Design Standard And Regulations Of An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.

Several countries surveyed regulate UAS operations according to their weight and/or type of use.
A. European Union Member States
 The operation of large civilian drones exceeding 150 kg in European Union (EU) Member
States is regulated by EU Law and monitored by the European Aviation Service Agency.
 Smaller drones are largely unregulated at the EU level at this time and are thus regulated by
the individual EU Member States.
 In France the operation of UAS that weigh no more than 25 kg for experimental or testing
purposes does not generally require a special permit as long as the operation complies with
certain flight requirements.
 The operation of UAS that have a mass of less than 150 kg for other “particular activities,”
primarily for commercial use, is subject to rules.
 For UAS of 150 kg or more, which are subject to EU-level regulation, the flight and use
conditions are authorized on a case-by-case basis.
 Under German law, the operation of a UAS that weighs more than 25 kg will not be
authorized. In order to operate a UAS that weighs more than 5 kg the owner must obtain
specific flight authorization from the aviation authority of the German state in question.
 For UAS that do not weigh more than 5 kg and do not have a combustion engine, a general
authorization to fly may be granted for a period of two years.
 A general authorization is only issued for a specific state, but may be recognized by other
states. Poland currently excludes UAS weighing less than 25 kg from registration
requirements. If the weight exceeds 25 kg a permit to fly is required and operational
restrictions may be applicable.
 Swedish regulations establish several categories based on UAS weight and usage. UAS used
for commercial and research purposes, and those flown outside the sight of the operator,
generally require licenses from the Swedish Transport Agency.
 While generally exempting the operation of UAS weighing 20 kg or less from airworthiness
and flight-crew licensing requirements, the United Kingdom subjects UAS that weigh between
20– 150 kg to all articles of its Air Navigation Order.
 Operators of these aircraft are therefore required, among other things, to obtain a certificate of
airworthiness, have a permit to fly, and have a licensed flight crew.
Uk
 In August 2012, The U.K.'s Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) stated that it will require non-military
drones larger than 20 kg to be able to automatically sense other aircraft and steer to avoid
them.
 As of 2013, the CAA rules are that UAV aircraft less than 20 kilograms in weight must be in
direct visual contact with the pilot, cannot fly within 150 meters of a congested area or within
50 meters of a person or vehicle, andcannot be used for commercial activity.
 In July 2018, the CAA rules were updated to make it against the law to fly above 400 feet
(120 m) and to make it against the law to fly your drone within 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) of an
airport or airfield boundary.[44]
 On February 20, 2019, The Department for Transport announced a new legislation to extend
the ‘no-fly’ zone around airports, banning drones from flying within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of
runways.
 Owners of drones and model aircraft are required to register their drone and obtain an
'Operator ID' and 'Flyer ID', all of which can be obtained by taking and passing an online
theory test provided by the CAA. Children and teenagers under the age of 18 are not
authorised to register a UAV, nor hold an Operator ID, but can receive a Flyer ID for a UAV
owned by their parents or legal guardian by passing the same theory test.Operator IDs must
be renewed each year, while Flyer IDs last for three years. Once a drone or model aircraft is
 registered and its operator passes the theory test, the owner's Operator ID must be displayed
when in operation

USA
 The US Federal Aviation Administration has adopted the name unmanned aircraft (UA) to
describe aircraft systems without a flight crew on board. To operate a UA for non-recreational
purposes in the United States, according to the FAA users must obtain a Certificate of
Authorization to operate in national airspace. The FAA may permit the use of UAs for
commercial or business purposes in response to individual exemption requests.
 Within the United States, the Congress passed a bill in 2012 that mandated the FAA create a
plan for allowing UAS into commercial airspace. Subsequently, the FAA issued “the
Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS)
Roadmap”
 As of 2014, obtaining an experimental airworthiness certificate for a particular UAS is the only
way civil operators of unmanned aircraft are accessing the National Airspace System of the
United States. FAA Order 8130.34, Airworthiness Certification of Unmanned Aircraft Systems,
establishes procedures for issuing this certification, and as such establishes guidance
standards for certification aspects of development and operation, which may be addressed by
adoption of such standards as ARP4754A, and DO-178C.
 The FAA roadmap is, in essence, maturation of the acceptance of UAVs from this
“experimental” aircraft certification to requiring the same standard airworthiness type
certification of manufacturing design as is now required of conventional manned aircraft.
 In December 2015 the FAA announced that all UAVs weighing more than 250 grams flown for
any purpose must be registered with the FAA.The FAA's Interim Rule can be  accessed here.
This regulation goes into effect on December 21, 2015 and requires that hobby type UAV's
between 250 grams and 55 pounds need to be registered no later than February 19,
2016. The FAA's registration portal for drones can be accessed here.
 Notable requirements of the new FAA UAV registration process include:
 Effective December 21, 2015, if the UAV has never been operated in U.S. airspace (i.e. its
first flight outside), eligible owners must register their UAV's prior to flight. If the UAV
previously operated in U.S. airspace, it must be registered by February 19, 2016.
 In order to use the registration portal, you must be 13 years of age or older. If the owner is
less than 13 years old, then a parent or other responsible person must do the FAA
registration.
 Each registrant will receive a certificate of aircraft registration and a registration number and
all UAV's must be marked with the FAA issued registration number.
 The FAA registration requires a $5 fee, though the FAA is waiving the fee for the first 30 days
of the new registration period - until January 20, 2016. The registration is good for 3 years, but
can be renewed for an additional 3 years at the $5 rate.
 The new FAA rule provides that a single registration applies to as many UAVs as an
owner/operator owns or operates.Failure to register can result in civil penalties of up to
$27,500, and criminal penalties which could include fines up to $250,000 and/or imprisonment
for up to three years.]
 To show problems with the FAA process, in August, 2015 an attorney was able to get FAA
approval for a commercial drone that was actually a battery powered paper airplane toy. Its
controllable range is 120 feet (37 meters) and maximum flight time is 10 minutes. It is too
underpowered to carry a camera.[58] The December 2015 registration specifically excludes
paper airplanes, Frisbees, and other flying objects that are not true UAVs.
 In addition to FAA certification, the regulation of usage of UA systems by government
authorities in the United States for law enforcement purposes is determined at a state level.
 In 2021, the FAA officially published and put into effect Remote ID regulations, officially
requiring all drones above 250g in mass and all drones flown for commercial purposes to
have a digital license plate which, in real time, publicly transmits the location of both the drone
and the operator (in most cases). Within the first half of 2021, RaceDayQuads v. FAA was
filed, challenging the law in US Federal Court, with RaceDayQuads founder primarily claiming
the law allows for the invasion of privacy to drone operators, opens them up to the profiting of
their activity by security companies, and would increase harassment of UAV operators.