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SYLLABUS
CONTENTS
❑ CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
❑ INTRODUCTION TO LSM AND WSM
❑ LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN SHEAR
❑ BOND AND ANCHORAGE
❑ DESIGN OF BEAMS
❑ DESIGN OF SLABS
❑ COLUMNS
❑ WALL & FOOTINGS
❑ RETAINING WALL
❑ STAIRCASE
❑ WATER TANKS
❑ LINTELS
❑ PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
INTRODUCTION
THIS IS PLAIN CONCRETE

=
Ingredients CONCRETE
 ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
❖ Concrete is economical.
❖ Can be cast into any shape
❖ Hardens at ambient temperature
❖ Excellent water resistance characterstics
❖ Energy efficiency in Production
❖ High thermal resistance & fire resistance
❖ Low or zero maintenance is required
❖ Multi mode applications
Q. Concrete find its application in
A. Shotcreting
B. Guniting
C. Grouting
D. Pumping
E. All of the above
Q3. If the strength of concrete is 25 N/mm2, then it will be classified as
A. Low strength concrete
B. Medium strength concrete
C. High strength concrete
D. None of the above
CLASSIFICATION
❖ On the basis of strength
➢Low strength concrete (<20 N/mm2 )
➢Medium strength concrete (20 N/mm2 - 40 N/mm2)
➢High strength concrete (>40 N/mm2)

❖ On the basis of Bulk Density

➢Extra light weight concrete (<500 kg/m3)
➢Light weight concrete (500 -1800 kg/m3)
➢Dense weight concrete (1800 - 2500 kg/m3)
➢Super heavy weight concrete (>2500 kg/m3)
MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE
1. BATCHING
➢ Aggregates, cement & water are measured.
➢ There are two methods of batching:-
a. Weight batching
b. Volume batching

2. MIXING
➢ To obtain a homogenous & uniform mixture, we mix concrete in 2 ways:-
a. Hand mixing
b. Machine mixing
➢ IS 456 suggests approximately mixing time as 2 minutes.
➢ In general, 20 revolutions of concrete in mixer provides sufficient mixing.
MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE
3. TRANSPORTING
➢ Pans
➢Wheel barrows
➢Tower bucket
➢Dump truck
➢Concrete Pumps
➢Transit mixer
➢Belt Conveyors
 MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE
4. PLACING
➢Beams, Columns, Slabs, Highways, Runways…
➢Mass Concreting- Dams, Bridges etc.
➢Under water Concreting- Tremie pipe (Very high
slump value taken around 150-200 mm)..
Q. The workability of concrete used in tremie pipe concreting will be
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. Very high
MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE
5. COMPACTION
➢The process of removal of air voids & to make it
dense.
➢ It is done in following ways:-
a. Hand rodding
b. By giving shocks & pressure
c. Mechanical vibration
1.Needle vibrator
2. Shutter(External) vibrator
3. Surface vibrator
4. Vibrating table
Q. For very stiff mixes, which method is suitable?
A. Hand rodding
B. Needle vibrator
C. Surface vibrator
D. Vibrating table
MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE
6. FINISHING
➢ The process of levelling & smoothening the top surface of freshly
placed concrete.
➢ Screeding , floating & Trowelling is done.

Floating Trowelling
MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE
7. CURING
➢ Cement gains strength & hardness because of water hence the pores
should remain saturated.
➢ To compensate loss of water & reduce shrinkage, cracking.
➢As per IS 456 minimum curing period is 7 days at 90% humidity.
➢Methods:-
1. Sprinkling water
2. Gunny bags
3. Ponding
4. Steam Curing
Q. The minimum curing period as per IS 456 is…….
A. 3 days
B. 7 days
C. 21 days
D. 28 days
Q. Compaction of concrete helps in
A. Segregation of aggregates
B. Removal of excess water
C. Increase of density
D. Addition of required air voids.
Q. The optimum number of revolutions over which concrete is required
to be mixed in a mixer machine
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
Q. The concrete should be cured at ........
A. 0oC
B. 20oC
C. 27oC
D. 40oC
Q. Unit weight of RCC is
A. 24 kN/m3
B. 25 kN/m3
C. 15 kN/m3
D. 78.5 kN/m3
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Procedure for compressive strength testing:-
➢ Test specimens 150 X 150 X 150 mm is recommended as per IS.
➢ Mixed concrete is filled in mould in layers of 50 mm, each layer tamped 35
times(for 15 cm cube) with bar of 16 mm dia. & 600mm long.
➢Test specimens are stored at a temp. of 27 +/- 30C at
90% humidity for 24 hour from time of addition.
➢ After these remove from moulds & place in water for
28 days before testing.
➢Compression testing machine should be apply gradual
load of 14N/mm2 per minute until specimen is crushed.
➢ Average of 3 values is taken as compressive strength.
Q. Individual variation of test results should not be more than ……….% of
average of the specimens, otherwise test results of the sample are invalid.
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
QUESTION
Q. The concrete above which grade is considered to be high grade
concrete
A. 10
B. 20
C. 25
D. 55
E. 60
COMPARISON OF GRADES
Q. Cube is tested on the which side?
A. Top surface during casting
B. The face in touch of mould
C. Any side of the cube
D. Bottom side
CHARACTERSTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE
Characterstic compressive strength is that strength below which not
more than 5% of test results are expected to fall.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
NOMINAL MIX
Q. The ratio of concrete mix 1:3:6 refers to which grade of concrete
A. M10
B. M15
C. M20
D. M25
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
2. FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH
➢ It indicates modulus of rupture or tensile strength of concrete in
bending.
➢ As per IS code fcr= 0.7 𝒇𝒄𝒌
Q14. To determine the modulus of rupture, the size of test specimen
used is
A. 150 x 150 x 150 mm
B. 100 x 100 x 700 mm
C. 150 x 150 x 700 mm
D. 100 x 100 x 500 mm
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
3. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
➢ This is a standard test to measure tensile strength in an indirect way.
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
➢Order of strength:-
Direct tensile < Split tensile(fct) < Flexural tensile(fcr) < Compressive strength(fck)
QUESTIONS
Q5. The approximate ratio of strength of 15 x 30 cm concrete
cylinder to that of 15 x 15 cm cube of same concrete is
A. 1.25
B. 1.00
C. 0.80
D. 0.50
Q6. The approximate ratio between the strength of cement concrete at
7 days & 28 days is……
A. 0.25
B. 0.3
C. 0.7
D. 1.5
Q7. One sample consists of ……….number of specimens.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 7
Q8. The ratio of direct tensile strength to that of modulus of rupture
is.......
A. 0.2
B. 0.5
C. 0.8
D. 1.0
Q9. ..............is measured by applying load along diameter of cylinder.
A. Flexural tensile strength
B. Compressive strength
C. Split tensile strength
D. Direct tensile strength
Q10. The tensile of concrete is approximately……….% of
compressive strength.
A. 10-20%
B. 30-40%
C. 50-60%
D. 70-80%
Q11. The flexural tensile strength of M25 grade concrete as per IS 456
A. 3.5 Mpa
B. 5 Mpa
C. 7 Mpa
D. 25 MPa
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
➢ The stress strain curve is non linear.
➢ Concrete is brittle.
➢ Elastic modulus of concrete in
compression is
𝐸𝑐 = 5000 𝑓𝑐𝑘

➢ Poisson’s ratio varies in between 0.1 to

0.3 .
Q1. The compressive strength of a beam in a structure can be taken as
A. fck
B. 0.67 fck
C. 0.446 fck
D. 0.45 fck
Q2. The design strength of a concrete member in a structure can be
taken as
A. A. fck
B. 0.67 fck
C. 0.446 fck
D. 0.45 fck
Q3. The strength of cube after 28 days can be taken as
A. fck
B. 0.67 fck
C. 0.446 fck
D. 0.45 fck
Q4. On increasing the grade of concrete, crushing strain
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Remains samee
D. Any of the above is possible
Q5. The shape of idealized stress strain curve concrete as prescribed by
IS 456-2000 is
A. Rectangular
B. Parabolic
C. Rectangular-parabolic
CREEP
Q6. Permanent dimension changes due to loading of concrete is
termed as
A. Strain
B. Extent
C. Creep
D. Ambit
Q7. Creep increases when
A. W/C increases
B. Cement content is high
C. Loading occurs at early stage
D. All of the above
SHRINKAGE
Q1. The approximate value of shrinkage strain in concrete, is
A. 0.003
B. 0.0003
C. 0.00003
D. 0.03
Q2. Half of the total shrinkage is assumed to occur in
A. 1 week
B. 1 month
C. 6 months
D. 1 year
Q3. 1% of voids in a concrete mix would reduce its strength by about
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 15%
D. 20%
Q4. In case of hand mixing of concrete, the extra cement to be added is
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 15%
D. 20%
Q5. Minimum grade of concrete to be used in reinforced concrete as
per IS 456-1978 is
A. M15
B. M20
C. M10
D. M25
Q6. Minimum grade of concrete to be used in reinforced concrete as
per IS 456-2000 is
A. M15
B. M20
C. M10
D. M25
Q7. Poisson’s ratio for concrete
A. Remains constant
B. Increases with richer mixes
C. Decreases with richer mixes
D. None of the above
REINFORCEMENT
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• Mbl No. – 9628 646464