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Classification of signals
 Real and complex signals

 Even and Odd signals

 Periodic and Non-periodic signals

Energy and power signals

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 

SEM-1, 2022-23  Deterministic and Random signals

 Other important attributes…

ECE/EEE F434 Lecture 4
Dr. Sarang C. Dhongdi, Dept of EEE, BITS Goa

Signal properties Deterministic and Random Signals

 Bounded Sequence
 Absolutely summable
𝑥[𝑛] < 𝐵 < ∞  Deterministic signal is uniquely determined by well-
defined processes such as mathematical expression
or a rule or a look-up table.
 All sample values of the sequence are well defined
𝑥[𝑛] < ∞ for all time indices.

 Square-summable  Random signals can not be modeled analytically

and are analyzed in terms of statistical properties.
𝑥[𝑛] <∞  Signal samples are generated in random fashion
and can not be predicted ahead of time.

Basic Signals – Unit Sample Sequence Importance of Unit impulse signal

δ[n]
Discrete time impulse
1 Or simply “impulse”
In discussion of linear systems, important aspect of impulse sequence is that –

• An Arbitrary signal can be represented as sum of scaled (weighted), and time-

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n shifted impulses.

Sifting Property  𝑥 𝑛 𝛿 𝑛−𝑛 =𝑥 𝑛

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Representing arbitrary signal… Basic Signals – Unit Step Sequence

x[n] 3 u[n]

2 1
1
n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2

𝑥 𝑛 = −2 δ 𝑛 + 3 + δ 𝑛 + 2 + 3 δ 𝑛 − 1 +2 δ 𝑛 − 3 𝑢𝑛 = 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑚] = 𝛿[𝑘 ]

𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]
𝛿 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 −𝑢 𝑛−1

Exponential Sequences… Exponential Sequences…

 General form of exponential sequences – 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝛼  General form of exponential sequences – 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝛼

 If A and alpha are real, then the sequence is real.  If A and alpha are complex, then we can consider,
𝛼 = 𝑒( )
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑒
1 (-0.8)n
0<𝛼<1 (0.8)n(1.2)n 𝑥 𝑛 =𝐴𝑒
1
1
( )
−1 < 𝛼 < 0 𝑥𝑛 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑒
n n
n
𝑥𝑛 = 𝐴𝑒 cos 𝜔 𝑛 + 𝜙 + 𝑗 𝐴 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔 𝑛 + 𝜙)
𝛼 >1

Exponentially varying DT sinusoids Discrete time sinusoidal sequence

(0.9)ncos (nπ/6)
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔 𝑛 + 𝜙 for −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞

cos (nπ/12 + π/4)

(1.1)ncos (nπ/6)

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Understanding DT exp and sin seq Periodicity of DT exp and Sin seq
 Consider a complex exponential signal and  For DT case, periodic signal is one for which,
frequency of (𝜔 +2𝜋) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑁 for all n
 Then, 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑒 ( ) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑒
where Period N is integer.
= 𝐴𝑒

For DT sinusoids then,

 For sinusoidal sequences too, if we consider
frequencies (𝜔 +2𝜋𝑟), where r is an integer, then A cos 𝜔 𝑛 + 𝜙 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔 𝑛 + 𝜔 𝑁 + 𝜙
 𝑥 𝑛 = cos 𝜔 + 2𝜋𝑟 𝑛 + 𝜙 Which requires, 𝜔 𝑁 = 2π𝑟, (where r is integer)
= cos 𝜔 𝑛 + 𝜙 i.e. =

Comment on periodicity Understanding DT exp and sin seq

 Consider two signals x1[n] and x2[n] as follows:
cos (πn/4)
𝑥 𝑛 = cos 𝜔 𝑛 0≤𝜔 ≤𝜋

cos (4πn/17) 𝑥 𝑛 = cos 𝜔 𝑛 𝜋 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 2𝜋

 Let, 𝜔 = 2𝜋 − 𝜔 then,
𝑥 𝑛 = cos 2𝜋𝑛 − 𝜔 𝑛
cos (0.8n)
= cos 𝜔 𝑛

Fundamental range of frequencies Sampling Process

cos (0n) and cos (2nπ)
Consider a continuous-time signal
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 2𝜋 𝑓 𝑡 + 𝜙
cos (nπ/8) or cos (15nπ/8) = 𝐴 cos Ω 𝑡 + 𝜙
Where, 𝑓 - is frequency in Hz
cos (nπ/2) or cos (3nπ/2) Ω - is analog angular freq – Radians/sec

cos (nπ)
Let us sample this signal at discrete-time instants tn -
tn =nT = =

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Sampling Process Sampling Process

 Corresponding discrete-time signal is 2𝜋 Ω
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐴 cos Ω 𝑛𝑇 + 𝜙 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐴 cos 𝑛+𝜙
Ω

2𝜋 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐴 cos 𝜔 𝑛 + 𝜙
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐴 cos Ω 𝑛 +𝜙
Ω
Re-arranging – 2𝜋Ω
𝜔 = =Ω T
2𝜋Ω Ω
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐴 cos 𝑛+𝜙 𝜔 = Normalized angular freq of discrete time signal
Ω
(Expressed in rad/samples)

Example of sampling and aliasing

x1 (t )  c o s ( 6  t ) Signal of 3 Hz
x 2 ( t )  c o s (1 4  t ) Signal of 7 Hz
x3 (t )  co s(2 6 t ) Signal of 13 Hz

Sampling rate is 10 Hz for all the signals

x1 ( n )  c o s ( 0 .6  n )  c o s ( 0 .6  n )
x 2 ( n )  c o s (1 . 4  n )  c o s ( 0 .6  n )
x 3 ( n )  c o s ( 2 .6  n )  c o s ( 0 .6  n )