MATH 51.

3
Sample Test on Logic J.F. Sarmiento

I. Find the negation of the following statements: [5 pts. each]

1. There is no real number whose square is negative.

2. If the triangle is not isosceles, then two angles of the triangle are not equal.”
3. For any real numbers a, b and c that satisfy a < b and c < 0, it follows that
ac > bc.

II. Find the following:

4. A formula involving ∧, ∨, and ∼ that has the following truth table: [7 pts]
p q ???
F F T
F T F
T F T
T T T
5. Combinations of p, q, r given that s is a false statement, that will make the
following statement false: [8 pts]

∼ (p ∨ q) → (r∧ ∼ s)

III. Find the truth value of the following: [5 pts each]

6. Algebra or literature are mathematics courses but psychology is not a

mathematics course.
7. If 2 + 2 = 4 then it is not true that 2 + 1 = 3 and 5 + 5 = 10.
8. (∼ p∨ ∼ q) ∨ (∼ r ∧ q) when p is true, q is false and r is true.
9. ∀x∃y[x < y]. (The universe of discourse is the set of all natural numbers)

III. 10. Use truth table to determine the validity of the following arguments: Either
sales or expenses will go up. If sales go up, then the boss will be happy. If
expenses go up, then the boss will be unhappy. Therefore, sales and expenses
will not both go up. [12 pts]
11. Test the validity of the argument: If 6 is even then 2 does not divide 7. Either 5
is not prime or 2 divides 7. But 5 is prime. Therefore, 6 is odd. [13 pts]
12. Use a truth table to determine whether the two statements are equivalent:
[∼ (p → q)] ∧ [∼ (q → p)] and ∼ (p ↔ q)
[11 pts]
13. Give reasons for each line of proof for the equivalence [14 pts]

p∧ ∼ (q ∧ r) ⇐⇒∼ [(p → r) ∧ (p → q)]