSS
lO -•.
Fixed loss = 2,811 kW
0psig
H
2pressure
• ,
• • • •..• Minimum
H2
pressu
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Generator Output, MVA
127

Reheater steam flow = 7,979,119 - 521,834 (1) Known
= 7,457,285 Ibm/hr Secondstagereheatersteam

supplypressure(3.0%
pressuredropfromHP
(n) Calculation
ofHeatingSteamFlowtoFirstStage exhaust to reheater) 169.8 psia
Reheater.
Theheating steamflowtofirststagereheater Secondstagereheater
(W•h•)was calculatedfrom heat and massbalances heatingsteamenthalpy
1,255.1 Btu/Ibm
aroundthe firststagereheateras follows(seeFig. Secondstagereheaterdrain
9.10): 525.8 Btu/Ibm
flow enthalpy(hrh2)
(1) Known Secondstagereheater
terminaltemperature 20.4øF,see para.
Firststagereheatersteam difference 9.4.3(c)
supplypressure Secondstagereheater
(2.0% pressuredropfrom supplysteampressure
extractionpointto reheater) = 171.6 psia [2.0% pressure
dropfrom
Firststagereheaterheating main steampressureat
steamenthalpy(h$) = 1,220.4 Btu/Ibm throttle(907.1 psia)] 889.0 psia
Firststagereheaterdrainflow Secondstagereheater
enthalpy(hrh•) = 443.0 Btu/Ibm supplysteamsaturation
Firststagereheaterterminal temperature 530.5øF
temperaturedifference = 21.6øF[seepara.9.4.3(d)] Secondstagereheatersteam 530.5- 20.4 =
Firststagereheatersupply outlettemperature 510.1øF
steampressure[5.0% Secondstagereheatersteam
pressure
dropfromextraction outletenthalpy(h4) 1,278.0 Btu/Ibm
pressure
at bladepath(507.4 Secondstagereheaterinlet 1,240.0 Btu/Ibm, see
psia)] = 482.0 psia steamenthalpy(h6) para. 9.5.1.1.1(n)
Firststagereheatersupply Reheaterflow (w3) 7,457,285 Ibm/hr, see
steamsaturationtemperature = 463.3øF para. 9.5.1.1.1(m)
Firststagereheatersteamoutlet
temperature = 463.3- 21.6 = 441.7øF
(2) Calculations
Firststagereheatersteamoutlet
enthalpy(h6) 1,240.0 Btu/Ibm
Firststagereheaterinletsteam 1,195.1 Btu/Ibm,seepara.
W3(h4 - h6) = Wrh2(h• - hrh2)(heatbalance)
enthalpy(h3) 9.5.7.1 .l(m)
Reheaterflow (w3) 7,457,285 Ibm/hr,seepara.
9.5.7.1 .l(m) W3(h6- h3) 7,457,285 (1,278.0- 1,240.0)
Wrh2
-- h•- hrh2-- 1,255.1- 525.8
= 388,560 Ibm/hr
(2) Calculations
9.5.1.1.2 Calculation of Low Pressure Turbine
in SpecifiedCycle
w3 (h6- h3) = Wrh•(h5 - hrh•)(heat balance)
(a) Checkassumed turbinepressure
atthelowpres-
W3(h6- h3) sureturbineinletbyapplyingtheteststeampathpres-
Wrh 1
(h5- h•h•) sure/flowrelationshipfor low pressureturbineinlet
7,457,285 (1,240.0 - 1,1 95.1 ) to the specifiedcycle steamflow enteringthe low
1,220.4 - 443.0
pressureturbinecalculatedin para.9.5.1.1.1(m).
(b) Specific
volume,v = 3.3439cuft/Ibmat 166.4
430,708 Ibm/hr psiaand 1,278.0 Btu/Ibmfromsteamtables.
w/•/p/v
=K
(o) CalculateHeatingSteamFlowto SecondStage •/1-M
Reheater.Theheatingsteamflow to secondstagere-
heater (W•h2)
was calculatedfrom heat and massbal-
ancesaroundthe secondstagereheateras follows where
(see Fig. 9.10): K = 1,055,948.0 (constant),see para. 9.4.7.3
128

w2 = 7,457,285 Ibm/hr, see para.

9.5.1.1 .l(m) Efficiency=
3.3439 cu ft/Ibm
0.0 hs = 1,187.5 Btu/Ibmat 61.09 psia and s
stagepressure,psia = 1.65507 Btu/IbmøR from the steam tables
0.9032 =
1,278.0 - hi
7,457,285/•/p/3.3439 1,278.0 - 1,187.5
= 1,055,948.0
•/1.00 - 0.0 h• = 1,196.3 Btu/Ibm
p = 166.8 psia Thisvalueputsextractionpointin the superheated

regionat 61.09 psiaand 1,196.3 Btu/Ibmfrom the
steam tables.
This value checksthe assumedpressure.If the (d) Calculation of No. 3 Heater Extraction Flow
assumedpressureis not correctwithin 1% or 1.0 (SeeFig.9.7)
psi, whicheveris smaller,iterationsusinga new (l ) SpecifiedConditions
assumedpressuremustbe made for low pressure Pressuredrop from turbinesteampath to
turbineinlet conditionswith subsequent repeatcal- heater shell = 5%
culationsuntil agreementis reached. Heater terminaltemperaturedifference=
Becauselow pressure turbineinlet pressure
need 5OF
notbe revised,highpressureturbineexhaustpressure Draincoolertemperature difference- does
also needs no revision.
notapply,sincethereis no draincooler.
Low pressure turbineexpansioninitial conditions (2) Assumptions (CheckedLater)
are presentedin the followingtable: Turbinesteampath pressure= 61.09 psia [first
Low Pressure Turbine assumedin para. 9.5.1.1.2(c)]
Inlet Bowl he,•t3= 1,197.9 Btu/Ibm(calculatedat assumed
pressureof 61.09 psia from test extractionsteam
(166.4 x 0.98) conditionsof 61.03 psia and 1,197.8 Btu/Ibmby
Used2% pressuredrop drawingexpansion lineparallelto theturbinesection
throughintercept expansionline).
valves
Entropy,Btu/IbmøR ... 1.65507
hfi3= 182.8 Btu/Ibm[checkedin para. 9.5.1.1.2(i)]
From test cycle calculationsuse low pressure Determine•tfo

3 : 285.5øF (and hfo3 = 255.3 Btu/
turbineefficiency
- drybasis= 90.32% [seeopening Ibm) from terminaltemperaturedifferenceapplied
sectionof paras.9.4.7.2 and 9.4.7.2.1(j)] to the heatersaturationtemperatureas a function
(c) ExpansionLine ConditionFromInlet to No. 3 of heatershell pressure(58.036 psia),which was
Heater ExtractionStage.Enteringconditionsare as calculatedfromturbinesteampath pressure (61.09
follows: psia)as assumed, minusthe specifiedpressuredrop
Steam Path Points
to heater.Determinetd3= 290.5øF(andhd3= 259.9
LP Bowl No. 3 Heater
Btu/Ibm)fromthe specifieddraincoolertemperature
differenceapplied to the assumedNo. 3 heater
Pressure,
water inlet temperature.
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,278.0(hi) h•
Moisture 0.0 ... wfi4 = 10,780,670 Ibm/hr
Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 90.32% hfi4 = 256.9 Btu/Ibm[assumedin para. 9.5.1.1.1(I)]

[seeparas.9.4.7.2 and 9.4.7.2.1(j)]
No. 3 heaterextractionpressuremustbe assumed Steamsuppliedto feedwaterpump turbine =
due to the change in the extractionflow while 125,354Ibm/hr(Usedsameastestin thisexample;
maintainingthe test turbinepressure/flow
relation- couldbe revisedbasedon specifiedfeedwaterpump
ship. This assumption will be checkedin para. turbineand pumpefficienciesif theseare supplied
9.5.1.1.2(f). by otherthan turbinemanufacturer)
129

Wd4 = 1,993,313 + 1,580 + 763,716 + 521,834 w• x h• = w2 x h2 + Ws X hs (heat balance)
(3) Calculation of No. 3 Heater Steam Flow h2: w1Xh•W2

- w3x h3
7,457,285 x 1,196.3
wfi4(hfi4- hfi3)- Wd4(hd4- hfi3) - 640,537 x 1,197.9
W3 =
h3 - hfi3 6,816,748
10,780,670 (256.9 - 182.8) - = 1,196.1 Btu/Ibm
3,280,443 (266.9 - 182.8)
1,197.9 - 182.8
Specificvolume,v = 7.4301 cu if/Ibm at 61.09
= 51 5,183 Ibm/hr psia and 1,196.1 Btu/Ibmfrom steamtables.
(f) Checkassumed turbinesteampath pressure at
(4) Calculation of No. 3 Heater Extraction Flow the No. 3 heater extraction stage [see para.
9.5.1.1.2(c)]by applyingtheteststeampathpressure/
flow relationshipfor No. 3 heaterextractionstageto
Wext3: W3 + steamto feedwaterpump turbine the specifiedcyclesteampathflow leavingthe No.
= 515,183 + 125,354 3 heater extraction stage calculated in para.
9.5.1.1.2(e).
= 640,537 Ibm/hr
w/lp/v =K
(5) Calculation
of Condensate
FlowEntering
No.
3 Heater
where
Wfi3 : Wfi4- Wd4- W3

K = 2,367,142.4 (constant),
seepara.9.4.7.3
= 10,780,670- 3,280,443- 515,183 w = w2 = 6,816,748 Ibm/hr, see para.
9.5.1.1.2(e)
= 6,985,044 Ibm/hr
v = 7.4301 cu ft/Ibm,seepara.9.5.1.1.2(e)
M = moisture= 0.0 (superheated steam)
(e) Calculation of Steam Conditions at No. 3 Heater p = stagepressure,
p•ia
ExtractionStage
(1) Known 6,816,748/•/p/7.4301
= 2,367,142.4
Pressure
= 61.09 psia [assumedin para. •/1 - 0.0
9.5.1.1.2(c)]
w• = steampaththroughflow = low p = 61.62psia
pressureturbine inlet flow =
7,457,285 Ibm/hr
assumedpressureis not correctwithin 1% or 1.0
h• = 1,196.2 Btu/Ibm, see para.
9.5.1.1.2(c)
psi, whicheveris smaller,iterationsusing a new
assumedpressuremustbe made for No. 3 heater
W3 = Wext3= 640,537 Ibm/hr, see
extractionstageenteringconditionswith subsequent
para.9.5.1.1.2(d)
repeatcalculationsuntil agreementis reached.
h3: hext3= 1,197.9 Btu/Ibm [as-
Becausethe assumedextractionpressure(same
sumedin para.9.5.1.1.2(d)] as test) needs not be revised and the steam conditions
w2 = Flow leavingNo. 3 extraction
upstreamof this extractionzone are superheated,
stage
the assumedextractionenthalpy(sameas test)also
= w• - w3 = 7,457,285 - needs not to be revised.
640,537 (massbalance)
(g) Steam Conditions Where ExpansionLine
= 6,816,748 Ibm/hr
CrossesSaturationLine. Assume43.51 psia at the
crossingpoint,whichgiveshs = 1,168.7 Btu/Ibmat
(2) Calculate Enthalpyand Specific Volume 43.51 psiaand s = 1.66612 Btu/IbmøRfrom steam
LeavingNo. 3 HeaterExtraction
Stage[Point(2)] tables.
130

Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 90.32% (M 2 + M 1)

Turbinesectionaveragemoisture=
[sameastest,seepara.9.4.7.2 and para.9.4.7.2(j)]
(0.0 + 0.0448)
Efficiency=
= 0.0224
1,196.1 - ho where
0.9032 =
1,196.1 - 1,168.7 M2: moistureat saturationline
averagemoisture
ho = 1,171.4 Btu/Ibm
= 1.00 - O.O224
This point in the steamtables agreeswith the = 0.9776

assumedpressureof 43.51 psia. If agreementhad
not beenreached,a new pressurewould havebeen
assumed with successive iterations. Correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis)
(h) Calculationof Expansion
LineConditionFrom
= 90.32 x 0.9776
SaturationLine to No. 2 Extraction.Stageentering
conditions are as follows:
= 88.30%
Steam Path Points
Saturation Line No. 2 Heater

extractionpointenter-
(assumed) ing enthalpy,usingcorrectedturbinesectioneffi-
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,171.4 (hi) h• ciency(wet basis)
1,171.4 - h•
Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 90.32% 0.8830 =
[seepara. 9.4.7.2 and para. 9.4.7.2.1(j)] 1,171.4- 1,104.0
No. 2 heaterextractionpressure mustbe assumed
due to the change in the extractionflow while h• = 1,111.9 Btu/Ibm
maintainingthe test turbinepressure/flow relation-
ship. This assumptionwill be checkedin para. This value givesextractionpoint enteringmoisture
9.5.1.1.2(k). M• = 0.0434 at 15.49 psia and 1,111.9 Btu/Ibm
from steam tables.
Successive iterationsusingM• were made until
hi - h•
Efficiency resultingmoisturedifferences
were lessthan 0.0001,
which resulted in
hs = 1,104.0 Btu/Ibmat 17.49 psiaand s h• = 1,111.9 Btu/Ibm

M• = 0.0434
1,171.4 - h•
0.9032 = (i) Calculation of No. 2 Heater ExtractionFlow (See
1,171.4-1,104.0
Fig. 9.8)
h• = 1,110.6 Btu/Ibm(dry basis) Pressuredrop from turbinesteampath to
heater shell = 5%
Heater terminaltemperaturedifference=
pointenteringmoisture 5OF
M• = 0.0448 at 17.49 psia and 1,110.6 Btu/Ibm Drain coolertemperaturedifference- does
from steam tables. notapply,sincethereis no draincooler.
131

(2) Assumptions (CheckedLater) w• = 6,816,748 Ibm/hr (steampath

Turbine steam path pressure= 17.49 psia through flow), see para.
[assumedfirst in para. 9.5.1.1.2(h)] 9.5.1.1.2(e)
hext2= 1,069.3 Btu/Ibm h• = 1,111.9 Btu/Ibm, see para.
hci2 = 110.5 Btu/Ibm 9.5.1.1.2(h)
(3) Calculation of No. 2 Heater Extraction Flow w3 = Wext2= 526,720 Ibm/hr, see
para.9.5.1.1.2(i)
E2 = 8.55% (from test cycle), see
wfi3(hfi3- hci2)
Wext2 : para.9.4.7.2.1(d)
hext2- hci2 hs3= 1,153.8 Btu/Ibm (saturated
6,985,044 (1 82.8 - 110.5) steamat 17.49 psia)
1,069.3 - 110.5
hw3= 189.1 Btu/Ibm(saturatedwater
at 17.49 psia)
- 526,720 Ibm/hr
(2) CalculationofMoistureLeavingNo. 2 Heater
Extraction
Stage[Point(2)]
(4) Calculationof Condensate
FlowLeavingNo.
2 Heater
M• - M 2
Wco2 : W fi3 -- Wd2
M•
where
0.0855 =
0.0434- M2
Wd2 : Wext2 0.O434
Wco
2 = 6,985,044- 526,720
= 6,458,324 Ibm/hr M 2 = 0.0397
Determinetco2= 213.3øF(and hco2 = 182.5 Btu/
Ibm) from terminaltemperaturedifferenceapplied (3) Calculationof Flow LeavingNo. 2 Heater
to the heatersaturationtemperature as a function Extraction
Stage[Point(2)]
calculatedfrom turbinesteampath pressure (17.49 w2 = w• - w3 (massbalance)
psia)as initiallyassumed
in para.9.5.1.1.2(h),minus = 6,81 6,748 - 526,720
the specifiedpressuredrop to heater.
Check hfi3,which was assumedin No. 3 heater = 6,290,028 Ibm/hr
calculation[seepara.9.5.1.1.2(d)]by heat balance
at pumpedaheaddrain/condensate
mix point. (4) Calculationof Enthalpyof No. 2 HeaterEx-
traction
(Wco
2 X hco2) + (Wd2X hd2)
hfi3 = Ww2= W2 X M 2
Wfi3
= 6,290,028 x 0.0397
(6,458,324 x 182.5) + (526,720 x 186.5)
= 249,714 Ibm/hr (moisture)
6,985,O44
= 182.8 Btu/Ibm Wwl = W1 X M 1
= 6,81 6,748 x 0.0434
This checkswith the assumedenthalpy.If the = 295,847 Ibm/hr (moisture)

assumedenthalpywere not correct,iterationon a
Ww3 : Wwl- Ww2
new assumptionwould be requiredfor No. 3 heater
with subsequent
repeatcalculationsuntilagreement = 295,847- 249,714
is reached.
= 46,133 Ibm/hr (moisture)
(j) Calculationof SteamConditions
at No. 2 Heater
ExtractionStage(SeeFig. 9.14) w3 = ws3+ Ww3(massbalance)
(1) Known
526,720 = ws3+ 46,1 33
Pressure= 17.49 psia [assumedin para.
9.5.1.1.2(h)] ws3= 480,587 Ibm/hr
132

extraction stage entering conditions [see para.

w3 x h3 = (w•3 x h•3)+ (w•3 x hw3)
9.5.1.1.2(h)]with subsequentrepeatcalculations
un-
(480,587 x 1,153.8) til agreementis reached.
+ (46,133 x 189.1) (m) Calculation of Expansion
LineConditionsFrom
h3 =
526,720 No. 2 HeaterExtraction Stage.Leavingconditionsto
No. 1 heaterextractionstageenteringconditions are
h3 = 1,069.3 Btu/Ibm as follows:
Steam Path Points
This value agreeswithin 0.1 Btu/Ibmwith the No. 2 HeaterSta•e No. 1 HeaterSta•e
assumedenthalpyin the extractionline at heater Pressure,
[hext2in para. 9.5.1.1.2(h)].If agreementhad not Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm 1,115.5(hi) hi
resulted,a new hext2would have been assumedwith Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.68653 ...
Moisture 0.0397 ...
successive iterationsuntil agreementwas reached.
(k) Calculationof Enthalpyand SpecificVolume
LeavingNo. 2 HeaterExtraction Stage[Point(2)] Turbinesectionefficiency- dry basis= 90.32%
[seeparas.9.4.7.2 and 9.4.7.2(j)]
No. 1 heaterextractionstagepressuremust be
w• x h• = (w3 x h3)+ (w2 x h2) (energybalance)
assumeddue to the changein the extractionflow
(6,81 6,748 x 1,111.9) whilemaintaining thetestturbinepressure/flow
rela-
- (525,720 x 1,069.3) tionship.This assumption will be checkedin para.
h2 =
6,290,028 9.5.1.1.2(q).
= 1,115.5 Btu/Ibm
Efficiency=
This enthalpyagreeswith the enthalpyfrom the
steamtablesusingP2 and M2.
Specificvolume,v = 21.8692 cu ft/Ibm at 17.49 wherehs = 1,012.3 Btu/Ibmat 3.55 psiaand s =
psia 1,115.5 Btu/Ibmfrom steamtables. 1.68653 Btu/IbmøR from steam tables
(I) Checkassumed turbinesteampathpressure at
the No. 2 heater extraction stage [see para. 1,115.5- h•
0.9032 =
9.5.1.1.2(h)]by applyingtheteststeampathpressure/ 1,115.5- 1,012.3
flow relationshipfor No. 2 heaterextractionstageto
thespecified cyclesteampathflow leavingthe No. 2
heaterextraction stagecalculatedin para.9.5.1.1.2(i). h• = 1,022.3 Btu/Ibm(dry basis)
pointentering
moisture
=K
M• = 0.1021 at 3.55 psia and 1,022.3 Btu/Ibm
from steam tables.
where
(M 2 + M 1)
K= 7,154,879.5 (constant),
seepara.9.4.7.3
w= w2 = 6,290,028Ibm/hr,seepara.9.5.1.1.2(i)
where
v= 21.8692 cu ft/Ibm,seepara.9.5.1.1.2(k)
M = 0.0397, seepara.9.5.1.1.2(j)
p = stagepressure,psia M 2 = No. 2 heaterstageleavingmoisture
6,290,028/•p/21.869 2 [para. 9.5.1.1.2(j)]
= 7,1 54,879.5
'x/1 - 0.0397 (0.0397 + 0.1021)
Turbinesectionaveragemoisture=
p = 17.60 psia
= 0.0709
assumedpressurewas not correctwithin 1% or 1
psi (whicheveris smaller),iterationsusinga new Correctionfactorto turbinesectionefficiencyfor
assumedpressuremustbe made for No. 2 heater averagemoisture
133

ASME PTC 6A-2000 APPENDIXA TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES
= 1.00 - 0.0709 wascalculated fromturbinesteampathpressure (3.55

= 0.9291 psia)asinitiallyassumedin para.9.5.1.1.2(m),minus
the specifiedpressuredropto heater.Determinetd•
= 97.5øF(andhdl= 65.6 Btu/Ibm) fromthespecified
draincoolertemperature differenceappliedtotheNo.
= 90.32 x 0.9291
1 heaterwaterinlettemperature.
(4) Calculate No. 1 Heater Extraction Flow
= 83.92%
Wco•(hco•- hen)- wss(h•- hdl)

extraction
pointenter- Wextl :
hextl-hdl
ing enthalpy,usingcorrectedturbinesectioneffi-
ciency(wet basis) where
0.8392
1,115.5-h• Weo
1 : Weo
2 : 6,458,324 Ibm/hr
1,115.5- 1,012.3 w•: 3,661 Ibm/hr (from test)
hi = 1,028.9 Btu/Ibm hss= 1,218.7 Btu/Ibm (from test)
pointenteringmoisture 6,458,324 (110.5 - 56.7)
M• = 0.0955 at 3.55 psia and 1,028.9 Btu/Ibm - 3,661 (1,218.7 - 65.6)
Wextl :
from steam tables. 737.5 - 65.6
Successiveiterationsusing M1 were made until
= 510,844 Ibm/hr
were lessthan0.0001,
which resulted in
(o) Calculation of Steam Conditions at No. 1 Heater
Extraction
Stage(SeeFig.9.15)
1,028.6 Btu/Ibm (1) Known
0.0958
Pressure
= 3.55 psia [assumedin para.
9.5.1.1.2(m)]
(n) Calculation of No. 1 Heater Extraction Flow
wl = 6,290,028 Ibm/hr [w2 from
(SeeFig.9.9)
(9.5.1.1.2(j)]
M• = 0.0958, seepara.9.5.1.1.2(m)
Pressure
drop from turbinesteampath to w3 = w•n = 510,844 Ibm/hr, see
heater shell = 5% para.9.5.1.1.2(n)
Heater terminaltemperaturedifference= E1= 26.67% [fromtestcycle,para.
5OF 9.4.7.2.1(i)]
Draincoolertemperature
difference= 10øF hs3: 1,125.3 Btu/Ibm (saturated
steamat 3.55 psia)
(2) Assumptions
(CheckedLater) hw3: 116.1 Btu/Ibm (saturatedwater
Turbinesteampathpressure = 3.55psia[as- at 3.55 psia)
sumedfirstin para.9.5.1.1.2(m)]
he,al= 737.5 Btu/Ibm (2) Calculation
ofMoisture
Leaving
No. 1Heater
ten = 87.5øF(usedsameastestfor thisexam- Extraction
Stage[Point(2)]
ple;couldberevisedbased
onspecifiedcycle
heat inputto condensateoutletfrom con- M1- M2
denseratsaturation
temperature
correspond- M1
ingto testbackpressure)
hen = 56.7 Btu/Ibm
0.2667 =
0.0958 - M 2
(3) Determinet•o•= 141.1øF(andhco•= 110.5 0.0958
Btu/Ibm)fromthespecified terminaltemperaturedif-
ferenceappliedto theheatersaturationtemperature
asa function
ofheatershellpressure
(3.37psia),which M 2 = 0.0703
134

(3) Calculationof Flow LeavingNo. 1 Heater Specificvolume, v = 94.2505 cu ft/Ibm at 3.55

Extraction
Stage[Point(2)] psiaand 1,054.4 Btu/Ibmfrom steamtables.
(q) Checkassumed turbinesteampathpressure at
w2 = w• - w3 (massbalance) the No. 1 heater extraction stage [see para.
9.5.1.1.2(m)]byapplyingtheteststeampathpressure/
= 6,290,028 - 51 0,844
flow relationship
for No. 1 heaterextractionstageto
= 5,779,1 84 Ibm/hr the specifiedcyclesteampathflow leavingthe No.
1 heater extraction stage calculated in para.
(4) Calculationof Enthalpyof No. 1 HeaterEx- 9.5.1.1.2(0).
traction
wA/p/
Ww2 : W2 X M 2 =K
•/1 - M2
= 5,779,1 84 x 0.0703
= 406,277 Ibm/hr (moisture) where

Wwl : W1 X M 1
K = 30,884,393.6 (constant),
seepara.9.4.7.3
= 6,290,028 x 0.0958 w = w2 = 5,779,184 Ibm/hr, see para.
= 602,585 Ibm/hr (moisture) 9.5.1.1.2(0)
v = 94.2505 cu ft/Ibm,seepara.9.5.1.1.2(p)
Ww3 = Wwl- Ww2
M2 : 0.0703, seepara.9.5.1.1.2(0)
p = stagepressure,psia
= 602,585 - 406,277
5,779,184/•/p/94.2505
= 196,308 Ibm/hr (moisture) 30,884,393.6
•/1 - 0.0703
W3 : Ws34' Ww3(mass
balance)
p = 3.55psia
51 0,844 = ws3 + 196,308
ws3= 314,536 Ibm/hr (steam)
assumedpressureis not correctwithin 1% or 1 psi
(whicheveris smaller),iterationsusinga new as-
w3 x h3 = (Ws3X hs3)+ (Ww3 sumedpressuremust be made for No. 1 heater
x hw3)(heat balance) extraction stage entering conditions [see para.
9.5.1.1.2(m)]with subsequent repeat calculations
(314,536 x 1,125.3) + (196,308 x 116.1) until agreementis reached.
h3 It shouldbe notedthat iterations may be required
510,844
on higherpressure heatersaftercalculating
the lower
h3 : 737.5 Btu/Ibm pressureheatersif the interfacing
conditionsbetween
heaterschangeas a resultof lower pressureheater
calculations.
This value agreeswithin 0.2 Btu/Ibm with the
assumed enthalpyin the extractionline of the heater (r) Calculationof ExpansionLine From No. 1
[he•,nin para. 9.5.1.1.2(n)].If agreementhad not Heater ExtractionStageLeavingConditionsto ELEP
at Test Low Pressure Turbine Exhaust Pressure of 1.17
resulted,a new he•,nwould havebeenassumed with
successive iterationsuntil agreementwas reached. in. Hg Absolute
Steam Path Points
(p) Calculationof Enthalpyand SpecificVolume
LeavingNo. 1 HeaterExtraction Stage[Point(2)] No. 1 HeaterSta•e ELEP
Pressure,psia 3.54 O.575
(1.17 in. Hg absolute)

(w3 x h3) + (w2 x h2) (energybalance) 1,054.4 (hi) h0
Enthalpy,Btu/Ibm
Entropy,Btu/IbmøR 1.7557 . ..
(6,290,028 X 1,028.6)- (510,844 X 737.5)
5,779,184
h2 = 1,054.4 Btu/Ibm [seepara. 9.4.7.2 and para. 9.4.7.2.1(j)]
135

M 0 = 0.1220
Efficiency
= hi-hs
ho = 970.53 Btu/Ibm
where
hs = 951.7 Btu/Ibmat 3.55 psia and s = 1.7557 (s) Calculation of the Low Pressure Turbine End
Btu/IbmøR from steam tables Point (TEP) Based on the ELEPand the Exhaust Loss
Expansion-line
end point 970.53 Btu/Ibm
0.9032 =
1,054.4 - ho
Exhaust
pressure 1.17 in. Hg abs
1,054.4 - 951.67 Moisture 0.1220
Specificvolume,v = 562.47 493.85 ft3/Ibm
ho = 961.6 Btu/Ibm(dry basis) (1.0 - 0.1220)
Annulus
areaperend,A 105.7ft2
This value gives low pressureturbine exhaust Annulusvelocityperend
moistureM• = 0.1305 at 1.17 in. Hg absoluteand 1 wv 1 5,779,184 x 493.85
1,250.1 ft/sec
961.6 Btu/Ibm from steam tables. 6 3600A 6 3600 x 105.7
Dry exhaustloss(frommanufacturer's 41.0 Btu/Ibm
(M 2 + M 1) curve)
2 Actual exhaust loss
= (Dry exhaustloss)(0.87) (1 - M) (1 - 0.65M)
where = 41.0 x 0.87 x (1 - 0.1220) x (1 - 0.65 x 0.1220)
= 28.83 Btu/Ibm
M 2 = No. 1 heaterstageleavingmoisture, Lowpressure
turbineendpoint(TEP)
= 970.53 + 28.83
see para. 9.5.1.1.2(o)
= 999.36 Btu/Ibm
(0.0703 + 0.1305)
Turbine sectionaveragemoisture =
(t) Calculation
of Generator
Loadby HeatBalance
Around the Turbine-Generator. Refer to Table 9.3.
= 0.1004
(u) Calculation of Test Heat Rate Corrected for
Group 1 Corrections
(TestTurbineOperatingin the
average moisture
SpecifiedCycle)
= 1.00 - 0.1004 Heat rate:

w• h• - w2h2
0.8996
Generator Output
where
90.32 x 0.8996 w• = total steamflow to turbine, Ibm/hr

h• = enthalpy of steam suppliedto turbine,
= 81.25% Btu/Ibm
w2 = feedwaterflowleavingNo. 6 heater,Ibm/hr
Firstiterationto recalculateELEPenthalpy,using h2 = enthalpyof feedwaterleavingNo. 6 heater,
correctedturbinesectionefficiency(wet basis) Btu/Ibm
0.8125 =
1,054.4 - ho Heat rate =
10,779,670 x 1,255.1 - 10,780,670 x 439.8
1,054.4 - 951.67 919,744
= 9,555.1 Btu/kWhr (10,081.2 kJ/kWh)

ho = 970.9 Btu/Ibm
This value givesELEPmoistureof M0 = 0.1216 9.5.1.1.3 Calculationof TestCycleCorrection

at 1.17 in. Hg absoluteand 970.9 Btu/Ibmfrom Factor. The test cycle uncorrectedheat rate was
steam tables. calculatedin para. 9.10 of the samplecalculation.
Successive iterationsusingM• were made until The test heat rate was 9,544.9 Btu/kWhr (10,070.4
were lessthan0.0001, kJ/kWh) at an uncorrected load of 919,223 kW.
which resulted in: Thusthe cyclecorrection
factoristhe ratioof 9,555.1
136

APPENDIXA TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAMTURBINES ASMEPTC 6A-2000
TABLE 9.3
CALCULATION OF GENERATOR LOAD BY HEAT BALANCE AROUND THE TURBINE-GENERATOR
Flow, Enthalpy, Heat,
Parameter Ibm/hr Btu/Ibm Btu/hr
Heat In
Main steam 10,779,670 1,255.1 13,529,563,817

Total heat in ...... 13,529,563,817
Heat Out
Controlvalveleakoff(highpressure) 1,580 1,255.1 1,983,058

Controlvalveleakoff(low pressure) 480 1,255.1 602,448
Highpressure
shaftpackingleakoff 1,834 1,139.4 2,089,660
Extraction to No. 5 heater 537.961 1,182.5 636,138,883
Highpressure
shaftpackingleakoff 19,766 1,1 39.4 22,521,380
Highpressure shaftpackingleakoff 19,862 1,139.4 22,630,763
Moistureseparatordrainsto No. 4 heater 521,834 342.9 178,936,879
Firststagereheater
drainsto No. 6 heater 430,708 443.0 190,803,644
Secondstagereheater drainsto No. 6 heater 388,560 525.8 204,304,848
Steamto feedwaterpumpturbine 125,354 1,197.9 150,161,557
Extraction to No. 1 heater 510,844 737.5 376,747,450
Exhaust steam to condenser 5,779,184 999.36 5,775,485,322
Total Heat Out 10,357,449,460
GENERAL NOTES:
Net heat = heat in - heat out -- 13,529,563,817 - 10,357,449,460 -- 3,172,114,357 Btu/hr
3,172,114,357
Input to generator: = 929,655 kW
3,412.14
Minusgenerator
electricallosses -7,100 kW
Minusgenerator
mechanical losses -2,811 kW
Generatoroutput 919,744 kW
at 0.99 powerfactorandminimumH2 pressure.
to 9,544.9, or 1.0010. This numberrepresents the

magnitude of the effectof the testcycleascorrected Ws
=Wt../p
sXVt ¾Pt X vs
on heat rate.
9.5.2 Group 2 Corrections.Group 2 corrections,

where
describedin para. 5.8.3 of the Code and outlined
in paras.5.12.1,5.12.2,and5.12.3,covertheeffect
of deviationsfromspecifiedinitialsteamconditions ws = throttlesteamflow correctedto specified
and absoluteexhaustpressure and are determined pressureandtemperature, Ibm/hr
fromcorrection curvessuppliedbytheturbinemanu- wt = testthrottlesteamflow, Ibm/hr
facturer(see Figs.9.6 through9.9 and Table 9.4). Ps = specifiedthrottlepressure,psia
The throttle steam flow to the turbine was cor- Pt = testthrottlepressure,psia
rectedto the specifiedpressure and temperature
as vt = testthrottlespecificvolume,cu ft/Ibm
specifiedin para. 5.4.2 of the Code. vs= specified throttlespecificvolume,cu ft/Ibm
137

TABLE 9.4
GROUP 2 CORRECTION FACTORS (USING MANUFACTURER'S CORRECTION CURVES)
Heat Rate Load
Percent Correction Percent Correction

Change Change Divisor Change Divisor
Throttlepressure
(Fig.9.20)
Measured907.1 psia +7.1 -0.05 0.9995 +0.11 1.0011
Specified900.0 psia 0.79%
Throttletemperature
(Fig.9.21)
Measured 594.3øF +19.3 -0.40 0.9960 +0.58 1.0058
Specified575.0øF
Exhaustpressure
(Fig.9.22)
Measured1.17 in. Hga +0.17 +0.08 1.0008 -0.08 0.9992
Specified1.00 in. Hga
Combined divisor 0.9963 1.0061
According to para.3.13.2 of the Code,testresults

ws=
10,779,670
%/•
00'0
x0'5748 07.1 x 0.54 58 may be comparedwith the specifiedperformance
by readingthe differencebetweentwo locuscurves,
= 10,779,670(1.022) onedrawnthroughthe specified performancepoints
= 11,016,823 Ibm/hr (4,998,582 kg/h) andthe otherthroughthe testpoints.Thedifference
is determinedat the specifiedload point.
The specifiedheat rate curve is shownon Fig.
The factorslistedin the table permitcorrecting 9.1. At the specifiedloadpointof 899,910 kW, the
the test heat rate and load to specifiedconditions. specifiedheat rate is foundfrom this figureto be
Correctionfactorsare definedas 1 + (% change)/ 9,610 Btu/kWhr. Also shown is the corrected test
100. These factors will be used as divisors when heat rate of 9,591 Btu/kWhr at the corrected load
correctingfromtestto specifiedfor Group2 correc- of 914,168 kW as determinedfrom the preceding
tions. calculations.Becausethis is the only test point
available,a curve is drawnthroughthe test point
9.5.3 Calculation of Corrected Heat Rate and Load
parallelto the specifiedcurvefrom which a heat
rate of 9,596 Btu/kWhris read for the specified
9,555.1 load. For this example,the turbine was 15 Btu/
Corrected heat rate
0.9963 kWhr betterthan expectedat 899,910 kW.
= 9,591 Btu/kWhr (9,596 - 9,610)

percentchange = x 100
9,610
919,744 = -0.15%
Corrected load =
1.0061
The correctedtest performance is 0.15% better
= 914,168 kW than the specifiedturbineperformance.
138


AN AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION NONCONDENSING
TURBINE
10.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT ment accuracyrequiredto reducethe extraction

flow uncertaintyeffecton the overallpower.The
The unit testedis a 3600 rpm, 40,000 kW non-
referencedparagraphs requirea throat-tapnozzle
condensingturbine with provisionfor automatic
measuringwater flow, not steamflow; therefore,
extractionat 160 psig.Exhauststeamat 20 psigis this test cannot be considered a Code test. This
fed into a processsteam line for industrialuse.
exampleis includedin thisAppendixto demonstrate
Specifiedthrottlesteamconditionsare 1,250 psig, the calculation method.
900øF.Expected performance is shownin Fig.10.1.
The generatoris ratedat 51,200 kVA with an 0.85
powerfactorand 30 psighydrogenpressure. The 10.3 SUMMARY OF TEST DATA
turbineis equippedwith sevensteamleakoffsthat
directhighpressureleakoffsteamto lowerpressure All readingsare correctedfor instrument
calibra-
stagesand low pressureleakagesteamto a spray tion and water legswhere applicable.
chamber. Refer to Fig. 10.2 for the leakoff ar- Throttlesteampressure 1,270.4psia
rangement. Throttlesteamtemperature 896.8øF
Throttle steam flow 636,212 Ibm/hr
Extraction
pressure 175.8 psia
Extractionsteam flow 395,562 Ibm/hr
Exhaust
pressure 34.16 psia
INSTRUMENTATION Generator
output 39,133kW
Generator
hydrogen pressure 28.5 psig
Locationof test instrumentationis shownin Fig. Generatorpowerfactor 0.91
10.3. Throttle and automaticextractionpressures Barometricpressure 14.7 psi
are measuredwith absolutepressuretransducers.
Throttlesteamtemperatureis measuredusingcali-
bratedthermocouples. The turbineexhaustpressure 10.4 CALCULATION OF TURBINE
PERFORMANCE
is measuredwith absolutepressuretransducers.
Steam flow to the turbine throttle and the automatic
10.4.1 The test generatoroutput is correctedfor
extraction flow, downstream of the throttle valve
deviations
fromthe specifiedvaluesof powerfactor
steamleakoffre-entry,aremeasured usingcalibrated andhydrogen pressure
usingthegenerator losscurve,
testthroat-tapnozzleflowsections. Generatoroutput Fig. 10.4.
isdetermined bythethree-wattmeter method.Leakoff
Variable kW
flowsfor calculatingthe exhaustflow, requiredfor
entryintotheturbinebackpressure correctioncurve, Measuredgeneratoroutput 39,133
areestablished fromdesigndata.(Referto Fig.10.2.) Lossesfor 0.91 powerfactorrather
thanthe specified0.85 770
The stationhydrogenpressure gageis usedto estab- Correction for the testhydrogenpres-
lishthe hydrogenpressure correction.Pre-and post- surebeing28.5 psigratherthanthe
test uncertaintyanalysisprocedures and detailsare specified30 psig -4
reviewedby all the partiesof the test.The automatic Totalgeneratorlosses, testconditions 766
Losseswith specifiedpowerfactorand
extractionflow is a significantpercentageof the
hydrogen pressure 800
throttleflow. Paragraph4.16.1 of the Code states Generatoroutputcorrected to speci-
thatthe requirements of paras.4.8.4 to 4.12.6 must fiedpowerfactorandhydrogen
pres-
be satisfied to achieve the extraction flow measure- sure 39,133 + (766 - 800) 39,099
139

40,000 kWTurbine-Generator
1,250 psig, 900øF,20 psig
Automatic Extraction at 160 psig
660 i I
Maximum throttle flow
620
580
540
•oo / '• '
E
___a
460 •""
,=,.
n',420 .•'•
380
340
300 ,
260 ,
220
16 20 24 28 32 36 40
FIG. 10.1 EXPECTED PERFORMANCE
140

10,000 1,450
(1)
.• (2)
9,000 1,440
To thirteenth stage
'• Tospray
chamber
8,000 1,430
• (5)
To 15 psig line
7,000
/ 1,420
6,000 1,410
5,000 1,400
4,000 1,390
eak Point Flow, Ibm/hr Enthalpy in

Btu/Ibrn
1 100 Same as extraction
3,000 1,380
2 300 Same as throttle
3 1,700 Same as throttle

4 263 See curve
2,000 5
6 Se
ecurve See
See curvecurve See curve 1,370
J 7 Flow
at(6) See
curve
minus [flow
at (5)- 263],
8 430 Same as exhaust
1,000 1,360
50 O0
Flow
at{5) •...•..•;.•. 2••00
_^,•.•nlh[
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Throttle Flow, 1,000 Ibm/hr
FIG. 10.2 LEAKOFF FLOWS
141

TURBINES
A TO PTC6, THETESTCODEFORSTEAM
x • )(©©©

APPENDIX
142
ASMEPTC6A-2000
/
E'E
900
Powerfac{.or
85 1100
800 ..........................
700 .............................................
600
500
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
Generator Output, kW
GENERAL NOTE: Curves are for 30 psig hydrogen pressure. For other hydrogen
pressures, correct curve at rate of 2.44 kW/psi.
10.4.3 Corrections for the test steam conditions

10.4.2 The turbine exhaust flow is determined for
deviatingfrom the specifiedconditionsare made
entry into the exhaustpressurecorrectioncurve.A
on a &kW basisusingthe correctiongiven in Fig.
flow balance around the turbine is made using 10.5. To correct from the test steam conditions to
designvaluesfrom Fig. 10.2 for the leakoffflows
the specifiedsteamconditions,the signsfor the
leavingthe turbine.
&kW as read from the curves in Fig. 10.5 are
reversed.
Rate,
Variable Ibm/hr Correction,
Flow to turbine throttle 636,212 Variable Test zlkW
High pressure
valvestemleakoffflow to the Throttlepressure 1,255.7 psig -45
spraychamber(leakpoint2) 300
Throttletemperature 896.8øF +110
Extraction valve stem leakoff flow to the
Automaticextractionpressure 161.1 psiõ +55
spraychamber(leakpoint1) 1 oo
Exhaust
pressure 19.46 psig -60
Highpressure end packingleakoffflowto
the spraychamber(leakpoint4) 263
10.4.4 The generator
output,correctedto specified
High pressureend packingleakoffto the 15
psiõsteamline(leakpoint5) 250 steamand generatorconditions,with 636,212 Ibm/
Automatic extraction flow 395,562 hr throttle flow and 395,562 Ibrn/hr extraction flow
Flow to turbine exhaust becomes
636,212 - (300 + 100 + 263 + 250 + 395,562)

= 239,737 Ibm/hr 39,099 kW + (-45 + 110 + 55 - 60)
= 39,159 kW
143

+1,000 I
Throttle pressure
correction
••••
......
•• 1,300
psig
I
1,250 psig
••• •••• 1,200

psig I
-1,000
0 1()0 200 300 4• t0 500 600 700 800
Throttle Flow, 1,000 Ibm/hr
+2,000 I
Throttle temperature
correction
• 0
• • • • 925
øF
900OF --
•. 850OF
-2,000
0 10 20 30 40 50
Generator Output, 1,000 kw
+2,000
I
Extraction pressure
correction
• • ...... • • ••-- 145

psig
160 psig
•••••- 175psig
-2,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Extraction flow, 1,000 Ibm/hr
+1,000 I
Exhaust
pressure • 15psig
correction •
• 20psig
• 25psig
I
-1,000
0 100 200 300 400 500
Exhaust Flow, 1,000 Ibm/hr
FIG. 10.5 STEAM CONDITIONS CORRECTION FACTORS
144

10.4.5 The correctedoutputis next comparedto

the expectedoutputon Fig.10.1 at the samethrottle
and extractionflows.Figure10.1 showsan output
of 39,000 kW with 636,212 Ibm/hr flow to throttle
and 395,562 Ibm/hr extraction flow. The corrected
testperformance
is, therefore,0.4% betterthan ex-
pected.
(39,1 59 - 39,000)
x 100 = 0.4%
39,000
145



AN AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION CONDENSING TURBINE
11.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT use of this device,basedon the valuesin Group

1A in Table4.10 of PTC6R,increasesthe uncertainty
The unittestedis a singlecase3600 rpm, 56,100
of the test results.The measuredflow is adjusted
kW condensingsteamturbinewith provisionsfor
for the amountof gland leakagefrom the hotwell
automaticextractionat 170 psig.The generatoris
pump, storagechange in the condenserhotwell,
ratedat 66,000 kVA, with 0.85 powerfactor.Steam
andsteamleakagefromgovernorvalvestems.Manu-
is providedby three coal-firedboilers.Specified
steam conditions at the turbine throttle are 1,500
facturer'scalculatedvaluesof valve stem leakage
flow ventedto atmosphere are usedin determining
psig, 950øF. Extractionsteamat 170 psig is used the exhaust flow. The condenser is checked for
to generatehigh pressure,high-temperature water leakageand foundto be tight.
for a districtheatingsystem.Condensate
fromthese Automatic extraction
steamflow ismeasured using
hot water generatorsis returnedto the condenser a calibratedtest throat-tapnozzle flow sectionor
hotwell.The specifiedexhaustpressureis 2.5 in. orificerun. The automaticextractionflow is a sig-
Hg absolute.An evacuatorpreventssteam from nificantpercentageof the throttleflow. Paragraph
blowingout of the shaftend sealsto atmosphere, 4.16.1 of the Codestatesthe requirementsof paras.
and a glandseal condenserrecoversthe heat from 4.8.4 to 4.12.6 must be satisfied to achieve the
this steam.The condensedgland seal steamis di- extractionflow measurement accuracyrequiredto
rected to the condenser hotwell and is included in
reducethe extractionflow uncertainty
effecton the
the condensate nozzleflow. Steamfrom innerpres- overall power. This example is included in this
sure gland sealsand lower valve stem leakoffsis Appendixto demonstrate the calculationmethod.
directedto lowerstagesof the turbine.Uppervalve
stemleakoffsventto atmosphere. Expected perform-
anceat the ratedoperatingconditionsis on a locus- 11.3 SUMMARY OF TEST DATA
of-valve-pointsbasisas shownin Fig. 11.1.
All readingsare correctedfor instrumentcalibra-
tion and water legs,where applicable.
11.2 DESCRIPTION OF TEST Throttlesteampressure 1,451.4 psia
INSTRUMENTATION Throttlesteamtemperature 953.3øF
Condensate flow 527,725 Ibm/hr
Locationof test instrumentation
is shownin Fig. Automaticextractionpressure 183.2 psia
Extraction steam flow 256,740 Ibm/hr
11.2. Throttlesteampressure,automaticextraction
Exhaust
pressure 1.24 psia
pressure,and exhaustpressure are measuredusing Generatoroutput 52,618 kW
calibratedabsolutepressure
transducers.Theexhaust Generatorpowerfactor 0.87
pressuretransduceris connectedto six baskettip Decreasein condenser
hotwellstorage 162 Ibm/hr
sensorslocatedat the turbineexhaustflange.The Condensatepumpglandleakage 32 Ibm/hr
throttlesteamtemperatureis measuredusingcali- Barometricpressure 30.53 in. Hg
bratedthermocouples. Generatoroutput is deter-
minedby one 21/2elementpolyphase
wattmeter. 11.4 CALCULATION OF TURBINE
Steamflowto theturbineisestablished
by measuring PERFORMANCE
the condensateflow from the condenserusinga
throat-tapflow nozzle.Somemay preferto usean 11.4.1 The corrected turbine inlet flow is estab-
orifice run to measure condensate flow for this lished from the condensate nozzle flow with com-
application,
eventhoughthispracticedoesnotcon- pensationfor lossesor gainsbetweenthe point of
form to the provisionsof para. 4.8 in PTC 6. The measurement and the turbine throttle.
147

56,100 kWTurbine-Generator
1,500 psig, 950øF,2.5 in. Hg Absolute
Controlled Extraction at 170 psig
600
!
,
Maximum throttle flow
500 .............................................
•400
..
.....
....................
o•.300
............ ..............
• 200 ...........................................................................................................................
10 20 30 40 50 60
FIG. 11.1 EXPECTED PERFORMANCE
Variable Rate, Ibm/hr 11.4.3 The turbine exhaustflow is requiredto

Flow measuredby flow nozzle 527,725 determine theexhaustpressure correctionfactorfrom
Changein hotwellstorage -162
the curve, Fig. 11.4. To determinethis flow, a
Condensatepumpglandleakage +32
+68
flow balance around the turbine is made using
High pressure
valvestemleakoffflow
Extraction valve stem leakoff flow +48 manufacturer'svaluesfor leakoffflow ratesleaving
Corrected turbine inlet flow 527,711 the turbine.See Fig. 11.2 for locationof leakoffs.
11.4.2 The test generatoroutputis correctedfor Variable Rate, Ibm/hr

deviationsfrom the specifiedvalueof powerfactor Steam flow to turbine throttle 527,711
usingthe generatorlosscurve, Fig. 11.3, supplied Highpressure
valvestemleak-
with the turbineperformancedata. off flow to roof 68
Extraction
valvestemleakage
flow to roof 48
Highpressureglandleakageto
Variable Rate, kW
glandsealcondenser 240
Measuredgeneratoroutput 52,618 Lowpressure glandleakageto
Losses
for 0.87 powerfactor 1,165 glandsealcondenser 220
Losses
with specified0.85 1,185 Automatic extractionflow 256,740
powerfactor Flow to turbine exhaust
Generatoroutputcorrectedto specifiedconditions: 527,711 - (68 + 48 + 240 +
52,618 + (1,165 - 1,185) = 52,598 kW 220 + 256,740) = 270,395
148

PTC6A-2000
o
o
z
ASME

-)
•

• )(
TURBINES
149
CODE
6,THETEST
ATOPTC STEAM
FOR
x
x
APPENDIX
1,5oo
0.8 PF
1,400
1,300 0.9 PF
"• 1,200
1.0 PF
o
'i=
• 1,1oo
= 1,000
900
800
700
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
FIG. 11.3 GENERATOR ELECTRICAL LOSSES
11.4.4 Corrections for the test steam conditions The generatoroutputcorrectedto specificsteam
deviatingfrom the specifiedsteamconditionsare and generatorconditionsand with 527,711 Ibm/hr
made on a AkW basisusingthe correctioncurves throttle flow and 256,740 Ibm/hr extraction flow
given in Figs.11.4 through11.7. To correctfrom becomes
the test steam conditionsto the specifiedsteam
52,598 + (115 - 125 - 42 + 80) = 52,626 kW
conditions,the signsfor the AkW as readfromFigs.
11.4 through11.7 must reverse. 11.4.5 The correctedoutput is next comparedto
the expectedoutputon Fig. 11.1 at the testthrottle
Correction
and extractionflows.Fig. 11.1 showsan outputof
52,500 kW with 527,711 Ibm/hr to throttle and
Variable Test &kW
256,740 Ibm/hr extraction flow. The corrected test
Throttlepressure 1,436.7 psig +115
performance
istherefore
0.24% betterthanexpected.
Throttletemperature 953.3øF -125
Automaticextractionpressure 168.5 psig -42
Exhaustpressure 2.52 in. HgA +80 52,626- 52,500
x 100 = 0.24%
52,500
150

+2,000
+1,000
.• -1,000 ................... !....
-2,000 ..........................
-3,000
-4,000
1.0 210 3:0 4'.0 õ.0
Exhaust Pressure, in. Hg Absolute
FIG. 11.4 EXHAUST PRESSURE CORRECTION
151

+600
160
+4OO
165
+200
170
-200
175
-400
180
-600
200 300 400
Extraction Flow, 1,000 Ibm/hr
FIG. 11.5 EXTRACTION PRESSURE CORRECTION
152

+2,000
550
500
450
+1,000 ...................
-1,000 ..........................
-2,000
-3,000 :
900 9:•0 940 960 980
Throttle Temperature, øF
FIG. 11.6 THROTTLE TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
153

+300
,.r. E
-300
-600
-900
1,300 1,350 1,400 1,450 1,500 1,550 1,600
Throttle Pressure,psig
FIG. 11.7 THROTTLE PRESSURE CORRECTION
154


A VARIABLE SPEED MECHANICAL DRIVE TURBINE
12.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT calibratediron-constantan thermocouples with con-

tinuouswires and integralcold junctions,utilizing
The unit testedis a condensing turbinecoupled
a precisionpotentiometer of the 0.03% accuracy
to a centrifugalcompressor. Thedesignsteamcondi-
class.Turbineshaftspeedis determined by an elec-
tionsare 1,500 psig,900øFand exhaustingat 4.00
tronic-integratingcounter.The electronic-integrating
in. Hga. The rated output is 50,000 hp at 4,200
counterinterfaces with a data loggerthat provides
rpm with a throttleflow of 299,000 Ibm/hr.These
a table of time versusturbinerotationsper minute.
conditionsyield a steamrate of 5.980 Ibm/hp-hr.
Poweroutputis measuredasthe amountrequired
Figure 12.1 indicatesthat main condensateis
by the drivenmachine.Sincethe driven machine
pumpedthroughthe steamjet air ejectorcondenser.
is a compressor, th• power is determinedby the
The main condensatethen passesthroughthe re-
requirements of PTC10-199'7,Compressors and Ex-
maining part of the plant cycle, which is of no
hausters.That code suggests the use of a torque
importancein obtainingthe performanceof this
meterto measurethe torqueat the coupling.The
turbine. Condensatefrom the steamjet air ejector
torsionmemberhasa readablesensitivity of 0.25%
condenser is routedto the maincondenser.
Specified
anda maximumuncertainty of _+0.50%at the speed
performanceat the specifiedsteamand operating
and load prevailingduringthe test. Agreementis
conditionsis on a locus-of-valve-point basis as
reachedprior to test on any deviationfrom rated
shownin Fig. 12.2.
power.
NOTE: The maximumdeviationfrom rated speedallowed by

12.2 DESCRIPTION OF TEST the PTC 6 Code is 5%. However, PTC 10-1997, in Table 3.1
INSTRUMENTATION allowsonly a 2% deviationfrom ratedspeed.Therefore,when
the turbine and driven equipmentare testedsimultaneously,
Locationof test instrumentation
is shownin Fig. allowablespeeddeviationfor both machineswill be governed
by strictercode.
12.1. Thisinstrumentation
arrangement istypicalfor
a variablespeedmechanical driveturbinetestwhen
thefeedwater,boiler,andsteamsupplyarrangement
is not conduciveto cycle isolation.Condensate
flow from the main condenser is measured from a
12.3 SUMMARY OF TEST DATA
calibratedthroat-tapnozzlein a flow sectionlocated
at the outletof the steamjet air ejectorcondenser. All readingsare correctedfor instrument
calibra-
Throat-tapnozzledifferentialpressureis readfrom tion and water legs,where applicable.
an absolutedifferentialpressuretransduceracross
eachof two setsof taps.Condensate flow fromthe
glandcondenser is weighedusinga bucket,weigh Throttlesteampressure 1,530.0 psig
Throttlesteamtemperature 890øF
scale, and a stopwatch.Steamflow to the steam Condensate flow 289,000 Ibm/hr
jet air ejector is measuredwith a calibratedorifice Gland condenser drain flow 500 Ibm/hr
meter and a differentialpressuretransduceracross Steamjet air ejector motive steam 300 Ibm/hr
the set of taps.The hotwelllevel is measuredwith Exhaustpressure 4.10 in. Hga.
a linearscalereadable
to •/8 in. Condensate
pump Drivenmachinecomputedpowerinput 48,477 hp
Turbinespeed 4,150 rpm
gland leakageis measuredwith a bucket,weigh Barometricpressure 14.60 psia
scale,andstopwatch.Throttleandexhaustpressures Numberof controlvalveswide open 3
are measuredusing calibratedabsolutepressure Decrease
in condenser hotwellstorage 50 Ibm/hr
transducers.
Throttletemperatureis measuredwith Condensatepumpglandleakage 60 Ibm/hr
155

Legend:
X Thermocouple
or resistance Throttle
thermometer
pressure
and
!--I Pressure transducer temperature
Flow nozzle
-Turbine speed
counter
Torque
meter
Turbine
Gland
condenser
Exhaust D•
pressure
Drain
Steam jet air ejector

r
Orifice •,,
meter i
TOrifice
meter
I
differential and
inlet pressure
Orifice meter X•
temperature
Flow nozzle
temperature
1
Throat
T
sate Steam jet Flow
air ejector nozzle
Leakage
condenser
•3 Flow nozzle
differential and
inlet pressure
FIG. 12.1 FLOW AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM
156

i 2od
rpm
'i ß
10 2'0 30 40 5'0 60
Turbine Shaft Output, 1,000 hp
FIG. 12.2 THROTTLE STEAM RATE VERSUS TURBINE SHAFT OUTPUT
157

TABLE 12.1
CORRECTION DIVISORS FOR THE TEST STEAM CONDITIONS
Figure PercentChangein
Parameter Number Test Steam Rate Correction Divisor
Turbineinletpressure,
psig 12.4 1,530.0 0.05 1.0005
Turbineinlettemperature,
øF 12.5 890 0.95 1.0095
Turbineexhaustpressure,
in. HgA 12.6 4.10 0.09 1.0009
Turbinespeed,rpm 12.3 4,150 0.15 1.0015
12.4 CALCULATION OF TURBINE Pt = 1,530.0 + 14.6 = 1,544.6 psia

PERFORMANCE vtat 1,544.6psiaand890øF= 0.46864ft3/Ibm
Theturbinethrottleflow isdeterminedby adjusting 0.46864
the measured condensate
pump gland leakage,the gland condenserdrain
flow for the condensate
ws=
289210x•/•
' '514'7
,544 6
x
0.48414
flow, the hotwell level change,and the steamjet = 281,775 Ibm/hr (35.503 kg/s)
air ejector motive steam.
Throttle flow = condensate flow + condensate
Corrections
for the teststeamconditionsdeviating
pump gland leakageflow + gland condenserdrain from the specifiedsteamconditionsare madeon a
flow + hotwellstoragechange- steamjet air ejector percentchangein steamratebasisusingthe figures
motive steam.
listed in Table 12.1.
The combinedcorrectiondivisor(productof cor-
Throttle flow = 289,000 + 60 + 500 - 50 - 300 rection divisors) is 1.0124. The turbine test steam
= 289,210 Ibm/hr
rate is correctedto specifiedsteamconditions.
Test steam rate =

Throttleflow duringtest Corrected test steam rate = 5.966/1.0124
Turbine power output duringtest
= 5.893 Ibm/hp-hr
289,210
Test steam rate =
48,477 The loadcorrected
to specifiedsteamconditionsis
determined from the corrected flow and the corrected
= 5,966 Ibm/hp-hr steam rate.
The throttlesteamflow is correctedto specified Corrected test load = Corrected flow/Corrected steam rate
throttlesteampressureand temperature.
= 281,775/5.893
= 47,815 hp
Ws= Wt PsX•
Vs
The turbineis testedat a valve point with three
where controlvalveswide open with the specifiedsteam
rate to be determinedfrom the valve point locus
w = turbine throttle steam flow rate, Ibm/hr curve at the correctedload (Fig. 12.2).
p = turbineinletsteampressure,
psia
v = specificvolume of steamat turbine inlet Specifiedsteamrate = 5.9800 Ibm/hphr(2.0230 kg/kWh)
pressureandtemperature,
ft3/Ibm
s = specifiedcondition Corrected test steam rate is therefore 1.45% better
t = test conditions
than specified.
and Additionaltestsat othervalvepointscanbe run.At
conditionsotherthanthosespecified,the appropriate
wt = 289,210 Ibm/hr
correctioncurvesshouldbe used. See Figs. 12.3
ps = 1,500.0 + 14.7 = 1,514.7 psia
through12.6.
vsat 1514.7psiaand900øF= 0.48414ft3/Ibm
158

1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
3,200
,
3,600 4,•00
1
4,400
Speed, rpm
FIG. 12.3 STEAM RATE CORRECTION FACTOR VERSUS SPEED
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
149,200 Ibm/hr :
0.99
;
1,000 1,500 2,000
Inlet Pressure,psig
GENERAL NOTE' Figures on curves are throttle flows.
FIG. 12.4 STEAM RATE CORRECTION FACTOR VERSUS INLET PRESSURE
159

1.04
1.02
o 1.00
0.98
0.95
850 ' ' ' 91•0 .... 950

Inlet Temperature, øF
FIG. 12.5 STEAM RATE CORRECTION FACTOR VERSUS INLET TEMPERATURE
160

Throttle
FI,ows,
Ibm/hr
1.06 a= 149,200
b = 209,•100
c = 269,000
d = 329•'000
:
1.04
,,• 1.02
o
o
o 1.00
0.98
3 4 5
Exhaust Pressure,in. Hg Absolute
FIG. 12.6 STEAM RATE CORRECTION FACTOR VERSUS EXHAUST PRESSURE
161


APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TEST CODE FOR STEAM TURBINES • ASME PTC 6A-2000

A REFURBISHED LP TURBINE USING
U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS
13.1 DESCRIPTION OF UNIT expectedperformanceof the replacedLPsteampath

wasgivenas an increase of electricalpoweroutput
A refurbished low pressure turbinewas installed defined as:
in a 950 MW nuclearpower plant. The turbine
was a tandem-compound four-flow unit, with a
P/ = PVER- PBL
regenerative cycle and externalmoistureseparator
reheater withsaturated steamsupplied froma nuclear
where
steamsupplysystem.The generatorwas rated at
1,000 MVA at 0.95 powerfactorand 60 psighydro- Pt = power output increase
genpressure. The cyclehadan auxiliaryturbinefor PBI_: poweroutputpriorto LPreplacement
the feedwaterpump drive, six stagesof feedwater PVER : poweroutputafterthe LPreplacement
heating,and an HP heaterdrain tank. There was
no feedwaterstoragetank. The expectedpower output increaseat 100%
The unitwastestedto determine the improvement thermalpowerdueto LPturbineefficiencyimprove-
of performance with respectto the conditionof the ment was, as per the abovedefinition:
unit, prior to the replacementof the LP turbine.
The referenceperformance for the comparison P• = 12 MW
was based on the results of a baseline test carried
out priorto the replacement.Afterthe replacement,
a verificationtestwasperformed at plantoperating 13.3.2 The actualchangeof performancewasthus
conditions closeto thosemeasured duringthe base- determinedaccordingto the followingprocedure:
(a) Conduct of a steam turbine baseline test (refer-
line test conditionstO determinethe performance
improvement. Thus,corrections
were appliedto the encetest)priorto the replacement.
(b) Conduct of a steam turbine verification test after
verificationtest,with the baselinetest parameters
becomingthe basereference. thereplacement,replicating
to theextentpossible the
operatingconditionsduringthe baselinetest.
(c) Adjustment(correction)of the resultsof both
13.2 DEFINITIONS teststo equal operatingconditions:verificationto
baseline.
Thedefinitions
usedin theequationsinthisSection (d) Adjustment(correction)of bothteststo nominal
andthe measurementresultsof theperformancetests condenser pressure
(2 in. Hgabsin thisexample)and
(baseline and verification)' are listed in Table 13.1.
nominal100% thermalpower(2,785.0MWthin this
Where constants are given,the engineering
units example).
usedare indicated;
otherwise,theexpressions
apply For thesetests,the existingmeasurement points
to any engineeringunit system. (pressuretaps,sensinglines,thermowells,and flow
The convention f( ) is used to indicate "a func-
tion of."
measuring devices)
wereusedto the extentpossible.
Dedicatedtest instrumentation was temporarilyin-
stalledat thesemeasurement pointsas indicatedin
13.3 TEST DESCRIPTION: DESCRIPTION OF Fig. 13.1. The unlabeledmeasurement pointson
INSTRUMENTATION Fig.13.1 were usedfor referencepurposes only and
are not involved in the calculations.
13.3.1 The actualperformance of a steamturbine All test instrumentation
was calibratedprior to
is evaluatedby a PTC6 test.In thisexample,the each test series.
163

TABLE 13.1
RESULTS OF BASELINE AND VERIFICATION TESTS
Verification
Value Symbol Baseline
Test Test Unit
p, feedwater
to steamgenerator [p•] 1,024.2 1,033.0 psia
w, feedwaterto steamgenerator [w•,] 12,227,040 12,283,920 Ibm/hr
h, feedwaterto steamgenerator [h•] 418.56 417.45 Btu/Ibm
p, mainsteamandthrottle [P,.sat] 964.85 973.00 psia
h, main steamand throttle [h,,sat] 1,191.6 1,191.3 Btu/Ibm
x, main steamand throttle [Xmsat
] 0.4 0.4 %
w, main steamand throttle [Wmsat] 12,216,960 12,275,640 Ibm/hr
p, LPTinletfromMSR [Plp•i] 198.47 191.17 psia
øF
t, LPTinletfromMSR [hp•i] 503.31 503.14
p, LPTexhaust [P•p•exh] 2.7200 2.7727 in. Hg abs
1.3356 1.3618 psia
p, SGFPT
steamsupply [pfpt•] 200.98 195.18 psia
øF
t, SGFPT
steamsupply [tfp•i] 498.00 497.34
w, SGFPTsteamsupply [w•i] 124,600 127,469 Ibm/hr
t, hotwell [thw] 109.35 111.41 øF
t, condensate
subcooling [tso] 2.26 1.38 øF
t, heater6 condensateoutlet [th•co] 161.17 179.35 øF
p, heater6 extraction
steam [ph•r•x•] 5.4314 8.2962 psia
t, heater5 condensateoutlet [thtr$co] 226.84 228.06 øF
steam [Phtr3ext] 22.224 22.251 psia
t, heater4 condensateoutlet [thtr4co] 299.17 294.41 øF
t, heater3 extractionsteam [thtr3ex
t] 430.53 433.18 øF
t, heater3 drain [thtr3dr] 304.44 302.49 øF
p, heater3 condensate
outlet [phtr3co] 465.92 463.47 psia
øF
t, feedwater
pumpdischarge [t•pd] 347.09 348.84
p, feedwater
pumpdischarge [p•] 1,192.5 1,203.3 psia
t, heater1 feedwateroutlet [t•,] 439.22 438.22 øF
steam [Phtrlext] 393.30 386.96 psia
w, drainpumpdischarge [W•rp•] 3,525,192 3,689,640 Ibm/hr
p, drainRHTRstage1 [Prh•r•ar] 527.88 518.87 psia
W,drainRHTRstage1 [Wrhtrld
r] 520,596 536,580 Ibm/hr
t, MS inletsecondstageRHTR [trhtr2ms•] 453.65 450.05 øF
p, drainRHTRstage2 [Prh•r2ar] 970.48 977.28 psia

W,drainRHTRstage2 [Wrhtr2dr] 470,808 483,444 Ibm/hr
'I-I'D reheater1 [T1-D•r•] 18.99 20.79 øF
'I-FD reheater2 [7-FDrt•tr2] 37.65 38.70 øF
reactorthermalpower [Pth] 2,766.4 2,782.9 MW
electricalpoweroutput [P•] 926.91 942.50 MW
powerfactor [pf] 0.9708 0.9707 , . .
cyclelosses [Wct•ss] 10,000 8,254 Ibm/hr
GENERALNOTE:Symbolsin bracketsare usedin equations.

p = pressure w -- massflow x: steam wetness
t = temperature h = enthalpy
164

13.3.3 The flow measurements were performedin possiblethe recommendations of PTC 6. The cycle
accordancewith PTC 6 and PTC 19.5 usingthree isolationprocedurewas meticulouslyrecordedto
differenttypesof permanently
installedflow measur- be ableto repeatas exactlyas possible
the baseline
ing devices: isolation conditions for the verification tests. The
(a) ASME nozzles for the feedwater flow. followingmethodswere appliedto verifya proper
(b) Orifices for the steam mass flow to the feed- and repeatablecycle isolation:
waterpumpturbines. (a) Visualinspection of steamblowingto theatmo-
(c) Pitot sensors for the heater and reheater drain sphereandwaterleakages.
andthe drainpumpdischarge flows. (b) Localinspection of the requiredsettingof the
All these test elementswere in-place devices. cyclevalves.
Not all of these instruments had been calibrated (c) Measurement of the upstream anddownstream
originally,and none of them was recalibratedor temperatures at the valvesand comparison with the
inspected priorto the testing.Specialcarewastaken corresponding temperatures recordedduringthe pre-
to ensure that these devices remained untouched vious test.
during the period betweenthe baselineand the (d) Sensitivity
testswithopenandclosedvalvepo-
verificationtestto ensurebestrepeatability. sitionsto determinerepeatability
of isolation.
The flows were calculated with the individual (e) Verificationthatthe PTC6 requirement for un-
geometricand calibrationdata available. accounted-for leakages(<0.1% of main steamflow)
The water levels of the heater drain tank and the was met for all tests.
hotwell were measuredby direct readingsof the
local indicators.
To determinethe total net electricalpoweroutput 13.4 CALCULATION DESCRIPTION
andthepowerfactor,thevoltage,current,andpower
outputof each generatorphasewere measuredat This samplecalculationwas conductedwith the
the stationPTs and CTs accordingto the three dataof the baselinetest.The procedureis identical
wattmetermethodusingcalibratedprecisioninstru- for the verificationtest. At the end of this Section,
mentation. These PTs and CTs were not removed the correction of the results of the verification test
for recalibration;
their originalcalibrationdatawas to the operatingconditionsduringthe baselinetest
is described. Test data for both tests is included in
used.The H2 pressurewas recordedto ensurecon-
Table 13.1.
stant(rated)setting.
The test data was recordedwith a computer- 13.4.1 Calculationof MassFlows.Thecyclelosses
controlleddataacquisition systemespeciallysetup were determinedby measuring the water leveldrop
for performance testing. in the hotwellduringthe test (the make-upwater
The testswere run at nominalthermalpower. was isolated). The hotwell cross section area was
The test periodwas 2 hr and the data recording assumed as constant. Reductions of cross section
frequencywas 30 sec. Duplicatetest runs were area due to hotwell internals were not taken into
performed to checkrepeatability andreducerandom account.
test uncertainty. Thedetermined
unaccounted-for
cyclelosses
were
The meanvaluesof the measured pressures,tem-
peratures,andloadwerecalculated linearly,whereas
[Wctoss]
= 10,000 Ibm/hr
the meanvaluesof the differentialpressures were
calculatedas the squareof the meanvalue of the
(a) Total Feedwater Mass Flows: ASME Nozzles.
squareroot of the individualpressuredifferentials.
Furtherprocessing of the test data consistedof a Calculatedaccording
to PTC6 andusingtheoriginal
calibration data.
statisticalanalysisfor maximum/minimumvalues,
standard deviation,covariance,zero/negative values,
and eccentricity.The test resultssummarizedin [Wfw]= 12,227,040 Ibm/hr
Table 13.1 are the mean values calculated from a
total numberof 240 readingsper test. This number is the sum of the individual mass
flows measured at each of the three feedwater lines.
13.3.4 A properlyisolatedwater/steamcycle is (b) Steam Mass Flow to SGFPT: Orifice Plates. Cal-
mandatory to providea highlevelof testrepeatabil- culatedaccording
to PTC19.5 and usingthe design
ity. The cyclewas isolatedfollowingas closelyas geometricaldata.
165

APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TEST CODE FOR STEAM TURBINES

/
166
ASME PTC 6A-2000
[Wfpti]
= 124,600Ibm/hr 13.4.2 TTD Reheaters
(a) Reheater 1
Prhtrldr= 527.88 psia; • SaturationTemperature

(c) TotalMassFlowat DrainPumpDischarge. Cal- = 472.64øF
culatedaccordingto the datasheetsof the manufac-
turer of the pitot sensors
and the nominalpipe di- TTDrhtr
1 = 4 72.64 - [trhtr2msi]
ameter.
= 472.64 - 453.65= 18.99øF
(b) Reheater 2
[Wdrpd]
= 3,525,192Ibm/hr
Prhtr2dr
= 970.48 psia; • saturationtemperature
= 540.96øF
Condensate Flow
TTDrhtr
2 = 540.96- [tlpti]: 540.96- 503.31
= 37.65OF
[Wco.]= [wr] - [Wrp]

= 12,227,040- 3,525,192 13.4.3 CondensateSubcooling.Condensatesub-
coolingis determinedas the differenceof the satu-
= 8,701,848 Ibm/hr
ratedtemperatureof the LP exhauststeamat con-
denserpressureand the hotwelltemperature.
(d) Main Steam Flow From the Steam Generators LP-Turbine

Exhaust
Pressure'
Plptexh
= 2.72 in. Hg abs
= 1.3356 psia
saturationtemperature = 111.61 øF
= - [Wdo,,]
Hotwell temperature:thw= 109.35øF
= 12,227,040 - 10,000
Condensatesubcooling:tsc= 111.61 - [thw]
= 12,217,040 Ibm/hr
= 2.26øF
13.4.4 Main Steam Moisture Content. The main

taking100% of the unaccounted-for
cycle lossesas
main steam losses. steammoisturecontentXmsat the outletof the steam
(e) Steam Mass Flow to the LP Turbines. This mass generatorswas assumedto be 0.0%. To account
flow is not used for the verification; it is determined
for pressuredrop,the moisturecontentof the main
steamat the throttlevalveswasassumed to be equal
onlyfor referencepurposes.
to designwith x•nsat = 0.4%. This value was used
for the calculationof the thermalpower.
13.4.5 Calculation of Thermal Power. The thermal
[Wlptmsi]
'-- [Wcond]
-- [Wfpti]
-- [Wcloss]
-- 24,768 power, Pth,of the unit was calculatedas follows'
: 8,701,848 - 124,600 - 10,000 - 24,768
Pth = (Wrns
X hrnsa
t) - ( Wfwx hffw)
: 8,542,480 Ibm/hr
where
lh•w] = f(lp•w], lt•w])

The value of 24,768 Ibm/hr above accounts for
the main steamvalve leakagesand for the sealing = f(1,023.0 psia, 439.22øF) = 418.56 Btu/Ibm
steam from the HP turbine. These mass flows were
Ibmsat]
= f([Pmsat],
[Xmsat])
notmeasured
but assumed
to be equalto the design
values. = f(964.85 psia,0.4%) = 1,191.6 Btu/Ibm
167

ASMEPTC6A-2000 APPENDIX
A TO PTC6, THETESTCODEFORSTEAMTURBINES
thus
Correctioncurve equation(for the originalLP
turbine):
Pth = (12,217,040 x 1,191.6- 12,227,040

CDcp= 0.94836+ 6.4450E-2
[Plpte,•l•]
- 2.4678E-2
[plpte,•l•]
2
x 41 8.56) x C = 2,766.4 MW
+ 2.6692E-3[plp•e,•]
3
p•p•e,•-- 2.72 in Hg abs.
where C is the conversionfactorof [Btu/hr]--> [MW]
= 1/(3,412.14 x 1,000) CDcp= 0.9948
13.4.6 Test Corrections.The overall plant op- Thus, the corrected result of the baseline test was:
erating conditionswere replicatedto the extent
possiblefor the baselineand verificationtests.Non- 926.91 2,785
identicalLPboundary operatingconditions between Pe•baseline
= x
0.9948 2,766.4
the baselineand verification
test (e.g.,feedwater
massflow, final feedwatertemperature,condenser Pecbaseline = 938.0 MW
pressure,main steampressure)were adjustedto a
commonreference framework usingtheappropriate
correctioncurves.The followingcorrections
were 13.4.6.2 Verification Test Correction. The cor-
applied: rected power output of the verificationtest was
(a) The Group2 corrections
were obtainedusingthe followingexpressions:
(1) Poweroutputversus mainsteampressure
(2) Poweroutputversus condenserpressure
(3) Power output versussteam massflow to
SGFPT
Pec = Peverification
verification xPth
100%
nominal
CDverification
Pth +dLg
verification
(4) PoweroutputversusRHTRstage1 TTD Pecveri•'cation
= corrected electrical turbine
(5) PoweroutputversusRHTRstage2 TTD output(verificationtest)
(b) The Group1 corrections
were Peveri•ic•tio•
= measured electrical turbine
(1) Poweroutputversusfinalfeedwater
temper- output(verification
test)
ature
Pt•veri•ic•tio•
= thermal power (verification
(2) Poweroutputversus
condensatesubcooling test)
condensatemake-up Pt• 700%
nominal
= nominal 100% thermal
generator
powerfactor power = 2,785 MW
13.4.6.1 Baseline Test Correction. The baseline
dL•= change
ofgenerator
losses
CDveri•'cation:correction divisor, deter-
testwascorrected
onlyfor condenserpressureand mined as the productof all
thermalpowerusingthe followingdefinition: correction
divisors
applicable
to the verification test
Pebaseline Pth100% nominal CDverification

= CD1 + CD2 + CD3 + CD4 +
Pecbaseline = x CD5 + CD6 + CD7 + CD8
CDcp Pt•baseline (a) CD1correction
curveequation:
correction
divi-
sortoaccount
forpercentchangein mainsteampres-
Petbaseline= corrected electrical turbine sure[dpmsat]
output(baselinetest)
Pebaseline= measured electrical turbine CD1 = 1 + 0.1565E-2[dp,,•sat]
- 0.1342E-4.[dp,nsat]
2
output(baselinetest) 973.00 - 964.85
P• baseline= thermalpower(baseline
test) dpn,s• = x 100 = 0.84%
964.85
Pt• 100% nominal = nominal 100% thermal
power = 2,785 MW CD1 -- 1.0013
CDcp= correction divisorto account

for [in. Hga]changein con- (b) CD2correctioncurveequation' correction
divi-
denser
pressure
[dplpte,•]
re- sorto account
for [øF]changein finalfeedwatertem-
ferredto 2 in. Hga perature[dt•]
168

CD2 = 1 + 3.603E-4 [dtffw]+ 2.0545E-6 [dtf•w]

2 CD6 = Bo+ B• [dWrhtr2d
r] + B2[dWrhtr2dr]
2
dt•w -- 438.22 - 439.22 = -IøF 483,444 - 470,808

dWrhtrld
r= X 100 = 2.68%
470,808
CD2 = O.9996
TTDrhtr
2 - 38.70OF
(c) CD3 correction
curveequationforthe replace-
ment turbine: correction divisor to account for a devia- TTD, øF Bo B• B•
17.0 1.00074 3.912E-5 1.274E-7
tionof condenser
pressure
[dpytexh]
referred
to the 20.8 1.00051 3.759E-5 1.258E-7
designvalueof 2 in. Hg abs 26.2 1.00020 3.549E-5 1.278E-7
29.8 0 3.404E-5 1.270E-7
CD3 = 0.93443+ 8.0840E-2[P/pte,,h]
- 2.9817E-2[plpte,,h]
2 33.4 0.99981 3.259E-5 1.282E-7
38.8 0.99953 3.039E-5 1.274 E-7
+ 2.888E-3[p•ptexh]
3
P•pt•,,h
= 2.7727 in. Hg abs For a TTD between two of the above lines, a
linear interpolationat the specificflow point is
CD3 = 0.9909
required.
(d) CD4 correction

curveequation'correction
divi- CD6 = 0.9996
sorto accountfor a percentchangein steammass
flowto SGFPT
[dw•pti] (g) CD7 correctioncurveequation:correction
divi-
sorto accountfora øFchangein condensatesubcool-
CD4 = 1 -9.567E-5 [dwfpti]
+ 1.146E-6[dwfpti]
2 ing [dtsc]
127,469 - 124,600
dwfpti= x 100 = 2.30% C D7 = 1 - 1.111E-4 [dtsc]
124,600
CD4 -- O.9998 dtsc= 1.38- 2.26 = -0.88 øF

CD7 = 1.0001
(e) CD5 correctioncurveequation:correction
divi-
sorto accountof a percentchangein steammassflow (h) CD8 correctioncurveequation'correction
divi-
to RHTRstage1 [dwrht•d•] sorto accountfora [Btu/hr]changein make-upwater
heatflow [dEm•,]
CD5 = Ao + A• [dWrhtrld
r]
CD8 = 1.0000- 2.451E-8 [dEmu]= 1.0000
536,580 - 520,596
dWrhtrld
r= X 100 = 3.07%
520,596
Becausethe cycle was properlyisolatedduring
TTDrhtr
1 = 20.79øF bothteststhe make-upwaterheatflow [dEmu]= O.
TTD, øF Ao A• CD8 = 1.0000

17.0 1.00003 -4.861E-5
20.8 1.00002 -4.906E-5
Summary
of correction
divisors
for the verification
26.2 1.00083 -4.958E-5
test is as follows:
29.8 0.99999 -4.981E-5
33.4 0.99915 -5.024E-5 Correctiondivisorto accountfor changes
in:
38.8 0.99787 -5.047E-5 Main steampressure CD1 1.0013
Finalfeedwatertemperature CD2 0.9996
For a TTD between two of the above lines, a linear Condenserpressure CD3 0.9909
Steam mass flow to SGFPT CD4 0.9998
interpolation
at the specificflow point is required. Steammassflow to RHTRstage1 CD5 0.9999
Steammassflow to RHTRstage2 CD6 0.9996
CD5 = 0.9999 Condensate
subcooling CD7 1.0001
Make-upwaterenergyflow CD8 1.0000
CombineddivisorCDverification 0.9912
(f) CD6 correction
curveequation:correction
divi-
sorto accountfor a percentchangein steammass dL•:change
of generator
losses
dueto differences
flow to RHTRstage2 [dWrhtr2d
r] of powerfactor
169

ASME PTC 6A-2000 APPENDIX A TO PTC 6, THE TESTCODE FOR STEAM TURBINES
Generatorlossesequation'
dL• = approx.0
L= 3.83536-
1.66033E-3
[Pe]
+ 8.62963E-6
[Pe]2 The corrected result of the verification test was
[pf] [pf]2
942.50 2,785
Pecverification: x + 0
and the changeof generatorlosses: 0.9912 2,782.9
Pecverification
= 951.6 MW
dLg= Lpfverification
- Lpfbaseline
or 13.4.7 PerformanceVerification Equation.With
the so calculated and corrected results,the actual,
measuredincreaseof the poweroutputresultedin
PI = Pecverification
-- Pecbaseline
Pi = (951.6- 938.0) MW
Pi = 13.6 MW
or
+8.62963E-6x
942.50 1
.0.97072 13.6 - 12.0 = 1.6 MW betterthan expected.
170

Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled w


PTC 6A Edtn 2000

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PTC 6A Edtn 2000

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User.

No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled w

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

Thisdocumentwill be revisedwhenthe Societyapproves

Thiscodeor standard wasdeveloped underprocedures accredited asmeeting thecriteriaforAmerican

No partof thisdocumentmaybe reproduced in anyform,

The AmericanSocietyof MechanicalEngineers

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

All Performance TestCodesMUST adhereto the requirements of PTC1, GENERALINSTRUCTIONS. The

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

Paul G. Albert, General ElectricCo.

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Paul G. Albert Todd S. Jonas

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Foreword .................................................... III

Committee Roster .............................................. VII

Board Roster .................................................. VIII

SampleCalculationfor a SteamTurbineOperatingin a Nuclear

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

SECTION 2 DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION

Symbol Definition U.S. Customary SI

Dimensional conversion constant = Ibmft/Ibfsec

Enthalpy Btu/Ibm kJ/kg

Mechanicalequivalentof heat (1 Btu -- Btu

M Moisture fraction, 1-(x/100) ratio ratio

Rotationalspeed rpm rad/s

Pressure psia kPa

Specificentropy Btu/IbmøR kJ/(kgK)

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Symbol Definition U.S. Customary SI

V Velocity ft/sec m/s

v Specificvolume ft3/Ibm m3/kg

w Rate of flow Ibm/hr kg/s

x Qualityof steam percent percent

Betaratio, d/D ratio ratio

Efficiency percent percent

p Density Ibm/ft3 kg/m3

y weight Ibf/ft3 N/m3

HR Heat rate Btu/kWhr J/J

SR Steam rate Ibm/kWhr kg/kJ

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Condition at turbine exhaust connection

(1) It maybe necessary

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

(a) TurbinesOperating Predominantly in the

FIG. 2.1 TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY DIAGRAMS

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Heat rate Heatconsumption perhourperunitoutput.Theturbine Btu/kWhr

Mean of the valve loops For partialadmission turbines,a smoothcurvewhich

Valveswide open(VWO) Maximumcontrolvalveopeningobtainableundernor-

Locus curve The continuous

Power The usefulenergy,per unit of time, deliveredby the hp-hr/hror kWh/hr

Copyright c 2001 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

2.5 SI UNITS CONVERSION TABLE