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    21 views14 pages

    Ileto, Bernardo Carpio

    Uploaded by

    CIELO OTADOY

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14
    ~l~ BERNARDO Carrio: AwiT AND REVOLUTION ne problem in the historiography of the Philippine revolu- ions of 1896 and 1898 is showing the relationship between the educated, articulate elite (ilustrados) who have left be- hind most of the documents, and the inarticulate “masses” who fought and died in the various wars. Patron-client ties certainly help explain how the local principalia, or gentry, was able to mobi- lize large numbers of people. Yet, the events of the revolution indi- cate that the common folk were fighting under the “blinding” influence not of individual personalities but of their conceptions of the meaning of the “times,” and powerful leaders were those who successfully articulated such conceptions. John Schumacher, SJ., has shown how the ilustrados created the basis for a Filipino his- tory that would undermine and supplant a Spanish historiogra- phy “which mandated Filipino loyalty to Spain under moral sanctions.” Such history certainly provided a “rational and moral legitimation for the new nation,” but it is not clear how it provided the impulse for the breaking of ties of utang nu lodb (debt of grati- tude) fo Spain that centuries of colonial rule had impressed upon the indios.' For the people to have arrived at a state of mind in which such a break or separation was possible, if not inevitable, their conceptions of the past—after all utang na loéb is based on remembrance of the past—must have changed. How this could have occurred is the subject of this discussion. Because of the constraints imposed by censorship and other forms of intellectual repression during Spanish rule, popular read- 1 Beewanno Cato: Awa ano RevouuTion: 2 : the form of religious tracts and met- Leet the former piSyon BORE ing fare up Reomatces impact of Christianity in allthis. The story of Cl a eat twas appropriated by the ce itself and mir- tered its deals. Other aspects of Spanish colonial influence can be ‘amined in this light. In particular, ve shall look the Historia Faraz ni Berando Carpio, based on ‘nee useful in strengthening the indios’ loyal ere and Ganon a great len, . ial weapon Awit and other related forms Feplaced he uré that the Spanish priests destroyed soon after Native priests and laymen were quick-to adjust tO thin which they could compose Tagalog poetry; by the Bennanoo Cannio: An snp Revourrion 3 ‘eighteenth century cheap editions of awit we jes and towns and then hawked, ‘printed in the cit- stories were often dramatized, or at least 7 the popular imagination that the av- tury can be se‘d to have dreamt of alrous knights riding off to the Crusades or savirg els from distress. He knew more about Emperor the Seven Peers of France, and the destruction of 1m the Spanish story of Bernardo Carpio. proceeds. The king and queen of Spain children named Alfonso and : Beenanno Canto: Awrr aND Revoumon: are attracted to Jimena’s beauty, their responses are bade? io, having been rebuked rs confused loéb attain a fullness signified by his willing See sloved. Sancho's lengthy exposition Ima scene typical of eteenth-century awit, a Mora en- voy appears with an insolent challenge to the Spanish king, who thereupon orders his trusted General Sancho ‘against the villains.” As the army assembl Sancho, in defiance of the king’s orders, sneal ‘drench the reader in the jmagery of love and sepa teristic of folk poetry. Overpowered by such langus Jimena becomes confused, then bursts into tears, and surrende herself to her lover. ~ “Don Sancho's victory over the Moros is likened to theravaging of a garden by a cyclone. The general, however, is not fated to profit by it. His rival Don Rubio, aware o ‘vents hisill feeling upon Sancho by recomim: the latter accept the count of Barcelona's proposal eee aeast ical alliance by marrying Jimena. Hearing this drawsan our of anger from Sancho. Rubio, whose lost SS ea “conflicting elements,” backs down in feat. Another OPP for revenge presents itself, however, when apart by the news of Sancho and Jim from his seat; suddenly he forgets his past relationship ¥" Sancho and can think of nothing but echomes to destOY NT ye ‘As Sancho is about to take the infant Bernardo to Cer Poet is given another opportunity to evoke in the Ln from KS rience of anguish and loss, for the separation of the i effect of making BeRwanoo CaRno: Avr asp REVOLUTION 5 rents is pethaps the most significant event in the awit. As the par Perhaps igri poet himself remarks, after a description of Jimena’s sadness: ‘What lob however hard ‘what heart would not be overcome by this and be saddened and struck with pain two lovers with a pure 1odb? As Sancho leaves the tower with the child, he is ambushed by the king's soldiers. Fighting with only one hand he can slaughter m, child sere ng Sancho of treachery. Sancho sks is to be wed to Jimena before agrees to the marriage but treach- ‘of Luna with a sealed letter out- ‘meted out to the bearer. Sancho, his eyes are gouged out and he is erously sends Sancho to the cé lining certain punishments t¢ ng forgotten the past? laments Sancho, Is the reward for the hardships he has borne the kingdom? Again the poet gives free rein to images of pain and separation: Sancho from Jimena, the parents from their child Bernardo. Sancho's lament ends with an appeal to God to have Pity for his son: a ‘And may he eventually his true mother and true Lord, he comes of age may he, Lord God, recognize me. gayon din na BERNARDO CARRIO: ADT aN - mr aN Revoumion Meanvshile Don Rubio becomes the closest confidante of the ing: Hs iv entrusted with Bringing up the child Bernardo, whose ordered never to be revealed to him. fitmena, shery brought great shame to her brother King Alfonso, ‘cloister. Alfonso scolds her for forgetting all the love he had showered upon her and for failing to show For her, as for Sancho, there is resig- ‘asthe child Bernard up, it becomes obvious to al that he ls extraordinary strength and energy. He is in constant move- mont, running back and forth, up and down stairs: He walks and walks, but goes nowhere his loob and heart always perturbed Na lalacad-lacad ualang pirtupunta) ang loch at puso, parating tulisa His energy is released in a wasteful and antisocial manner: hitting, maiming, and killing horses, carabaos, and other animals he meets on the road. Irate townsfolk complain to Don Rubio. Bernardo | plains that he cannot control his own body and strength. ‘One day Bernardo asks his “father” Don Rubio to persuade # kingto knight him so that he may travel around the work balling idolatry and subduing wild beasts. Rubio, however, rebukes Kit = ‘unknown? Bernardo He breaks into tear then realizes that Rubio is not his b “ths was the tar of fis dserientation/ in behavior, though an ven his heart” Fortunately, the king happers to come 21008 Showing pity he makes Bernardo a knight and adopted 50". Fi, inthe arrogant Rube. tothe dismay of Don Rubio, Later, having ina fencing match, Bernardo ic made general of he army. THES avenges the father. os [As the adopted son of King Alfonso, Bernardo's eneTB ‘come a bit more “formed” and directed toward fighting the Mow The most formidable enemy is the Emperor Carpio, whes? ‘Berwanno Cannio: AMET AND REVOWTON 7 territories cannot be penetrated even by armies ofthe Twelve Peers of France. One day, Carpio's envoy, Veromill, arrives at the Span- {sh court demanding vassalage from the king or ese face invasion Bernardo, in his usual energetic, rather uncontrolled mare, e+ acts violently toward the envoy: He struck the chair upon which the envoy sat ‘causing him to fall over ‘everything was crushed, broken to pieces the king tried to calm Bernardo: My son, he said, just take it easy to attack an envoy as you did is against all the rules| ten out your fos. ampal ang upuang sillal ay aged natapon sempors 3 na) nangusap ang ‘ang embajada ay ‘ay magpacahusay. as Veromilla returns to his cmp, Bernardo tells the king th! fis fatherly blessing, he wil fight the enemy single-handed. deed, he approaches the Moro lines alone and is ridiculed by * ‘Veromlln But this youth who “has jst been weaned by his mother”; completely devastate te enemy Veramilla Fes in great panic When Bernardo returns to the court he humbly dedicates his he King, He atrbutes his victory f0 God's mery (i) "And he asks tobe granted only one reqs: that he Be teld the identities of his troe parents He is growing up yet has no tots ho relatives fo pay respects to. The king then ties od Bernardo by agreing to his request provided that, once and he defeats Emperos Carpio. Knowing, Capio's eputation th ttle. Bernardo’s pow like’ “lion, tiger ad a BrRwanoo CAtrio: ARTT AND Rivoumiox 8 Bexeanoo Caxncr Ar AND REVOLUTION theemperr gives up, hands over al his territory to Beranio an | isto pay tribute to Spain. Spon his return once more to Spin, esnordo Carpio, as hei ‘ocked to find a French prince, aTSS named iM Haven't your heart and los been moved by my sufferings and laments? anac col na nababalitang D. Teno naman cays na ruling fami ver he is disgusted by the king's refusal to reveal the identities of vents, In an angry confrontation Bernardo declares that if eaeeiecs a “as if he heard this lament,” Bernardo arrives, kills the guards and I eT acca frees his father. Unfortunately, Sancho dies soon after the reuni this point Bernardo Carpio's energies seem to become more father. ” ies soon after the reunion. iacused ” Having rejected another stepfather, hi “This, however, does not prevent Bernardo from legitimizing his tie cab mh eee stepfather his Ort act to his parents. He brings his father, covered wit Lo ee Ling chores fo prevent pursult Thiexp By en enningion deacon of igor Pretest hat ie mast ot be expos tol he Kn as a ee Saimals While hestops bythe waysieto pay nein ah nee ok pl Ot fe ar / to God and the Vingin Mother, a letter floats down from heaven oie easel i ieith the truth about his parents. Before he can go in search of ae ae ie as it does inthe Spanish orginal. them, however,he is instructed to first terminate Spain's tes of having declined the Spanish throne, continues his trav- sa tes one proceeds fo the French court whe ddd the Spi inns Stns Emperor Ludovico explains to him that his relations with Spainaze sree arsnead all based on age-old covenants handed down from generation '0 generation. Bernardo, however, has nothing but contempt for ta- and destroys one of $Fuonel es Nether has he respect for Ludovico, whom he si Tenge, Bererdo hurls the by the collar and physically intimidates. The French court, in fear he of Bernardo's power capitulates. The ties are Bernardo, «/ then oct seca of aa tose ; an see shits to Sancho lamenting in pri % shown no pity, keeping him. it larkness of a cell: iy Boeing him for yer inthe des uri When me ace ee eens ns. Angered by th ing’s chal- ‘away and vows to search for away, he sees two mountains Is, Then a handsome youth— ‘And you my beloved son who, J hear, is now called Don Bernardo Carpio have passed through a multitude of towns and kingdoms and yet have not found your father, Sancho. Why, my beloved child have you not searched for your lord, your father? o Barwano CaRm0: AW7T AND Revouumoy ans heat rvs from Spanish rule: 1, the awit reveals a form of meani ceitruring events, which would later be used by Tationats 8 ‘ommunicate their political ideas to the people, “The fist point is borne out by evidence from local histories of ‘entral and southern Tagalog towns." The Historia Famosa’s ace ‘count of Bernardo’s last journey is derived from pre-Spanish be. lets in pilgrimages to the underworld to wrestle with Spiiite'as' “The poet mrely affirms that the we

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