POINT OF VIEW

o Is a narrative convention which tells from whose perspective is the story told.
o It maybe character, first person point of view
o Third person narrator – telling the story by impersonal narrator not affected by the story
situations and
o Unreliable narrator – telling the story by an insincere narrator the readers
o Stream of consciousness- exposing the characters mind readers through his monologue
o Audience surrogate- character who expresses queries or agitations which are the same
question that readers would ask

PLOT TECHNIQUES
o Cliffhanger – tells and abrupt ending which places the main character in a perilous
situation with no resolution
o Flashback- tells an interjected scene of the story that takes it back in time from the
current point in the story and often used to tell the events that happened before
another important event
o Flash forward- tells a scene that takes the narrative to a future time from the current
point of the story
o Foreshadowing – indicates or hints something is coming in the latter of the story
o Backstory- tells the events of the story that happened before the present story
o Chekhov’s gun – tells of an inherent object inserted in the narrative
o In medias res- narration that starts at the middle of the story
o Narrative hook- tells a catchy story opening to hook the attention of the readers
o Story within a story or hypodiegesis- tells a story within a story
o Deus-ex-machina- tells a good character in a bad situation ensures characters with an
unexpected or implausible used to resolve the situation
o Plot twist- tells a surprise ending
o Poetic justice- tells a reward to the good characters and punishes the bad characters

STYLE

o Figures of speech- like hyperbole, metonymy, euphemism, oxymoron, and many more
o Pathos or emotional appeal- used to inspire or pity character
o Sensory detail- which forms mental images of scenes using descriptive words
o Leitwortstil- which repeats on purpose the words that usually express a motif or theme
important to the story
o Dramatic visualization- which presents an object or character with much description or gestures
and dialogues making scenes vivid for the audience

THEME
o The theme of the story is the underlying message or the central idea. It is about life that the
author is conveying in the story which is universal in nature. It is about human experience.
o Shorts stories often have one theme. The theme is entwined in the story which is reflected in
the characters words and actions, events, and other elements.

EMOTIONAL APPEAL
o Metaphor or simile isoften used to create comparison to feel the connection in the story
o Authors show emotional scenes rather than telling, making sympathetic or unsympathetic, using
words which can greatly affect readers emotions, turning the story in an unexpected direction,
and using details to mire readers in the reality of the scene
o