MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS - SAZ6D

PREVIOUS YEARS UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT-I
2 MARKS
1) What is the meant by Multimedia?
Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation and video delivered to us
by computer or other electronic means.
2) What is meant by Hypermedia?
Hypermedia is an extension to what is known as hypertext, or the ability to open new Web pages
by clicking text links on a Web browser. Hypermedia extends upon this by allowing the user to
click images, movies, graphics and other media apart from text to create a nonlinear network of
information.
3) Define two OS platform often used in MM development?
These are the two OS platform which are used in MM development. They are
Windows Operating System
Macintosh Operating System (MAC OS)
4) Write the uses of MM?
There are a number of fields where multimedia could be of use. Examples are:-
 Business
 Education
 Entertainment
 Home
 Public Places
5) State the different stages of MM project?
 Planning and Costing
 Designing and Production
 Testing
 Delivering
6) What are the works of interface designer in MM project?
 Information design- Designing the content
 Interactive design- Designing Interactive user interface such as
links, menu and others.
 Media design- Designing the media, which is to be presented?
7) List out the names of communication devices?
There are three communication devices. They are
 Modems
 ISDN
 Cable Modems
8) What is SCSI?
SCSI- Small Computer System Interface. SCSI is a hardware part, which was in built with
Macintosh computers but has to be installed in the PC based platform. It allows the user to attach
multimedia peripherals such as Scanner, CD-ROM player etc.
9) What is MCI?
MCI- Media Control Interface. It is a kind of software tools used to control the multimedia
devices, which are attached with the computer. MCI supports the user commands such as Open,
Close, Find, Pause, Play and other according to the need of the user.
10) What is interactive MM?
Interactive MM- Designing Interactive user interface such as links, menus and others.
11) What are the various elements of MM?
The elements of multimedia are
Text
Audio
Sound
Graphics
Images
Animation
Full-Motion Video
12) Write the basic concept of compression?
Compression is a process reducing data in a file. There are two type of compression. They are
 Lossless Compression
 Lossy Compression
13) What do you mean by Macintosh?
The first Macintosh computers were introduced by Apple Computer during 1994 with
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) Microprocessor. Nowadays Motorola 68000, 68030
and 68040 processors are available with at least 233MHZ speed.
14) State any two advantage of CD-ROM?

 Large storage capacity

 Portable
 Data can’t be changed.
 Less price
 5 MARKS
1) Discuss how the MM is used in business & education?
Multimedia in Education
Nowadays multimedia is used in giving lecture by using a slide show and projectors. Moreover,
some of the modern techniques is used to do same as lecture, such as CBT (Computer Based
Tutorial). It is a compact Disk which explains itself when executing the giving file and also
explains all the concepts by interacting with the user. WBT (Web Based Tutorial), It is a web
site which has all information about the specified subject in terms of interacting media.
Multimedia in Business
Multimedia will be a very powerful media, which helps to conduct corporate training and other
corporate training and other corporate activities and also explains the future plans of a company.
Some of the companies advertise their product by using the multimedia, which makes a great
impact among the customers.
2) What do we need for creating a Multimedia project?
Hardware
 The Macintosh OS from Apple
 Intel-based IBM PC running Microsoft Windows
 These computers with their GUI are the most commonly used platforms today for the
development and delivery of multimedia.

Software
 Tools for capturing screen images, translating between file formats and editing our
resources.
 Common tools such as word processors, spreadsheets and databases for resenting instant
multimedia.
 Multimedia authoring tools
 Tools for designing and delivering multimedia on the web.

Creativity
 Before we begin a multimedia project, we must first develop a sense of its scope and
content.
 The most precious asset we can bring to the multimedia workshop is our creativity.

Organization
 It is essential we develop an organized outline and a plan that rationally details the skills,
time, budget, tools and resources we will need for a project.
 3) Write about CD-ROM and Multimedia Highway
 Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) is a cost effective distribution medium for
multimedia projects.
 It can contain unique mixes of images, sounds, text, video, and animations controlled by
an authoring system to provide unlimited user interaction.
 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) technology has come into usage which has increased
capacity than the CD-ROM.
 Now that telecommunications are global, information can be received online as
distributed resources on a data highway, where we will pay to acquire and use
multimedia based information.
4) Discuss briefly how the I/O devices are used to develop the MM product ?
The devices which are used to input the data and the programs in the computer are known as
"Input Devices". or Input device can read data and convert them to a form that a computer can
use. Output Device can produce the final product of machine processing into a form usable by
humans. It provides man to machine communication. Some of the I/O devices are explained
below:
(1) Keyboard : Keyboard is used in the input phase of a computer-based information system.
Keyboard is most common input device is used today. The data and instructions are input by
typing on the keyboard. The message typed on the keyboard reaches the memory unit of a
computer. It’s connected to a computer via a cable. Apart from alphabet and numeral keys, it has
other function keys for performing different functions.
(2) Mouse : It’s a pointing device. The mouse is rolled over the mouse pad, which in turn
controls the movement of the cursor in the screen. We can click, double click or drag the mouse.
Most of the mouse’s have a ball beneath them, which rotates when the mouse in moved. The ball
has 2 wheels of the sides, which in turn mousse with the movement of the ball. The sensor
notifies the speed of its movements to the computer, which in turn moves the cursor/pointer on
the screen.
(3) Scanner : Scanners are used to enter information directly in to the computers memory. This
device works like a Xerox machine. The scanner converts any type of printed or written
information including photographs into digital pulses, which can be manipulated by the
computer.
(4) Track Ball : Track ball is similar to the upside- down design of the mouse. The user moves
the ball directly, while the device itself remains stationary. The user spins the ball in various
directions to effect the screen movements.
(5) Light Pen : This is an input device which is used to draw lines or figures on a computer
screen. It’s touched to the CRT screen where it can detect raster on the screen as it passes.
(6) Optical Character Rader : It’s a device which detects alpha numeric characters printed or
written on a paper. The text which is to be scanned is illuminated by a low frequency light
source. The light is absorbed by the dark areas but reflected from the bright areas. The reflected
light is received by the photocells.
(7) Bar Code Reader : This device reads bar codes and coverts them into electric pulses to be
processed by a computer. A bar code is nothing but data coded in form of light and dark bars.
(8) Voice Input Systems : This devices converts spoken words to M/C language form. A micro
phone is used to convert human speech into electric signals. The signal pattern is then
transmitted to a computer when it’s compared to a dictionary of patterns that have been
previously placed in a storage unit of computer. When a close match is found, the word is
recognized.
(9) Plotter : Plotter is an O/P device that is used to produce graphical O/P on papers. It uses
single color or multi color pens to draw pictures as blue print etc.
(10) Digital Camera : It converts graphics directly into digital form. It looks like an ordinary
camera, but no film is used therein, instead a CCD (changed coupled Divide) Electronic chip in
used. When light falls, on the chip though the lens, it converts light waves into electrical waves.
5) Explain two types of multimedia platform?
The Multimedia is used in various platforms. These are the two most widely usage of the
multimedia.
1. Macintosh platform
2. Windows multimedia platform
Macintosh platform:
The Macintosh (often called "the Mac") was the first widely-sold personal computer with a
graphical user interface (GUI) and a mouse. Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh in an ad
during Super Bowl XVIII, on January 22, 1984, and offered it for sale two days later.
The Mac was designed to provide users with a natural, intuitively understandable, and, in
general, "user-friendly" computer interface. Many of the user interface ideas in the Macintosh
derived from experiments at the Xerox Parc laboratory in the early 1970s, including the mouse,
the use of icons to represent objects or actions, the point-and-click and click-and-drag actions,
and a number of window operation ideas. Microsoft successfully adapted these user interface
concepts for its first Windows operating system.
The Macintosh runs on its own operating system, Mac OS (currently Mac OS X). The Mac
originally ran on Motorola's 68000 series microprocessors and then moved to the PowerPC
processor. Current models use Intel x86 processors.
The Windows multimedia PC platform
It is a collection of different vendor neutral components that are tied together by the
requirements of the windows operating system.
Initially focused on business computing and was not suitable for multimedia. However now it is
easier to find hardware and software for multimedia
The MPC is a standard to assemble components from various suppliers to meet the standard.
The MPC level 1 consisted of 16MHZ 386SX microprocessor 2MB RAM 30MB harddisk
CDROM drive, VGA video, 8 bit audio board and speakers.
MPC level 2 released in 1993 has 25 MHZ 486SX microprocessor ,4MB RAM, 3.5 inch density
floppy disk, CDROM drive of 300kbps transfer rate
MPC level 3 released in 1995 provide improved sound and video performance. It provides full
motion video with TV and CD quality sound.
6) Describe the role of project manager?
A project manager is a person who has the overall responsibility for the successful initiation,
planning, design, execution, monitoring, controlling and closure of a project. Construction,
petrochemical, architecture, information technology and many different industries that produce
products and services use this job title.
The project manager must have a combination of skills including an ability to ask penetrating
questions, detect unstated assumptions and resolve conflicts, as well as more general
management skills.
Key among a project manager's duties is the recognition that risk directly impacts the likelihood
of success and that this risk must be both formally and informally measured throughout the
lifetime of a project.
Risks arise from uncertainty, and the successful project manager is the one who focuses on this
as their primary concern. Most of the issues that impact a project result in one way or another
from risk. A good project manager can lessen risk significantly, often by adhering to a policy of
open communication, ensuring every significant participant has an opportunity to express
opinions and concerns.
7) What are the useful areas of Multimedia? Explain it.
Multimedia is everywhere whether you are at a railway station looking at the schedule screens or
watching your Television or using your mobile. It has changed everything from manufacturing to
the advertising and education to healthcare industry. It has revolutionized everything everywhere
not only in India but also the entire world.
1. Advertising
Advertising has changed a lot over the past couple of decades, and this is mainly due to the
increased use of the internet in business. Multimedia plays a great and a vital role in the field of
advertising. As whatever it is whether print or electronic advertisement, they first are prepared on
the computer by using professionals' software's and then it is brought in front of the target
audiences.
Some of different types of advertising are:
 Print advertising
 Radio (audio) advertising
 Television (video) advertising
 Digital advertising
o Display Ads
o Remarketing
o Video
o Social
 Mobile advertising
2. Education
In the area of education too, the multimedia has a great importance. Talking particularly about
the schools, their usage has a significant role to play for children also. It is broadly used in the
field of education and training. We used audio for imparting education even in traditional
method, where charts, models etc. were used.
Nowadays the classroom need is not limited to that traditional method rather it needs audio and
visual media. With the use of multimedia everything can be integrated into one system. As an
education aid the PC contains a high-quality display with mic option. This all has promoted the
development of a wide range of computer-based training.
3. Mass Media
It is used in the field of mass media i.e. journalism, in various magazines and newspapers that are
published periodically. The use of multimedia plays a vital role in a publishing house as there are
many works of newspaper designing and other stuff also.
Nowadays it's not only the text that we can see in the newspaper, but we can also see
photographs in newspaper, this not only makes newspaper a perfect example but will also
explain the worthiness of hypermedia.
4. Gaming Industry
One of the most exciting applications of multimedia is games. Nowadays the live internet is used
to play gaming with multiple players has become popular.
In fact, the first application of multimedia system was in the field of entertainment and that too in
the video game industry. The integrated audio and video effects make various types of games
more entertaining.
5. Science and Technology
Multimedia had a wide application in the field of science and technology. It is capable of
transferring audio, sending message and formatted multimedia documents. At the same time the
it also helps in live interaction through audio messages and it is only possible with the
hypermedia. It reduces the time and cost can be arranged at any moment even in emergencies.
At the same time, it is useful for surgeons as they can use images created from imaging scans of
human body to practice complicated procedures such as brain removal and reconstructive
surgery.
8) Explain about monitor and video devices?
A computer monitor is an output device which displays information in pictorial form. A monitor
usually comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. The display device in
modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) with LED
backlighting having replaced cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlighting. Older
monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT). Monitors are connected to the computer via VGA,
Digital Visual Interface (DVI), HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, low-voltage differential
signaling (LVDS) or other proprietary connectors and signals.
Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were
used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used
for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented some computer
functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions, and computer monitors, has changed from
4:3 to 16:10, to 16:9.
Modern computer monitors are easily interchangeable with conventional television sets.
However, as computer monitors do not necessarily include components such as a television tuner
and speakers, it may not be possible to use a computer monitor as a television without external
components.
9) Explain any two application of multimedia?
Nowadays the application of Multimedia are observed in various fields such as Education,
Entertainment,Business and so on. To communicate the message in the form of picture, sound,
video, animation is the primary role of multimedia. Some of the application of multimedia are as
follows:
1)Multimedia in Education: Multimedia is becoming popular in the field of education. It is
commonly used to prepare study material for the students and also provide them proper
understanding of different subjects.Nowadays Edutainment, a combination of Education and
Entertainment has become very popular. This system provides learning as well as provides
entertainment to the user.
2)Multimedia in Entertainment: Computer graphics techniques are now commonly use in making
movies and games. this increase the growth of multimedia.
i)Movies: Multimedia used in movies gives a special audio and video effect. Today multimedia
has totally changed the art of making movies in the world. Difficult effect, action are only
possible through multimedia.
ii)Games: Multimedia used in games by using computer graphics, animation, videos have
changed the gaming experience. Presently, games provides fast action, 3-D effects and high
quality sound effects which is only possible through multimedia.
10) Discuss about Macintosh platform?
The Macintosh (often called "the Mac") was the first widely-sold personal computer with a
graphical user interface (GUI) and a mouse. Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh in an ad
during Super Bowl XVIII, on January 22, 1984, and offered it for sale two days later.
The Mac was designed to provide users with a natural, intuitively understandable, and, in
general, "user-friendly" computer interface. Many of the user interface ideas in the Macintosh
derived from experiments at the Xerox Parc laboratory in the early 1970s, including the mouse,
the use of icons to represent objects or actions, the point-and-click and click-and-drag actions,
and a number of window operation ideas. Microsoft successfully adapted these user interface
concepts for its first Windows operating system.
The Macintosh runs on its own operating system, Mac OS (currently Mac OS X). The Mac
originally ran on Motorola's 68000 series microprocessors and then moved to the PowerPC
processor. Current models use Intel x86 processors.
10 MARKS
1. Describe the storage device and explain the uses and drawback of each input device.
A storage device is any computing hardware that is used for storing, porting and extracting data
files and objects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be
internal or external to a computer, server or any similar computing device.
A storage device may also be known as a storage medium or storage media.
There are two different types of storage devices:
 Primary storage devices: Generally smaller in size, are designed to hold data temporarily
and are internal to the computer. They have the fastest data access speed, and include
RAM and cache memory.
 Secondary storage devices: These usually have large storage capacity, and they store data
permanently. They can be both internal and external to the computer, and they include the
hard disk, compact disk drive and USB storage device.
For input devices refer qno 3
2. Explain how multimedia software and hardware used in multimedia.
For producing multimedia you need hardware, software and creativity.
MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
CPU
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an essential part in any computer. It is considered as the brain
of computer, where processing and synchronization of all activities takes place. The efficiency of
a computer is judged by the speed of the CPU in processing of data. For a multimedia computer
a Pentium processor is preferred because of higher efficiency.
Monitor
The monitor is used to see the computer output. Generally, it displays 25 rows and 80 columns of
text. The text or graphics in a monitor is created as a result of an arrangement of tiny dots, called
pixels. Resolution is the amount of details the monitor can render. Resolution is defined in terms
of horizontal and vertical pixel (picture elements) displayed on the screen.
Video Grabbing Card
We need to convert the analog video signal to digital signal for processing in a computer.
Normal computer will not be able to do it alone. It requires special equipment called video
grabbing card and software to this conversion process. This card translates the analog signal it
receives from conventional sources such as a VCR or a video camera, and converts them into
digital format.
Sound Card
Today’s computers are capable of creating the professional multimedia needs. Not only you can
use computer to compose your own music, but it can also be used for recognition of speech and
synthesis. It can even read back the entire document for you. But before all this happens, we
need to convert the conventional sound signal to computer understandable digital signals. This is
done using a special component added to the system called sound card.
CD-Rom
CD-ROM is a magnetic disk of 4.7 inches diameter and it can contain data up to 680 Megabytes.
It has become a standard by itself basically for its massive storage capacity, faster data transfer
rate. To access CD-ROM a very special d1rive is required and it is known as CD-ROM drive.
MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
For the creation of multimedia on the PC there are hundreds of software packages that are
available from manufacturers all over the world. These software packages can cost anything
from being absolutely free (normally this software is called freeware or shareware) to anything
upwards of £500.
Here is a summary of just a few of these programs.
Adobe CS4
Adobe CS4 is a collection of graphic design, video editing, and web development applications
made by Adobe Systems many of which are the industry standard that includes
Adobe Dreamweaver
Dreamweaver’s WYSIWYG mode can hide the HTML code details of pages from the user,
making it possible for non-coders to create web pages and sites. WYSIWYG (What You See Is
What You Get) web development software that allows users to create websites without using
Html, everything can be done visually.
Adobe Fireworks
A graphics package that allows users to create bitmap and vector graphics editor with features
such as: slices, the ability to add hotspots etc.) for rapidly creating website prototypes and
application interfaces.
Gimp
Is an alternative to Photoshop and cheaper but not quite as good.
Google Sketchup
SketchUp is a 3D modeling program designed for architects, civil engineers, filmmakers, game
developers, and related professions.
Microsoft Frontpage
As a WYSIWYG editor, FrontPage is designed to hide the details of pages’ HTML code from
the user, making it possible for novices to easily create web pages.
Apple Quicktime
QuickTime is an extensible proprietary multimedia framework developed by Apple, capable of
handling various formats of digital video, 3D models, sound, text, animation, music, panoramic
images, and interactivity.
Photoshop Pro
Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editing programdeveloped and published
by Adobe Systems. It is the current market leader for commercial bitmap and image
manipulation software, and is the flagship product of Adobe Systems. It has been described as
“an industry standard for graphics professionals”
Microsoft Powerpoint
Powerpoint Presentations are generally made up of slides may contain text, graphics, movies,
and other objects, which may be arranged freely on the slide.
Adobe Flash Player
Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform that is popular for
adding animation and interactivity to web pages. Flash is commonly used to create
animation, advertisements, and various web page Flash components, to integrate video into web
pages, and more recently, to develop rich Internet applications.
3. What are input devices? Explain them.
An input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control
signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.
Examples of input devices are as follows.
Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are
some additional keys provided for performing additional functions. Keyboards are of two sizes
84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for
Windows and Internet.
Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a
small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and
sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between
the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot
be used to enter text into the computer.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen.
It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball
moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.The function of the joystick
is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing
computer games.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for
further manipulation.

Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that can be
stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form. The
microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or
for mixing music.
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark
lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a
handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner. Bar Code Reader scans a bar code
image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer that the bar
code reader is connected to.
4. Explain about MULTIMEDIA SKILLS AND TRAINING
The Multimedia team has several members for developing multimedia project. Often
individual members of multimedia production teams wear several hats: graphic designers may
also do interface design, scanning, and image processing. A project manager or producer may
also be the video producer or script writer.
Team members

Project Manager:
A project manager’s role is at the center of the action. He or she is responsible for the overall
development and implementation of the project as well as for the day to-day operations.
 Responsible for overseeing project’s timeline and resources, finances, and priorities,

 Facilitating communication and documentation- “Budgets, schedules, creative sessions,

time sheets, illness, invoices, team dynamics
 The project manager is the glue that holds the team together.”
 A program manager has two major areas of responsibility:
1. Design and Development.
2. Management.
Design and Development consists of devising a vision for the product and working out the
complete functionality with the design team, and then putting that into an complete functional
spec and adjusting it as necessary throughout the development of the project.
The management side consists of scheduling and assigning tasks, running meetings, managing
milestones – essentially overseeing all aspects of product development from beginning to end. A
good project manager must completely understand the strengths and limitations of hardware and
software so that he or she can make good decisions about what to do and what not to do.
Multimedia designer: (Information designer)
A multimedia designer often wears many hats, but most importantly he or she looks at the
overall content of a project, creates a structure for the content, determines the design elements
required to support that structure, and decides which media are appropriate for presenting which
pieces of content. They Prepares the blue print for the entire project: content, media and
interaction. Graphic designers, illustrators, animators, and image processing specialists deal with
the visuals. Multimedia designers need a variety of skills.
Interface designer
The role of interface designer is to create software devices that organize the multimedia content,
that lets the user to access or modify that content, and that presents the content on screen. The
ease with which a user can move about within a project, effective use of windows, backgrounds,
icons, and control panels – these are the result os an interface designer’s work.
Writer
 They create a character, action and point of view.

 They write proposals, they script voice-overs and actors narrations

 They write text screens to deliver messages, and they develop characters designed for an
interactive environment.
 Scriptwriters write dialog, narration, and voice-overs.
A role related to script writing is an editor – rewriting is as important as writing.But multimedia
writing is always different form writing a film or video scripts.
Video specialists
He is responsible for an entire team of videographers, sound technicians, lighting designers, set
designers, script supervisor, etc. A multimedia video specialist does much more than just shoots
and edit video. He must also understand interactivity and how it will affect the video.
Audio specialist
An audio specialists working in multimedia should have a through understanding of the needs
and requirements involved in producing a successful sound track.Depending upon the situations
occur in the picture he has to change the background music.He is a person can show all his music
talents in the multimedia project.Can be either a sound engineer or music composer.
Multimedia programmer
Someone who can implement programs that integrate media elements.“A multimedia
programmer [is a] software engineer [who] integrates all of the multimedia elements into
a seamless whole using an authoring language or programming language.”Programming
tools for multimedia are typically higher level than typical programming languages,
include Authoring tools (such as Authorware),HTML editors, Java applets, Flash, etc
5. Describe several different environment in which multimedia might be used.
Multimedia is everywhere whether you are at a railway station looking at the schedule screens or
watching your Television or using your mobile. It has changed everything from manufacturing to
the advertising and education to healthcare industry. It has revolutionized everything everywhere
not only in India but also the entire world.
1. Advertisement:
Advertising has changed a lot over the past couple of decades, and this is mainly due to the
increased use of the internet in business. Multimedia plays a great and a vital role in the field of
advertising. As whatever it is whether print or electronic advertisement, they first are prepared on
the computer by using professionals' software's and then it is brought in front of the target
audiences.
Some of different types of advertising are:
 Print advertising
  Radio (audio) advertising
 Television (video) advertising
 Digital advertising
o Display Ads
o Remarketing
o Video
o Social
 Mobile advertising
2. Education:
In the area of education too, the multimedia has a great importance. Talking particularly about
the schools, their usage has a significant role to play for children also. It is broadly used in the
field of education and training. We used audio for imparting education even in traditional
method, where charts, models etc. were used.
Nowadays the classroom need is not limited to that traditional method rather it needs audio and
visual media. With the use of multimedia everything can be integrated into one system. As an
education aid the PC contains a high-quality display with mic option. This all has promoted the
development of a wide range of computer-based training.
3. Mass Media:
It is used in the field of mass media i.e. journalism, in various magazines and newspapers that are
published periodically. The use of multimedia plays a vital role in a publishing house as there are
many works of newspaper designing and other stuff also.
Nowadays it's not only the text that we can see in the newspaper, but we can also see
photographs in newspaper, this not only makes newspaper a perfect example but will also
explain the worthiness of hypermedia.
4. Gaming Industry:
One of the most exciting applications of multimedia is games. Nowadays the live internet is used
to play gaming with multiple players has become popular. The integrated audio and video effects
make various types of games more entertaining.
5. Science and Technology:
Multimedia had a wide application in the field of science and technology. It is capable of
transferring audio, sending message and formatted multimedia documents. At the same time the
it also helps in live interaction through audio messages and it is only possible with the
hypermedia. It reduces the time and cost can be arranged at any moment even in emergencies. At
the same time, it is useful for surgeons as they can use images created from imaging scans of
human body to practice complicated procedures such as brain removal and reconstructive
surgery.
Pre Production
Pre-Production comprises of everything you do before you start recording of audio or video. This
phase of your project is extremely important. Everything you do in pre-production will save time
and aggravation during production and post-production. The techniques shown will include: how
to design storyboards, including how to show correct camera angles for the scene, writing your
story, and how to use video transitions can be done with the help of multimedia.
6. Post Production:
It is the final step of production involves editing scenes, adding various transition effects,
addition of voice to characters, background score, dubbing and much more can be done using
multimedia technologies.
7. Fine Arts:
In fine arts, there are multimedia artists, who blend techniques using different media that in some
way incorporates interaction with the viewer. One of the famous artist is Peter Greenaway who is
blending cinema with opera with the help of all sorts of digital media.
8. Engineering:
Software engineers often use multimedia in computer simulations for anything such as military
or industrial training. It is also used for software interfaces which are done as collaboration
between creative professionals and software engineers.
9. Research:
In the area of mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is primarily used for modelling
and simulation. For example, looking at a molecular model by a scientist of a particular
substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance.
 UNIT II

TWO MARKS

1. What is Multimedia Authoring?

Authoring software provides an integrated environment for binding together the content and
functions of your project, and typically includes everything you need to create, edit, and
import specific types of data; assemble raw data into a playback sequence or cue sheet; and
provide a structured method or language for responding to user input.
2. Write the features of Audio Video Interleave (AVI).
The features of AVI are
 Play back from hard disk or CD-ROM
 Quick loading and playing, because only a few features of video and a portion
of audio are accessed at a time.
 Video compression to boost the quality of your video sequences and reduce
their size.
3. Write any two authoring tools
 Card- or page-based tools
 Icon-based, event-driven multimedia and game-authoring tools
 Time-based tools
 Object oriented tools
4. What is Quick Time?
 Quick time is a software-based architecture for integrating sound, text,
animation and video on Macintosh and Windows platform
 It is an extensible system for multimedia delivery, it can deliver 3-D
animations, virtual reality and streaming audio-video on the web.
5. Define AVI standard
Audio video Interleaved is a Microsoft-developed format for playing full-motion
interleaved video and audio sequences in windows. Video data are interleaved with
audio data within the file that contains the motion sequence, so the audio portion of
the movie remains synchronized to the video portion.
6. Name any four painting software
 Photoshop
 Picture publisher
 Fractal Design
 Fireworks
 Painter
7. What is the use of OCR software?
Often you will have printed matter and other text to incorporate into your project, but no
electronic text file. With OCR software, a flatbed scanner, and your computer, you can save many
hours of rekeying printed words, and get the job done faster and more accurately than a roomful
of typists.
8. What are the two ways of linking data objects
 Dynamic data exchange
 Object linking and embedding
9. What are the elements of Quick time System software?
 Movie file format
 Media Abstraction Layer
 Media services
10. Name any four drawing software
  Corel draw
 Free Hand
 Illustrator
 InkScape
11. Define morphing
 Morphing is a popular effect in which one image is transformed into another.
 Morphing applications and other modeling tools offer this effect, can transition
not only between still images but often between moving images as well.
12. List down the uses of any tools
A word processor is the first software tool computer users learn and it is used to
prepare letters, invoices, storyboards and project content.

FIVE MARKS

1. Discuss briefly the features of 3D Modeling and animations.

3-D Modeling and Animation Tools
With 3-D modeling software, objects rendered in perspective appear more Realistic. You can
create stunning scenes and wander through them, choosing just the right lighting and
perspective for your final rendering image.Powerful modeling packages such as
Macromedia’s Extreme 3D, AutoDesk’s 3D Studio Max, Strata Vision’s 3D are available for
objects such as people,furniture, buildings, airplanes, trees etc.,

Features
1) Multiple windows that allow you to view your model in each dimension, from the
camera’s perspective, and in a rendered preview.
2) Ability to drag and drop primitive shapes into a scene.
3) Lathe and extrude features
4) Color and texture mapping
5) Ability to add realistic effects such as transparency, shadowing, and fog.
6) Ability to add spot, local, and global lights, to place them anywhere, and manipulate them
from special lighting effects.
7) Unlimited cameras with focal length control.

2. Discuss briefly the 3D Modeling and Image Editing tools

3D Modeling and animation: Ref Q.No 1 in Five marks

Image-Editing Tools
Imaging editing tools are specialized and powerful tools for enhancing and retouching
existing bitmapped images. These applications also provide many of the features and tools of
painting and drawing programs and can be used to create images from scratch as well as
digitized images from scanners, video frame-grabbers and digital cameras.

Features
1) Multiple windows provide views of more than one image at a time.
2) Direct input of images from scanners and video sources.
3) Employment of virtual memory scheme that uses hard disk spaces as RAM for images that
require large amount of memory.
4) Capable of selection tools, such as rectangles, lassos, and magic wands, to select portions
of a bitmap.
5) Good masking feature
6) Multiple Undo and restore features
7) Color-mapping controls for precise adjustment of color balance.
8) Tools for retouching, blurring, sharpening, lightening, darkening, smudging, and tinting.
9) Ability to resample and resize an image.
10) 24-bit color, 8- or 4-bit indexed color, 8-bit gray scale, black-and-white, and customized
color palettes.
11) Ability to design in layers that can be combined, hidden, and reordered.

3. Write a note on text editing and word processing tools

Text Editing and Word Processing Tools
A word processor is usually the first software tool computer users learn. Your word
processor may also be your most often used tool, as you design and build a multimedia
project. Keyboarding and typing skills, the easier and more efficient will be your
multimedia day-to-day life. Word processor comes bundled in an “office suite” that might
include spreadsheet, database, e-mail;, web browser, and presentation application. Word
processor such as Word and Word perfect are powerful applications that include spell
checkers, table formatters, thesauruses, and pre built templates for letters, resumes,
purchase orders and other common documents.
OCR Software
With optical character recognition software, a flat-bed scanner, and your computer, you
can save many hours of rekeying printed words, and get the job done faster than a
roomful of typists. OCR software turns bitmapped characters into electrically recognized
ASCII text. A scanner typically used to create a bitmap. Then the software breaks the
bitmap into chunks according to whether it contains text or graphics.

4. List any four features of power point

Ref Q.No 6 in Five marks

5. What are the image editing tools?

Ref Image editing tools in Q. No 2 in Five marks

6. List the office suite available in Windows. Explain them.

Office Suites:
 Word Processors
 Spread sheets
 Databases
 Presentation tools
Word Processors:
Word processed documents are ultimately printed on paper, but many are also delivered
on a server or floppy disk, to an electronic mailbox, or as HTML documents on the
WWW.

Word processor Software:

Word:
Microsoft’s word for Macintosh and Windows provides user interface on both platforms. You
can make and import various image formats, including PICT, TIFF, BMP, and EPS, to place
them in your document. You can add QuickTime movies to your document; control the
movie’s playback characteristics (forward, backward, start and stop) and perform simple
editing with cut, copy, and paste commands. In the windows version, AVI movies can also be
played within your word document. You can import digitized sounds, and you can record
voice comments from an internal microphone saving the recording for playback.
WordPerfect:
Word perfect for Macintosh offers a QuickTime movie playing facility. The movie is
represented by its poster, usually the first frame of the movie. You can represent your movie
as a character, anchor it to a page or paragraph, move it, add a caption. There is a movie
controller that gives you many options, such as custom playback or changing the poster.
Word perfect for windows can share data with otherDDE, compatible programs that
use DDE links. If the data changed in a linker program, they are automatically updated in the
Wordperfect document. A figure editor makes it easy to add graphics to your documents.
Wordperfect for windows works with the ommon graphic formats for DOS as well as
windows metafiles and bitmaps.
WordPro:
With its windows DDE and OLE capabilities, WordPro from Lotus can link to other
applications embedded objects, such as sounds and AVI movies. With OLE, you can embed
or link objects into a frame in a WordPro document. You can control application through
DDE.

SPREAD SHEETS:
A spread sheet organizes its data in columns and rows. Calculations are made based on user
defined formulas, build complex graph and charts, charts into an animation or movie. The
latest spreadsheets let you attach special notes and drawings, including full multimedia
display of sounds, pictures, animation and video clips.

SPREAD SHEET SOFTWARE

LOTUS 1-2-3:
Lotus 1-2-3 lets you rearrange graph elements by clicking and dragging and using menu to
access data objects from the outside world. You can place bitmapped pictures and movies in
your spreadsheet. There is a complete color drawing package for placing lines, circles, arrows
and special text on top of the spreadsheet.
EXCEL:
You can create a slide show with Microsoft Excel in both the Macintosh and Windows
version to present worksheets, harts and graphics. You can apply video and audio transition
effects between slides, adjusting speed.
The SLIDES.XLA file must be installed in the windows version, the slide show add-in-
file for the Macintosh. Quicktime and AVI movies can be linked to Microsoft Excel
documents.
DATABASES:
A database program can store, can retrieve and organize many types of information.
Images, sounds and movies are treated as objects and can be stored, retrieved and played by
many databases.

DATABASE SOFTWARE
FILEMAKER PRO:
Filemaker pro (Relational database) is used to handle complex operations through
scripting Capabilities. You can use the built in graphic tools and record sound within the
application or you can import images, sounds and QuickTime movies from other
applications. Filemaker pro supports apple Events in the Macintosh version and OLE/DDE in
Windows versions.
ACCESS:
Microsoft access is a relational database application. You can input and store data only
once but you can view it in many ways.
With access:
-You can view the data in tables that show data from many records at once.
-Forms that show data from each individual record.
-Reports from which we have to summarize and print data.
The database wizard automatically builds tables, queries, forms, reports with common
business and personal database templates or if you have flat file list or spreadsheet use the
TableAnalyzer wizard to import the data into an Access database.
Visual dBASE:
Visual dBASE from Borland provides a desktop interface working with tables, forms,
reports and labels. It is part of three product family of object oriented, event driven relational
database tools for windows and it works with multimedia elements using OLE and DDE.

PRESENTATION TOOLS
Presentation software are originally developed to computerize the creation and
delivery of presentations to audiences and conferences. Presentation tools and synchronized
audio, self running animations and video to the slide show presentation.

PRESENTATION SOFTWARE:
Astound:
Astound from Gold Disk available for both Macintosh and Windows lets you create
attention getting presentations that combine text, images, sound effects, video and animated
movies. You can create animated movies using built in transitions.

Persuation:
Persuation is available for both Macintosh and Windows. It’s a complete desktop
presentation toolkit for producing overhead transparencies, 35 mm slides and printed
materials including speaker notes. It also includes tools for outlining, word processing,
drawing, charting and formatting. It supports OLE objects for editing of text, graphics and
spreadsheets. It works either in black and white or color.
Power Point:
Power Point from Microsoft for both Macintosh and Windows offers a complete
drawing and text package with an automatic or manual slide show. You can embed graphics
and data from other applications into Power Point and you can also embed bitmapped images,
slides and presentations from Power Point into other applications.

7. Explain any three features of AVI (Apr 16, July 12)

Audio video Interleaved is a Microsoft-developed format for playing full-motion
interleaved video and audio sequences in windows. Video data are interleaved with
audio data within the file that contains the motion sequence, so the audio portion of
the movie remains synchronized to the video portion.
The features of AVI are
 Play back from hard disk or CD-ROM
 Quick loading and playing, because only a few features of video and a portion
of audio are accessed at a time.
  Video compression to boost the quality of your video sequences and reduce
their size.
 AVI includes two tools to capture and edit video sequences and play them
back.: Vid cap and VidEdit.
 The data preparation tools in AVI are BitEdit, PalEdit and WaveEdit

TEN MARKS

1. Explain the different types of authoring tools

Card-based and Page-Based Authoring Tools

Card-based or page-based tools are authoring systems, where in the elements are organized as
pages of a book or a stack of cards. Thousands of pages or cards may be available in the book or
stack. These tools are best used when the bulk of your content consists of elements that can be
viewed individually, letting the authoring system link these pages or cards into organized
sequences. You can jump, on command, to any page you wish in the structured navigation
pattern.
Page-based authoring systems such as LiveCode from Runtime Revolution
(www.runrev.com) and ToolBook (www.toolbook.org) contain media objects: buttons, text fields,
graphic objects, backgrounds, pages or cards, and even the project itself.
The characteristics of objects are defined by properties (highlighted, bold, red, hidden, active,
locked, and so on). Each object may contain a programming script, usually a property of that
object, activated when an event (such as a mouse click) related to that object occurs.
Events cause messages to pass along the hierarchy of objects in the project; for example, a
mouse-clicked message could be sent from a button to the background, to the page, and then to
the project itself. As the message travelled, it looks for handlers in the script of each object; if it
finds a matching handler, the authoring system then executes the task specified by that handler.
Following are some typical messages that might pass along the object hierarchy of the
LiveCode and ToolBook authoring systems:

LiveCode Message ToolBook Message

closeCard leavePage
closeStack leaveBook
idle idle
mouseDown buttonDown
mouseStillDown buttonStillDown
mouseUp buttonUp
newBackground newBackground
openCard enterPage
openStack enterBook

Now let’s look at specific examples. To go to the next card or page when a button is clicked,
place a message handler into the script of that button. An example in RunRev’s LiveCode
language would be:
on mouseUp
go next card end mouseUp

An example in ToolBook’s OpenScript language would look like:

to handle buttonUp
go next page end buttonUp

The handler, if placed in the script of the card or page, executes its commands when it
receives a “mouseUp” or “buttonUp” event message that occurs at any location on the card or
page—not just while the cursor is within the bounds of a button.
 Card- and page-based systems typically provide two separate layers on each card: a
background layer that can be shared among many cards, and a foreground layer that is specific to
a single card.

Icon- and Object-Based Authoring Tools

Icon- or object-based, event-driven tools are authoring systems, wherein multimedia elements
and interaction cues (events) are organized as objects in a structural framework or process.
Icon- or object-based, event-driven tools simplify the organization of your project and
typically display flow diagrams of activities along branching paths. In complicated navigational
structures, this charting is particularly useful during development.
Icon-based, event-driven tools provide a visual programming approach to organizing and
presenting multimedia. First you build a structure or flowchart of events, tasks, and decisions, by
dragging appropriate icons from a library. These icons can include menu choices, graphic images,
sounds, and computations. The flowchart graphically depicts the project’s logic.
When the structure is built, you can add your content: text, graphics, animation, sounds, and
video movies. Then, to refine your project, you edit your logical structure by rearranging and
fine-tuning the icons and their properties.
With icon-based authoring tools, non-technical multimedia authors can build sophisticated
applications without scripting. In Authorware from Adobe, by placing icons on a flow line, you
can quickly sequence events and activities, including decisions and user interactions.
These tools are useful for storyboarding, as you can change sequences, add options, and
restructure interactions by simply dragging and dropping icons. You can print out your navigation
map or flowchart, an annotated project index with or without associated icons, design and
presentation windows, and a cross-reference table of variables.

Time-Based Authoring Tools

Time-based tools are authoring systems, wherein elements and events are organized along a
timeline, with resolutions as high as or higher than 1/30 second. Time-based tools are best to use
when you have a message with a beginning and an end. Sequentially organized graphic frames are
played back at a speed that you can set. Other elements (such as audio events) are triggered at a
given time or location in the sequence of events.
The more powerful time-based tools let you program jumps to any location in a sequence,
thereby adding navigation and interactive control. Each tool uses its own distinctive approach and
user interface for managing events over time. Many use a visual timeline for sequencing the
events of a multimedia presentation, often displaying layers of various media elements or events
alongside the scale in increments as precise as one second. Others arrange long sequences of
graphic frames and add the time component by adjusting each frame’s duration of play.
Flash is a time-based development environment. Flash, however, Flash is also particularly
focused on delivery of rich multimedia content to the Web. With the Flash Player plug-in installed
in more than 95 percent of the world’s browsers, Flash delivers far more than simple static HTML
pages. ActionScript, the proprietary, under-the-hood scripting language of Flash, is based upon
the international ECMAScript standard (www.ecma-international.org) derived from Netscape’s
original JavaScript.
Adobe’s Director is a powerful and complex multimedia Director authoring tool with a broad
set of features to create multimedia presentations, animations, and interactive multimedia
applications. It requires a significant learning curve, but once mastered, it is among the most
powerful of multimedia development tools.
In Director, you assemble and sequence the elements of your project, called a “movie,” using
a Cast and a Score. The Cast is a multimedia database containing still images, sound files, text,
palettes, QuickDraw shapes, programming scripts, QuickTime movies, Flash movies, and even
other Director files. You tie these Cast members together using the Score facility, which is a
sequencer for displaying, animating, and playing Cast members, and it is made up of frames that
contain Cast members, tempo, a palette, timing, and sound information. Each frame is played
 back on a stage at a rate specified in the tempo channel. Director utilizes Lingo, a full-featured
object-oriented scripting language, to enable interactivity and programmed control.

Object oriented tools

In multimedia authoring systems, multimedia elements and events are often treated as objects
that live in a hierarchical order of parent and child relationships. Messages passed among these
objects order them to do things according to the properties or modifiers assigned to them. In this
way, for example, Teen-child (a teenager object) may be programmed to take out the trash every
Friday evening, and does so when they get a message from Dad. Spot, the puppy, may bark and
jump up and down when the postman arrives, and is defined by barking and jumping modifiers.
Objects typically take care of themselves. Send them a message and they do their thing
without external procedures and programming. Objects are particularly useful for games, which
contain many components with many “personalities,” all for simulating real-life situations, events,
and their constituent properties.
Object-based authoring programs typically provide objects pre-programmed with sensible
properties, messages, and functions. A video object, for example, will likely have a duration
property (how long the video plays) and a source property (the location of the video fle) and it
will likely accept commands from the system such as “play” and “stop.”

2. Explain time based and object oriented authoring tools

Ref Q. No. 1 in ten marks.

3. Write down the features of drawing and painting package.

Painting and Drawing Tools

Painting and drawing tools, as well as 3-D modelers, are perhaps the most important items in
your multimedia projects. To have greater impact to the end user the painting and drawing
tools are used in the project.
Painting software such as Photoshop, Picture Publisher, and Fractal Design Painter is
dedicated to producing crafted bitmap images.
Drawing software such as CorelDraw, Freehand, Illustrator, Designer, and Canvas, is
dedicated to producing vector based line art easily to paper using PostScript or another page
markup system such as QuickDraw on the Macintosh.

Features
1) An intuitive graphical user interface with pull down menus, status bars, palette control, and
dialog boxes for quick logical selection.
2) Scalable dimensions, so you can resize, stretch, and distort both large and small bitmaps.
3) Paint tools to create geometric shapes, from squares to circles and from curves to complex
polygons.
4) Ability to pour a color, pattern, or gradient into any area.
5) Zooming for magnified pixel editing.
6) Customizable pen and brush shapes and sizes.
7) Good file importing and exporting capability for images formats such as PIC, GIF, TIF,
WMF, BMP etc.

4. Describe presentation tools from the classic genre of presentation software.

 Ref Q.No 6 of Five marks.

5. Explain Card based and Time based authoring tools

Ref Q. No. 1 in ten marks.

6. Discuss the object oriented authoring tools

Ref Q. No. 1 in ten marks.

7. Write notes on the Office Suites:

(a) Word processors
(b) Spread Sheets
(c) Databases
Ref Q.No 6 of Five marks.
 Unit-3
2 marks
1. Define digital audio
o Digital audio is created when a sound wave is converted into numbers- a process
referred to as digitizing. It is possible to digitize a sound from a microphone, a
synthesizer, existing tape recordings, live radio and television broadcasts, and
popular CDs. Digitized sound is sampled sound.
2. Define trimming
o Removing dead air or blank space from the front of a recording and an
unnecessary extra time off the end of the recording are our first sound editing task
3. Where to use MIDI file format?
 A MIDI file format is used in the following circumstances:
 Digital audio will not work due to memory constraints and more processing
 Power requirements
 When there is high quality of MIDI source
 When there is no requirement for dialogue.
4. What are audio devices

computer can't make a sound. Digital data from audio and video files needs to be turned into
something that our ears can hear, and this requires specialized hardware and sophisticated
processing. These "audio output devices," take the form of integrated circuits, discrete sound
cards or external adapters. Each serves the same ultimate function: to connect our computers to
speakers and headphones.

5. What is sampling process ?

• In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a
discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous
signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).
• A sample is a value or set of values at a point in time and/or space.
• A sampler is a subsystem or operation that extracts samples from a continuous
signal.
6. Define font and font face
A font was a particular size, weight and style of a typeface. Each font was a matched set
of type, one piece (called a "sort") for each glyph, and a typeface consisting of a range of
fonts that shared an overall design.

7. What is hypermedia?
Hypermedia is an extension to what is known as hypertext, or the ability to open new Web pages
by clicking text links on a Web browser. Hypermedia extends upon this by allowing the user to
click images, movies, graphics and other media apart from text to create a nonlinear network of
information.
8. What is a MIDI device?
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a technical standard that describes
a communications protocol, digital interface, and electrical connectors that interconnects a wide
variety of electronic musical instruments, computers, and related music and audio devices.[1] A
single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen channels of information, each of which can be routed to
a separate device.
9. What is super base?
Superbase is an end-user desktop database program that started on the Commodore 64 and was
ported from that to various operating systems over the course of more than 20 years. It also has
generally included a programming language to automate database-oriented tasks, and with later
versions included WYSIWYG form and report designers as well as more sophisticated
programming capabilities.
10. How multimedia becomes hyper media?
The combination of text, photographs, graphic art, sound, video, and animation.
multimedia project requires creative, technical, organizational, business skills.
multimedia becomes interactive multimedia when user can control elements (video
game). interactive media becomes hypermedia when user can navigate through linked
elements (www)
5 marks
1. Discuss the attributes of font and type faces
A typeface is family of graphic characters that usually includes many type sizes and
styles.

A font is a collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a particular

typeface family.

Typical font styles are bold face and italic. Other style attributes such as underlining
and outlining of characters, may be added at the users choice.

The size of a text is usually measured in points. One point is approximately 1/72 of an
inch i.e. 0.0138.
The size of a font does not exactly describe the height or width of its characters. This
is because the x-height (the height of lower case character x) of two fonts may differ.
Typefaces of fonts can be described in many ways, but the most common
characterization of a typeface is serif and sans serif.
 The serif is the little decoration at the end of a letter stroke. Times, Times New Roman,
Bookman are some fonts which comes under serif category. Serif fonts are generally used
for body of the text for better readability.
  Arial, Optima, Verdana are some examples of sans serif font. Sans serif fonts are
generally used for headings.
2. Differentiate MIDI and digital audio
MIDI
Definition A MIDI file is a software for
representing musical information
in a digital format.
Format type Compressed
Advantages Files are tiny, often less than 10K.
Download from a web page in no
time.
Fit easily on a floppy desk.
The files are any time ideal.
Disadvantages They sound little different from
the original sounds.
Contain Do not contain a recording of
sound
Storage No actual sound stored in MIDI
file
Digital Audio
A digital audio refers to the
reproduction and transmission of
sound stored in a digital format.
Compressed
They reproduce the exact sound files.
It reproduce better than CD quality.
They take up 10MB or more per
minute of sound.
Even with high-speed internet
connections, a simple audio file can
take several minutes to download.
When combined with video, the files
can cause problems.
Contain a recording of sound
Actual sound stored in digital audio
file
3.Give notes on hyper media and hyper text
Hypertext and hypermedia refer to Web pages and other kinds of on-screen content
that employ hyperlinks. Hyperlinks give us choices when we look for information,
listen to music, purchase products, and engage in similar activities. They take the
form of buttons, underlined words and phrases, and other “hot” areas on the screen.
Hypertext refers to the use of hyperlinks (or simply “links”) to present text and static
graphics. Many websites are entirely or largely hypertexts.
Hypermedia refers to the presentation of video, animation, and audio, which are often
referred to as “dynamic” or “time based” content or as “multimedia.” Non-Web forms
of hypertext and hypermedia include CD-ROM and DVD encyclopedias (such as
Microsoft's Encarta), ebooks, and the online help systems we find in software
products. It is common for people to use "hypertext" as a general term that includes
hypermedia.
The history of hypertext begins with two visionary thinkers: Vennevar Bush and Ted
Nelson. Bush, writing in 1945, recognized the value of technologies that would
enable knowledge workers to link documents and share them with others. Nelson,
starting in the mid-1960s, spent decades trying to build a very ambitious global
hypertext system (Xanadu) and as part of this effort produced a rich (though
idiosyncratic) body of theory.
Linear and Non-linear Media A “linear” communication medium is one we typically
experience straight through from beginning to end. There is little or no choosing as
we go. Cinema is a linear medium. In the world of print, novels are linear, but
newspapers, magazines, and encyclopedias are somewhat non-linear. They encourage
a certain amount of jumping around. The Web and other hypertextual media are
strongly non-linear.
TEN MARKS

1. Different types of hyper media structures/applications

Accessing information is basically different when using hypermedia than when using
traditional database technology. Typical traditional database access is via direct inquiry
using unique keys, or queries in the information database. In hypermedia, information
access is handled through structuring the information. Users access new information by
following links from existing information to new information.

Simply put, information in hypermedia databases has three typical features. Firstly, the
information is not homogenous. Different forms of information objects such as text,
audio and pictures may be used alone or together, and information which is semantically
different is tied together. Secondly, hypermedia systems have a high degree of user
interaction.

Thirdly hypermedia information is structured. If the hyperbase is to be built from

information already possessing structure, this structure may be retained, if so desired.
Hypermedia may thus be employed to model existing structure. For example, a
hyperdocument based on a book may be structured in the same way as the original.
Conversely, hypermedia may also be used to introduce new structure in the information.
An author writing about a hypermedia topic may use whatever structure s/he desires.
Hypermedia may thus also be used to structure information.

Now let us examine some typical applications for hypermedia. To place this in context,
we shall start by describing a system which probably would not lend itself to hypermedia.

An example of a system less suited for hypermedia. An imaginary vehicle register consists
of a number of items, with each item (object) representing a vehicle. Each object is
structured identically, with a fixed number of fields describing the object's attributes. The
content of the information database thus has a high degree of homogeneity. There is little
relation between the individual objects, as a vehicle does not have a direct link to another
vehicle. Inquiries may be made using vehicle registration numbers or owner names.
Directing inquiries to particular vehicles is rarely necessary, the typical transaction is
periodically processing the entire database. One such process may be periodical printing
of summons for technical checks.

Such a system will not be able to utilise the special features offered by hypermedia. As
mentioned above, hypermedia information databases are homogenous, and the ability of
hypermedia to connect different information objects is not very interesting in this case.
Each object is independent on other objects, and there is no way the vehicle register can
utilise hypermedia's ability to structure information. Moreover, a vehicle register would
have little need for user interaction.

The next items show some application areas well-suited for hypermedia. This is an
informal list, more formal definitions are given in Conclin (Conclin 87, p. 20).

Literature systems. Different types of literature require organising the material, as well as
references to other literature. Literature systems lend themselves well to the rich ways of
structuring information afforded by hypermedia. Documents are kept together by means
of organisation links. This structure may be created by the author, or it may be the
original structure of a document which has been converted from printed text to
hypermedia.

References to other parts of the document and to other documents are handled by
reference links. This allows direct references to other documents, if the other document
are in the hyperbase. A document featuring a literary analysis of Ibsen's "The Wild Duck"
may refer directly to scenes in the play if the play is in the hyperbase. Those parts of the
play referenced by the analysis document may thus appear to be integral parts of it
though in reality the play is an independent document in the hyperbase. Users often may
make their own private notes by means of private reference links.

Publishing. Compared to traditional printed information media, hypermedia has the

advantage of being able to present other information than text and pictures. Information
objects such as audio and film may be included in a document. As this publishing is
 electronic, it will be easier to distribute than traditional printed matter.

One concrete instance of a system used for publishing is The Perseus Project (Crane 91).
This information base with hyperfunctionality contains information on ancient Greece.
An advantage with hypermedia in this connection is that the price is substantially lower
than that for printed material. Crane especially mentions the price of printing
photographs, which is expensive to print but inexpensive in electronic media.

Instruction systems. Hypermedia is often employed in interactive instruction systems.

The student may move around at will in the information, hopefully learning while
jumping from node to node. NoteCard's IDE extension is especially adapted for
developing instruction systems. Such systems often place heavy demands on the
hypersystem, as merely browsing the system alone is insufficient. Instruction systems
require the ability to guide the student through the material, creating recommended paths
to follow. A simple way to add comments is also required.

Problem-solving systems. This type of system is used for intergroup communication.

When using hypermedia's opportunities for allowing a number of users to access the
same information set, a work group may seek solutions to different issues. Discussions,
document sharing, and the ability to let work-group members comment on the work of
other members are typical features of such systems. An example of a concrete application
may be the process of system development. One system especially intended for this use is
gIBIS

Idea tools. A number of experts have argued that the linear structure of traditional
documents is inadequate for representing thinking and ideas. As hypermedia offers a non-
linear structure, it may well be an appropriate tool for structuring thoughts and ideas. The
NoteCards system is intended as a personal idea tool.

2. How many number of character sets are available in multimedia

project?Explain.

Character Sets and Alphabets

Knowing that there is a wide selection of characters available to you on your computers and
understanding how you can create and use special and custom-made charcters will broaden your
creative range and when you design and build multimedia projects
The ASCII Character Set
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the 7-bit character coding
system most commonly used by computer systems in the United States and Abroad.
 ASCII assigns a number or value to 128 characters, including both lower- and uppercase
letters, punctuation marks, Arabic numbers, and math symbols.
 carriage return, line feed, tab, and form feed.
 ASCII code numbers always represent a letter or symbols of the English alphabet, so that a
computer or printer can work with the number that represents the letter, regardless of what the
letters might actually look like on the screen or printout.
 To a computer working with the ASCII character set, the number 65, for example, always
represents an uppercase A.
 ASCII was invented and standardized for analog teletype communication early in the age of
bits and bytes.
The Extended Character Set
 A byte, which consists of eight bits, is the most commonly used building block for computer
processing.
 The Extended Character Set is most commonly filled with ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) standard characters, including often used symbols, such as ¢
Unicode
 Supports four bytes for each characters.
 Unicode character set contains commonly used characters in almost all languages.
 UNIT IV

TWO MARKS

1. List any two image file types.

 Bmp
 jpeg
2. Mention any two movie making tools.
 Quick time
 Windows movie maker
 Director
3. Expand GIF and MIME
GIF- graphical interchange format
MIME- multipurpose mail extension
4. Define: Animation.
If an object actually moving across or into or out of the screen then it is called animation. For
example, a spinning globe of our earth, a car driving along a line-art highway, a bug crewing
out from under a stack of disk.
5. What are storyboards?

Story board is useful for visualizing the animation sequence to be developed as various
frames and draw on paper. It is helpful to decide location of each element.
6. What is meant by still image?
Still images may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph, screen display, and as well as a
three-dimensional, such as a statue or hologram. They may be captured by optical devices—
such as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and
phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces
7. What do you mean by bmp file?
A Windows bitmap file stores image data as bits.

8. What is video?
Video is moving images combined with audio. Light reflected from an object through the
camera‘s lens is converted into electronic signal by charge-coupled device (CCD).

9. State any two capabilities of video editing

software.
 Import video and sound at the highest resolution and with the least amount of
compression possible.
 Resolution should be reduced and footage must be compressed later according
to the requirements.
10. MPEG and JPEG – Define.
MPEG - The MPEG standards are an evolving set of standards for video and audio
compression and for multimedia delivery developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group
(MPEG).
JPEG - JPEG (Joint Pictures Expert Group) is designed for compressing full-color or gray-
scale images of natural, real-world scenes.
 11. What is a bitmap?
A bit is the element in the digital world, an electronic digit that is either on or off, black or
white or 1 or 0. It is referred as binary. A map is a 2-d matrix of these bits. A bit map then is
a simple matrix of the tiny dots that form an image and are displayed on a computer screen or
printed
12. What are the ways to make a bitmap?
Bitmaps can be inserted by:
 Using clip art galleries
 Using bitmap software
 Capturing and editing images
 Scanning images
13. What is Morphing?
Morphing is a special effects in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one
image into another through a seamless transition. Most often it is used to depict one person
turning into another through technological means or as part of a fantasy or surreal sequence.
14. What is the principle of Animation?
An object seen by the human eye remains chemically mapped on the eye‘s retina for a brief
time after viewing. Combined with the human mind‘s need to conceptually complete a
perceived action, this makes it possible for a series of images that are changed very slightly
and very rapidly, one after the other, to seemingly blend together into a visual illusion of
movement.
15. Define Palettes.
Palettes are mathematical tables that define the color of pixels displayed on the screen.
Palettes are called color lookup tables‘ or CLUTs on Macintosh. The most common palettes
are 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24-bit deep.
16. What is Dithering?
Dithering is a process whereby the color value of each pixel is changed to the closest
matching color value in the target palette. This is done using a mathematical algorithm
17. List down the file formats of animation.
Software File Format
Director .dir & .dcr
Studio Max .max
SuperCard and Director .pics
Windows Audio Video Interleaved .avi
Macintosh .qt & .mov
Motion Video .mpeg
CompuServe .gif
Flash .swf
18. What is additive color?
In additive color model, a color is created by combining colored light sources in three
primary colors: red, green and blue (RGB). This is the process used for a TV or computer
monitor
FIVE MARKS

1. Write short notes on still images.

Still images are the important element of a multimedia project or a web site. In order to
make a multimedia presentation look elegant and complete, it is necessary to spend ample
amount of time to design the graphics and the layouts. Competent, computer literate skills in
 graphic art and design are vital to the success of a multimedia project. The type of still
images created depends on the display resolution, and hardware and software capabilities.
 Images may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph, screen display, and as well as a
three-dimensional, such as a statue or hologram. They may be captured by optical
devices—such as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural
objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces.
 The word image is also used in the broader sense of any two-dimensional figure such as
a map, a graph, a pie chart, or an abstract painting. In this wider sense, images can also
be rendered manually, such as by drawing, painting, carving, rendered automatically by
printing or computer graphics technology, or developed by a combination of methods,
especially in a pseudo-photograph.
 A volatile image is one that exists only for a short period of time. This may be a
reflection of an object by a mirror, a projection of a camera obscure, or a scene
displayed on a cathode ray tube. A fixed image, also called a hard copy, is one that has
been recorded on a material object, such as paper or textile by photography or digital
processes.
 A mental image exists in an individual's mind: something one remembers or imagines.
The subject of an image need not be real; it may be an abstract concept, such as a graph,
function, or "imaginary" entity. For example, Sigmund Freud claimed to have dreamed
purely in aural-images of dialogs. The development of synthetic acoustic technologies
and the creation of sound art have led to a consideration of the possibilities of a sound-
image made up of irreducible phonic substance beyond linguistic or musicological
analysis.
 A still image is a single static image, as distinguished from a kinetic image (see below).
This phrase is used in photography, visual media and the computer industry to
emphasize that one is not talking about movies, or in very precise or pedantic technical
writing such as a standard.
 A film still is a photograph taken on the set of a movie or television program during
production, used for promotional purposes.
2. Describe briefly about the broadcast video standards.
Broadcast Video Standards –
Analog video - Four broadcast and video standards and recording formats are commonly in
use around the world: NTSC, PAL, SECAM, and HDTV. Because these standards and
formats are not easily interchangeable, it is important to know where your multimedia
project will be used. NTSC - The United States, Japan, and many other countries use a
system for broadcasting and displaying video that is based upon the specifications set forth
by the 1952 National Television Standards Committee.
These standards define a method for encoding information into electronic signal that
creates a television picture.
It has screen resolution of 525 horizontal scan lines and a scan rate of 30 frames per
second
PAL - The Phase Alternate Line (PAL) system is used in the United Kingdom, Europe,
Australia, and South Africa. PAL is an integrated method of adding color to a black-and-
white television signal that paints 625 lines at a frame rate 25 frames per second.
SECAM - The Sequential Color and Memory (SECAM) system is used in France, Russia,
and few other countries. Although SECAM is a 625-line, 50 Hz system, it differs greatly
from both the NTSC and the PAL color systems in its basic technology and broadcast
method. HDTV - High Definition Television (HDTV) provides high resolution in 16:9 aspect
ratios. This aspect ratio allows the viewing of Cinemascope and Panavision movies. There is
contention between the broadcast and computer industries about whether to use interlacing or
progressive-scan technologies. Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) Digital
Television (DTV):
This digital standard provides TV stations with sufficient bandwidth to present four or five
Standard Television (STV) signals or one High Definition TV (HDTV) signal.
This standard allows for transmission of data to computers and for new Advanced TV
(ATV) interactive services.
3. Discuss how to integrate computers and television for multimedia development.
Integrating Computers and Television – A television and computer integration system is
provided that includes a coupler module electrically coupled to a remote keyboard and
integral mouse. Coupler module is also electrically coupled to both a personal computer and
to a conventional television. The personal computer has a conventional user interface which
includes a keyboard, monitor and mouse. The coupler module enables the combination of
the remote keyboard and mouse, and television to serve as a secondary user interface for the
personal computer which may be operated in parallel with the primary user interface. A user
may thus access and take advantage of substantially all of the capabilities of the personal
computer (including computer games and Internet access) from the user's television, in the
comfort of the user's living room or television room. The present invention thus
advantageously provides efficient and inexpensive integration of television capabilities with
personal computing, including Internet access.
4. Describe about kinematics and morphing.
Kinematics - It is the study of the movement and motion of structures that have joints, such
as a walking man. Inverse Kinematics is in high-end 3D programs, it is the process by
which you link objects such as hands to arms and define their relationships and limits. Once
those relationships are set you can drag these parts around and let the computer calculate the
result.
Morphing - Morphing is popular effect in which one image transforms into another.
Morphing application and other modeling tools that offer this effect can perform transition
not only between still images but often between moving images as well. The morphed
images were built at a rate of 8 frames per second, with each transition taking a total of 4
seconds.
 The morphed images were built at a rate of eight frames per second with each
transition taking a total of four seconds (32 separate images for each transaction) and
the number of key points was held to a minimum to shorten rendering time.
 Setting key point is crucial for smooth transition between two images.
 The point you set in the start image will move to the corresponding point in the end
image, this is important for things like eyes and noses, which you want to end up in
about the same place after the transition.
 The more key point smoother the morph.

5. How Video works?

Light reflected from an object through the camera‘s lens is converted into electronic
signal by charge-coupled device (CCD).
This electronic signal contains three channels of color information and synchronization
pulses (sync).
Several video standards exist that deal with the amount of separation between the
components of the signal.
 6. How Vector Drawing works?
Vector-drawn objects are described and drawn to the computer screen using a fraction of the
memory space required to describe and store the same object in bitmap form. A vector is a
line that is described by the location of its two endpoints. A simple rectangle, for example,
might be defined as follows: RECT 0, 0, 200, 200

A vector is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints.

 A simple rectangle: RECT 0,0,200,200
 Vector drawing makes use of Cartesian co-ordinates.
 Red boundary line and fill the square with the color blue: RECT 0,0,200,200, RED,
BLUE
 Cartesian coordinates are numbers that describe a point in two or three-dimensional
space as the intersection of X, Y, and Z axis.
 Vector images use less memory space and have a smaller file size as compared to
bitmaps.
 For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins download faster, and when
used for animation, draw faster than bitmaps.

TEN MARKS

1. Discuss how to create animation in multimedia project.

When you create an animation, organize its execution into a series of logical steps.
 First, gather up in your mind all the activities you wish to provide in the animation; if it is
complicated, you may wish to create a written script with a list of activities and required
objects.
 Choose the animation tool best suited for the job. Then build and tweak your sequences;
 Experiment with lighting effects.
 Allow plenty of time for this phase when you are experimenting and testing.
  Finally, post-process your animation, doing any special rendering and adding sound
effects.
2. Describe the concepts of digital image technology.
Digital Image - A digital image is represented by a matrix of numeric values each
representing a quantized intensity value. When I is a two-dimensional matrix, then I(r, c)
is the intensity value at the position corresponding to row r and column c of the matrix.
The points at which an image is sampled are known as picture elements, commonly
abbreviated as pixels. The pixel values of intensity images are called gray scale levels (we
encode here the ―color‖ of the image). The intensity at each pixel is represented by an
integer and is determined from the continuous image by averaging over a small
neighborhood around the pixel location. If there are just two intensity values, for
example, black, and white, they are represented by the numbers 0 and 1; such images are
called binary-valued images. If 8-bit integers are used to store each pixel value, the gray
levels range from 0 (black) to 255 (white).
Digital Image Format - There are different kinds of image formats in the literature. We
shall consider the image format that comes out of an image frame grabber, i.e., the
captured image format, and the format when images are stored, i.e., the stored image
format.
Captured Image Format - The image format is specified by two main parameters:
spatial resolution, which is specified as pixels (640x480) and color encoding, which is
specified by bits per pixel. Both parameter values depend on hardware and software for
input/output of images.
Stored Image Format - When we store an image, we are storing a two-dimensional array
of values, in which each value represents the data associated with a pixel in the image.
For a bitmap, this value is a binary digit
3. How does the color plays an important role in multimedia?
Color - Color is a vital component of multimedia. Management of color is both a
subjective and a technical exercise. Picking the right colors and combinations of colors
for your project can involve many tries until you feel the result is right.
The cornea of the eye acts as a lens to focus light rays onto the retina. The light rays
stimulate many thousands of specialized nerves called rods and cones that cover the
surface of the retina. The eye can differentiate among millions of colors, or hues,
consisting of combination of red, green, and blue.
Additive Color - In additive color model, a color is created by combining colored light
sources in three primary colors: red, green and blue (RGB). This is the process used for a
TV or computer monitor Subtractive Color - In subtractive color method, a new color is
created by combining colored media such as paints or ink that absorb (or subtract) some
parts of the color spectrum of light and reflect the others back to the eye. Subtractive
color is the process used to create color in printing. The printed page is made up of tiny
halftone dots of three primary colors, cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY).
Color palettes - In computer graphics, a palette is either a given, finite set of colors for the
management of digital images
 Palettes are mathematical tables that define the color of pixels displayed on the screen.
 Palettes are called color lookup tables or CLUTs on Macintosh.
 The most common palettes are 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24-bit deep.
4. How the computers generate still images using Bitmaps? Explain.
Bitmap - Bitmaps are used for photo-realistic images and for complex drawing requiring
fine detail. Vector-drawn objects are used for lines, boxes, circles, polygons, and other
graphic shapes that can be mathematically expressed in angles, coordinates, and
distances. A drawn object can be filled with color and patterns, and you can select it as a
 single object.
Bitmap Software - The abilities and feature of image-editing programs for both the
Macintosh and Windows range from simple to complex. The Macintosh does not ship
with a painting tool, and Windows provides only the rudimentary Paint (see following
figure), so you will need to acquire this very important software separately – often bitmap
editing or painting programs come as part of a bundle when you purchase your computer,
monitor, or scanner.
The industry standard for bitmap painting and editing programs are:
 Ulead PhotoImpact
 Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator.
 Macromedia's Fireworks.
 Corel's Painter.
 CorelDraw.
 Quark Express.
5. Where do bitmap come from? How are they made?
 Make a bitmap from scratch with paint or drawing program.
 Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen with a screen capture program, and then
paste into a paint program or your application.
 Capture a bitmap from a photo, artwork, or a television image using a scanner or video
capture device that digitizes the image.
 Once made, a bitmap can be copied, altered, e-mailed, and otherwise used in many
creative ways.
 Bitmaps are an image format suited for creation of:
o Photo-realistic images.
o Complex drawings.
o Images that require fine detail.
6. Explain video tips and video recording formats in detail.
Video Tips – These are just a few tips for producing better looking videos for you.
 Get physically close to your subject
 Film scenes using more than just one shot
 Film more than just your subject
 Film at the same height as your subject
 Control lighting
 Use a tripod
 Edit, and be ruthless while editing
 Experiment, and read the manual
Recording Formats
Composite analog video
Composite video combines the luminance and chroma information from the video
signal.
Composite video produces lowest quality video and is most susceptible to generation
loss.
Generation loss is the loss of quality that occurs while moving from original footage to
editing master to copy
Component analog video
Component video separates the luminance and chroma information.
It improves the quality of the video and decreases generation loss.
In S-video, color and luminance information are kept on two separate tracks (Y/C) to
improve the picture quality.
 Betacam is a new portable professional video format which lays the signal on the tape
in three component channels.
Composite digital
Composite digital recording formats combine the luminance and chroma information.
They sample the incoming waveforms and encode the information in binary (0/1)
digital code.
It improves color and image resolution and eliminates generation loss.
Component digital
Component digital formats add the advantages of component signals to digital
recording.
D-1 component digital format is an uncompressed format which has a very high quality
image.
It uses a 19 mm (3/4-inch) tape in order to save data.
ATSC digital TV
These standards provide for digital STV and HDTV recordings that can be broadcast by
digital TV transmitters to digital TV receivers.
ATSC standards also provide for enhanced TV bringing the interactivity of multimedia
and the Web to broadcast television.
7. Describe the principles of animations.
Cel Animation - The term Cel derives from the clear celluloid sheets that were used for
drawing each frame, which have been replaced today by acetate or plastic. Cel animation
artwork begins with key frames (the first and last frame of an action). The series of
frames in between the key frames are drawn in a process called Tweening. Tweening an
action requires calculating the number of frames between key frames and the path the
action takes, and then actually sketching with pencil the series of progressively different
outlines.
Computer Animation- Computer animation programs typically employ the same logic and
procedural concepts as Cel animation, using layer, key frame, and Tweening techniques,
and even borrowing from the vocabulary of classic animators. On the computer, paint is
most often filled or drawn with tools using features such as gradients and ant aliasing.
The word links, in computer animation terminology, usually means special methods for
computing RGB pixel values, providing edge detection, and layering so that images can
blend or otherwise mix their colors to produce special transparencies, inversions, and
effects.
Kinematics - It is the study of the movement and motion of structures that have joints,
such as a walking man. Inverse Kinematics is in high-end 3D programs, it is the process
by which you link objects such as hands to arms and define their relationships and limits.
Once those relationships are set you can drag these parts around and let the computer
calculate the result.
Morphing - Morphing is popular effect in which one image transforms into another.
Morphing application and other modeling tools that offer this effect can perform
transition not only between still images but often between moving images as well. The
morphed images were built at a rate of 8 frames per second, with each transition taking a
total of 4 seconds.
VRML - VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) is an independent environment
specifically designed to handle high-performance 3-D worlds containing 3-D text and
images, textures, animations, morphs, multiple viewpoints, collision detection, gravity,
sounds and the entire arcade elements associated with full-bore game action. With
claims that well-executed interactive 3-D content can make nearly any Web site more
compelling and effective and can better attract, engage and inform, Intel‘s algorithms and
Macromedia‘s delivery system allow 3-D content to be automatically scaled and tailored
to each user‘s system and available bandwidth.
 UNIT V
TWO MARKS
1. What are the different types of testing in multimedia projects?
 Alpha testing
 Beta testing
2. What is copyrights?
When a work is created, certain rights, such as for the work’s public display or performance,
its use in a broadcast, or its reproduction, are granted to its creator.
3. What are the fundamental organizing structures used in multimedia projects?
A few basic structures for multimedia projects will cover most cases:
 linear navigation
 hierarchical navigation
 nonlinear navigation
 composite navigation
4. State the use of GANTT Charts.
A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart developed as a production control tool in 1917 by
Henry L. Gantt, an American engineer and social scientist.
5. Define Beta testing.
The beta testing is testing done by the real users and should not include persons who have
been involved in the project’s production. Beta testers must have no preconceived ideas.
6. What is meant by Navigation Map?
A navigation map (or site map) provides you with a table of contents as well as a chart of the
logical flow of the interactive interface.
7. What are project planning steps to make multimedia project?
 Idea analysis
 Pre-testing
 Task planning
 Development
 Delivery
FIVE MARKS
1. Discuss the process of a formal request for proposal.
2. Write short notes on : Delivery in the www.
Delivering multimedia projects built for the World Wide Web can be as simple as renaming a
directory or transferring a group of files to a web server.
If you own or host the delivery web server yourself, you will have better security control,
better integration of your project into your internal LAN or intranet, and you can fine-tune the
server’s configuration parameters and specify and install any special software you need. On
the other hand, you will likely need a full-time webmaster, and you will pay for a high
bandwidth connection directly to the Internet.
When you have control of the server, you can provide secure commerce services for credit
card transactions, encryption and passwords, special databases, and custom CGI
programming. For multimedia projects requiring streaming technologies such as RealAudio
or video conferencing, you can purchase and install the necessary software on the server
necessary software on the server.
If your project will reside at a site hosted by an Internet service provider (ISP) or on a
company’s own internal intranet, you must discover during the planning phase of your project
what the host’s limitations might be and design your project within those limitations. It does
no good to include PhotoCD image pacs, ToolVox meta voice files, or complex Java scripts
in your web pages, only to find that your ISP does not or will not support the MIME-type or
purchase and install the necessary server software for you.
Internet directories like Yahoo, and search engines like Google, are important components of
the Web’s “how-to-find-it” functionality and power: using meta tags, be sure your project
will register with the search engines and can be easily found.

3. Write notes on PERT.

PERT - Program Evaluation Review Technique
This technique is a visual tool for managing the multimedia project. This consists of nodes
and paths. The nodes consists of the task, numbers of days necessary to complete the task, the
name of the person assigned the task.
 TEN MARKS
1. Discuss the project planning for multimedia project in detail.
The multimedia project development the user has to get the idea the following
 Determine the scope of a multimedia project
 Schedule the phases, tasks, and work items required to complete a project
 Estimate the cost, timeline, and tasks required to complete a project
 Write and structure the elements of a multimedia project proposal
 The Process of Making Multimedia
 Idea analysis
 Pre-testing
 Task planning
 Development
 Delivery
Idea Analysis
 Before beginning a multimedia project, it is necessary to determine its scope and content.
 Balance is the key principle in idea analysis.
 The aim is to generate a plan of action that will become the road map for production.
Pre-testing
In this phase the developer has to define the goal skill set and based on this content
outline, position of the sales and marketing.
Task Planning
Project management software includes:
 Microsoft Project.
 Designer's Edge.
 Screenplay System's Screenwriter and Story View.
 Outlining programs.
 Spreadsheets.
Development
 Designing the structure
 Designing the user interface
Delivery
 Delivery in CD-ROM
 Delivery in world wide web
2. Explain in detail about the navigational structure in multimedia.
The navigational structure provides you with a table of contents as well as a chart of the
logical flow of the interactive interface.
 A few basic structures for multimedia projects will cover most cases:
 linear navigation
 hierarchical navigation
 nonlinear navigation
 composite navigation

3. Describe the design part of Multimedia Project.

The multimedia project design consists of two things
 Designing the structure
 Designing the user interface
Designing the Structure
A multimedia project is no more than an arrangement of text, graphic, sound, and video
elements.
Navigation
A navigation map (or site map) provides you with a table of contents as well as a chart of the
logical flow of the interactive interface.
a few basic structures for multimedia projects will cover most cases:
• linear navigation
• hierarchical navigation
• nonlinear navigation
 • composite navigation
Designing the user interface
The nature of your user interface will vary depending on its purpose: User interfaces provide
standard patterns of activity that produce standard expected results.
Things to Avoid in designing user interface
 Clashes of color
 Busy screens (too much stuff)
 Using a picture with a lot of contrast in color or brightness as a background
 Trite humor in oft-repeated animations
 Clanging bells or squeaks when a button is clicked
 Frilly pattern borders
 Cute one-liners from famous movies
 Requiring more than two button clicks to quit
 Too many numbers (limit charts to about 25 numbers; if you can, just show totals)
 Too many words (don’t crowd them; split your information into bite-sized chunks)
 Too many substantive elements presented too quickly

4. Discuss about the CD technology in detail.

Compact Disc: Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
A CD may contain one or more tracks. These are areas normally allocated for storing a
single song in the Red Book format.
CDs also contain lead-in information and a table of contents.
Each track on the CD may use a different format; this allows you to create a mixed-mode
disc that combines, for example, high-quality CD-Audio with Macintosh Hierarchical File
System (HFS) CD-ROM or ISO 9660 data formats.
Though a CD contains tracks, the primary logical unit for data storage on a CD is a sector,
which is 1/75 second in length.
Each sector of a CD contains 2,352 bytes of data. After every sector are another 882 bytes
consisting of two layers of error-detecting code (EDC) and error-correcting code (ECC) and
timing control data.
A CD actually requires, then, 3,234 bytes to store 2,352 bytes of data. EDC and ECC allow a
scratched or dirty data sector to be reconstructed by software fast enough to avoid dropout of
music.
Timing codes are used to display song-playing time on an audio CD player.
Graphics, text, and data files written in common formats such as DOC, TIF, PIC, DBF, and
WKS can be read from an ISO 9660 CD and imported into your application, whether the file
was generated on a Macintosh or a PC.
The majority of multimedia products sold into retail and business channels are delivered on
CD-ROM or DVD.
■CD-R writers and blank CD-R discs are an inexpensive way to distribute multimedia
projects.

■ For short runs of a product, it is cheaper to burn your work onto CD-Rs and custom-label
them with your own printer.
■ The Red Book standard defines the CD audio format; Yellow Book is for CD-ROM;
Green Book is for CD-I (Interactive); Orange Book is for write-once, read-only (WORM)

CD-ROMs; and White Book is for Video CD (Karaoke CD).

Delivering on DVD
Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) employ a different (multilayer, high-density) manufacturing
process than audio and data CDs, and this technology provides as much as 15.9GB of storage
on a single disc in the Double-Sided, Dual-Layered format (DVD-18). More common and
readily available are Single-Sided, Single-Layered discs offering 4.37GB of storage (DVD-
5), often called “4.7GB Media.”In December 1995, nine major electronics companies
(Toshiba, Matsushita, Sony, Philips, Time Warner, Pioneer, JVC, Hitachi, and Mitsubishi
Electric) agreed to promote a new optical disc technology for distribution of multimedia and
feature-length movies. They called this new technology “DVD.”
DVD Standards
Different formats are used to write DVD-video discs and DVD data storage discs. DVD-
video discs use a variant of MPEG2 and were designed for set-top boxes connected to
televisions.
DVD-video is authored by mastering software that allows rudimentary scripting and
branching for menu structures, chapter markers, and slide shows, but the format only allows
for basic logic.
There are three competing sets of standards for data recording on DVD: DVD-R/DVD-RW,
DVD+R/DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM.
The “R” and “RW” stand for recordable and rewritable respectively.