SPI
SPI is a synchronous duplex
communication protocol, which
means data can be transferred and
received at the same time.
It generally uses 4 wires: Master Out
Slave In (MOSI), Master In Slave Out
(MISO), Serial Clock (SCLK), and
Chip Select (CS)
One master can communicate with
several slave, but each slave will
require a chip select signal. This
means for n number of slaves the
master will require n+3 pins.
The speed of SPI communication can
reach upto 100MHz.
 to communicate at high speed
several additional circuitry might be
needed. 
The most common problem of high
speed SPI signal is overshoot and
ringing.
I2C
I2C standard is widely used
communication between .
. It uses a data line (SDA) and a
clock line (SCL) for communication.
ICsThere is no limitation on the
number of slaves that can be
connected to one master as long as
the bus input capacitance is within
the limit of the I2C standard.
It can support speed up to 5MHz.
UART
UART is a protocol where two
chips are directly connected.
The Tx of one chip is
connected to the Rx of the
other and vice-versa. This is
not a scalable protocol,
meaning that only two chips
can talk to each other using
one UART line.
It does not transmit any clock,
so the receiving chip must
know at what speed the other
chip is transmitting at. Similar
to SPI, it is good practice to
add a series resistor in the
UART line to compensate for
the overshoot and ringing.
Since the signals are single
ended, it is more prone to
noise, specially for long
distance. Sometimes two other
signal, CTS (Clear to Send)
and RTS (Request to Send) is
added to improve the fidelity of
the communication.