Relative pronouns are who, whom, which and that, used to join clauses to nouns. Relative clauses are parts of sentences that begin with relative pronouns. relative oa relative hse the man who bought my car a report that mistakes relative clause relative clause Relative clauses are often called adjective clauses, because they add to the meanings of nouns, rather like adjectives. Compare: ripe plums plums that are ready to eat ‘There are two kinds of relative clause (see page 210): those that say who or what we are talking about identifying clauses”) and those that just give extra information (‘non-identifying clauses**”). the man who bought my car (identifying: says which man) Joe Smith, who bought my car, (non-identifying: just says more about Joe Smith) Non-identifying clauses are mostly rather formal, and more common in writing than in speech. relatives: revise the basics ‘This unit revises the grammar of ‘identifying’ relative clauses (the most common kind). OD PE six of sentences 1-10 are wrong. Correct the mistakes or write Correct: > Idon't enjoy films that I can't understand them > What's the name of the man who just came in? 1 Like people which smile alot. 2. This is a book will interest children of all ages. 3. Isthere anything I can do for you’ 4. Motor racing is a sport who doesn’t ex 5 6 7 8 9 We've lost the key that it opens the cellar. | forget everything what I read. ... ‘They made me an offer which T couldnt refuse. ‘They made me an offer that I couldnt refuse. “They made me an offer I couldn't refuse. 10. They made me an offer that I couldn't refuse it. ob "Here are five simple rules about relative structures. Four are correct. Choose the number of the bad one. We use who(m) for people and which for things. We can often use that instead of who(m) or which. We can often drop that. After everything, anything or nothing, we use what, not that. Who and which replace he, she, it etc: we don't use both kinds of pronoun together. * locale fining’ or ‘restrictive’ causes * abo called no defining o'aon ete clases 208 ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSESdropping relative pronouns We can drop who, which or that when itis the object of the following verb; not when iti the subject. I found the key (that) I had lost. (that = the key = the object of last) This is the key that opens the front door, (that = the key = the subject of opens) ° Cross out that if it can be dropped from the descriptions. the people that { work with . the people that live at No 6 .. a bird that catches fish .. some girls that 1 know .. ‘three films that I like a pill that cures headaches something that made me laugh something that you must remember aueunevy which, that and what We don't use what in the same way as which or that. What replaces noun + which/that: it means something like ‘the thing(s) that. Compare: gave them the money that they wanted. I gave them what they wanted. (Nort gavethemthemoney-what...) ‘We normally prefer that, not which, after all, everything, nothing, the only ... and superlatives. ‘What is not correct in these cases. Tve told you everything that matters. (Nor _cting whet atis) Is this the only song (that) you can sing? (wor... 6 What or that? ‘The things Why dont you tell me I've told you ‘The only thing understood nothing .. © Which is/are correct? Choose one or more. Is that the fat... you used tolive in? (A that B what € which) know a man ... can do the repairfor you. (A that B who C which) Here’ the bus... need to catch, (A that you B which you C you) “Thisis the file... (A you wanted B that you wanted it C that you wanted) T've spoken to Mr... says he can help you. (A Hawkins, who B Hawkins who) Did you see the children ... stones? (A who throwing B who were throwing C throwing) “The company made a large profit, ... was a pleasant surprise. (A which B which it C what)10B GRAMMAR relative clauses © Complete the article with relative pronouns, The story behind the photo This photo, “which shows a destitute woman with her children, was taken in 1936 by the photographer Dorothea Lange. Only three of her SAII/Z seven children,?__ages ranged from a few months to the age of ten, can be seen in the photo. The woman, © _. was 32 years old at the time, and her children, became the subjects of the photo, later came to be known as ‘Migrant Mother’. The camp § ___ they were staying was located in California, and after the publication of this picture ‘nm in the newspapers, the US government was prompted to deliver food aid to the camp, in ©____ several thousand hungry people | were living in squalid conditions.” = was ironic was the fact that the woman and herfamily® ___had caused the government to react were no longer at the camp. They had moved on. Lange's photo,*__ became a defining image of the Great Depression in the US, was, in a sense, a mystery. Why? Well, because the woman * Lange had talked to and photographed had never told Lange her name. Lange had never asked her for it, either. In the late 70s, a reporter tracked down the ‘mystery’ woman, #_last name was then Thompson, at her California home. Thompson was critical of Lange, had died in 1965, saying she had felt exploited and wished the photo had never been taken. "°_ she and her children, some of ‘were still alive, also regretted was that none of them had made any money from the image. ln 1998, 15 years after Thompson died at the age of 80, a print of the image, 4 ___ had been signed by Lange. sold for $224,500 at auction. Write a shore description of a photo or painting that you like based on the article ina. Try to use a variety of relative pronouns, English File 3rd edition Teacher's Book Advanced Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2015, EE 2identifying and non-identifying relative clauses” identifying relative clauses say who or what we are talking about. ‘he US President who followed Abraham Lincoln was Andrew Johnson. ‘The only person that supported my idea was Hilary Mason. ‘The book that got the prize for best first novel was written by my landlady. ‘The flowers Lucy bought yesterday are all dead. non-identifying relative clauses do not say who or what we are talking about, because this is already clear. They just give more information. President Andrew Johnson, who followed Lincoln, was extremely unpopular. (President Andrew Johnson alone tells us who.) Hilary Mason, who supported my idea, didn't manage to convince the others. ‘Wild cherries, which got the prize for best first novel, was written by my landlady. The roses in the iving room, which Lucy bought only yesterday, are all dead. eo Look at the examples above and think about the questions. 1 Without the relative clauses, which make more sense ~ the first four examples or the others? 2. Inwhich kind of clause can we use that instead of who(m) or which? «ss... 3. Inwhich kind of clause can we leave out a relative pronoun when it is the object? 4 Which kind of clause is separated by commas in writing? . © Putin one or two commas if necessary. > ‘The doctor who saw my mother says she is very fit. (mo commas) » Dr Harrison, who saw my mother, says she is very fit. ‘The people who borrowed our flat left it in a shocking condition. am sorry for people who cannot laugh at themselves. She spent her childhood in Warwick which is a long way from the sea. My cousin Julie who is a fashion designer has gone to work in New York. ‘The address that she had given him did not exist. ‘We went to see a film called ‘Black Island’ which was really good. ©) Change who/whom/which to that, or leave it out if possible. > This is Emma, who lives next door. .. I don't like people who can't say “Thank you She didn't reply to any of the letters whic I sent her. ‘This house, which is now a museum, belonged to a famous artis. He moved to a town called Northbury, which is close to the mountains. «se. I will never forget the things which happened on my 16th birthday. . ‘What happened to the papers which Anthony gave you? .... He wrote a book called ‘Under the Rainbow’ which got terrible reviews. had good advice from Keith, whom I consulted about the situation. Do you know Philip Sanders, who lives downstairs? ‘The man who looks after our garden has had an accident. ‘They wanted €600, which was far too much. . Nobody believed the stories which my brother told. * Also called ‘defining and non-defining’ or restrictive and non-restrictive 210 ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES eprepositions in relative clauses identifying relative clauses In identifying clauses, verb, adjective or noun + preposition combinations usually stay close together. This means that prepositions can be separated from their relative pronoun objects. ‘opject VIAIN + PREPOSITION something (that/which) we talked about the girk (who/that) you were interested in ‘a change (that/which) there is no good reason for Prepositions can also go before thelr objects, but this is rather formal. After prepositions, we normally use whom, not who. something about which we talked the people to whom I applied non-identifying clauses In non-identifying clauses prepositions often come before which ‘or whom, especially in a formal style. ‘There will bea short speech from the President, after which drinks will be served. In 1956 she met Andrew Carstairs. with whom she later made several films. ° Join the sentences in the places marked *, to create more formal sentences using prepositions with whom or which. » His grandfather gave him a new bicycle’. He was absolutely delighted with it. granatilner gave vine 8 new begale wien wien newae a 1 Joe Peters has just opened a restaurant. My father plays golf with him. Luctelig delited, 2. This bracelet” is apparently very valuable. | paid €5 for it. 3. Martin Oliver* isa very successful farmer. Iam working for him at the moment, 4 Our lite village school” has been turned into a museum. {learnt to read and write init 5. The committee have appointed a new treasurer, Peter Barnes”. have no confidence in him. 6 Hutchins had an operation on his knee*. He was unable to play for three months after that. ‘at which point etc Which can be used as a determiner in relative clauses, with a noun that repeats the meaning of what came before. This structure is mainly used after prepositions, and is rather formal. Note the common fixed phrases at which point and in which case. ‘She called me a iar, at which point | decided to end the conversation. They may wis to spend the nigh, in which case we will have to ind them a room. 6 Complete each sentence with a preposition, which and an expression from the box. Different answers may be possible. ‘case disturbing experience point pleasant post time unexciting work 7” » washed dishes from morning to night, ..fer.which unexciting work, 3an hour. L Wearrived at midnight, 2 The office may be close, tomorrow. 3. Her handbag was stolen on a day-trip to Calas, never travelled abroad again. 4 Joris heart started beating extremely fast, to call the doctor. 5 In 1956 he was appointed Ambassador to Uruguay, spent the next five years, + Las paid wwe decidedioe . shopkeepers. This isa 8 Linking: relatives faetwhih/aed excaper many ‘people's notice and whick Sit SECOND RELATIVE k ‘James polnted out. 4 He also referred to the manor Heuer nthe mlghboing Milage ot iter cameras ‘ ' colle cfeduentcn with GatWEATIRofs) 8A. Links and clause types: review celickalpegeid «— raarewmmeareron ty have abot ss sauariva noun ho whom, =e __ those, that, what connection. The worst thing RMATIVEADVINSE: tohove, when ‘that could befall the Hall is a ‘that AFTER SUPERLATIVES 1 cae res won Denno and pee simi ft. 5 The advantage of supemar- Examples Felstiuyucanbuyuke —— kmanvawhat o youvantata pace oher watama where 7 14 fora anno cian re eee 1 Skanes Blenkinwp, whole won-peroane A “en fF ofa open ae x ‘adi Member fare Grech wie ter thopears ——_-ALATIRhen : tent iene died fhuctstenthartine to” torarrenrnopucrons Sythe oth MPs Ao shopping. sa ata ‘hofthetarevcaliaegive ——oemane » permet yougete that aren nnopucrony itp MpBlenkneoptal wack ow perme i Serra ec mosey. ‘asl hmby hier, and choose a dwelling Exercise ‘hor would eae ales oaroane ® tin hides an he con ht ng oe owing cor mae oer yout eserves inloing posts seins 2 Siedames wowihavedie ——eslarvewrmmarosmon Bamps came ples with sever ime Lamon(oneajoay: — {SAUsETWE Arma) © 1 es aliens bide Ses anda asin hare respect despite the apparent (emi eda e kkinsop Fall, stands in grounds are open to the public in betrpdeerap cag 2 Last Saturday we went to the Blenkinsop! party Denis Cham Oreos hee herr 'Y decded taint te woo) eee? = of bias 3 Will works | ‘architects ____ Ni (oheay eels” oimsion or whom ne. tentGeckeingrmenoe nem People criticise him without RELATIVE WrTH rRerosmmion 4 Tewasalso at the Blenkinsops’ party Iwas introduced to Sheila Knowing his views, which is ‘CLAUSE TYPE AFTER —— 1 heara a lot about but had never met before. tls snes ' 3 Tine that =a heard wa euly goed" was rue 9 Blnksop Hal the garden @ statrone ote vary tow cans be —— can oes fohchopeniothe pubic —rosmesivanmamve = theese not eer ang Gr vou" Twan ay Famer conical shen apni gh Macon ture how’ peatmENNEAMATIE. =k 7 Theblond low Jousaw he talking to was Ken. Tmt pares Ivo saincd losis emmeton with Sa ces cb, ‘ray te pose te i petiesaby oe cklauaene eeareeue en tong ube ‘over by the local council are looking for semeone like the Blenkiasups might have sotae grouud to spare for« ruuning track. 9 Atthe stroke of midniglat Toby Blenlsiasop ca always be relied on at partes to do something bizarrewtode a bicycle down the main staircase, a feat dreve loud applauee. 10 It was one of those rare occasions _____ Toby's exuberance didn't result in any damage miner have pleseed hie parenteAL The time___I shall never forget wa ‘Toby hung froma chan- delier the chain ____ parted company with the ceiling, precipitating ‘Toby onto a table ____ broke bencath him." 12 All____ happened this time was that he tore his trousers ___ was, hardly you would calla calamity. 13 __-surprises me most about Helen _ was also at the party is that she doesn’t seem to worry at all about others may think of her. 14 Marilyn several people at the party asked about is now in the States doing business for the little firm ___ she’s liead of. 15 I myself am not going abroad until October ____ the weather is cooler and ___ it willbe easier for me to chase business contracts___is the ‘whole purpose of my trip. 16 The first country on my itinerary is India London has given mea list of those people High Commission in ‘would be most interes- ted in my line of business _is reftigeration equipment. 17 How lucky you are! India is I've always wanted to go on that dream holiday ____I've always been promising myself but ___'ve, never been able to afford. 18 I'm told I could renew my passport. fs out of date at the nearest consulate ___ address I could get from the embassy. 19 My grandmother ___was Hungarian by birth was the youngest of three sisters might lead you to suppose that she was the last to marry. 20 Actusliy she was the one —__ got married first ___is hardly eurpris- {ng when you consider her looks dazzled any man __came near her. 21 Teis three years ago today Thad little to do thought would please her. 22 Lbought I wanted and hurried home ____who should I find¥ but the decorators ___I hadn't expected until the following week. These ‘men had not only convinced my wife it was 1____had mistaken the date buthad reduced the apartment to chaos. 23 Itwas on 6th August 1945 ___man committed ___isstill his most destructive single act: he dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima —__is cstimated to have killed 200,000 people. That ___ fell on Nagasaki three days later is estimated to have killed some 140,000 people.? 24 The difference in the casualty figures between the two cities Is partly ex- plained by the marure ofthe terrain in Nagasaki is hilly and by the 1 first met my wife and so yesterday the office ! left early to buy something “am seme at humour comedies combines with a mock faut ef sy ‘Feet esti bere se Ra | Tea gees aroma Japanese repr publshed ia 1981, an ncn lony tm acs of nth whan fnclotom sckness. Toe bil fore syle of 3-30 cacy appropiate position af the bomb centre. 25 Theatomic bombs ___ were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had a power of twenty kilotons is equal to that of 20,000 tons of TNT. in Nagasski was three kilometres from the city ‘whereas some of the bombs have been developed since then are said tohave a power as great as forty-five megatons equals that of 45,000,000 tons of TNT. 26 Thess more powerful bomtbs —— are now included inthe arena ofl ‘countries ___ call themselves nuclear powers are known as hy thermonuclear bombs. oe = 27 hydrogen bomb depends for its operation nat only on the process of nu- cleat fission or splitting __ i the basis of the atomic bomb, but on nu~ He was a man with a name that was on everybody’ lips. mytodiy's line. 1. They showed me some shoes with a price tag that made me go pale. 2. Tonce had a friend from Norway. His grandfather had been a famous explorer, 3. We had a dog. Its main interests were sleeping and eating, 4 We stayed in a lovely hotel. ts dining room had a view of the Grand Canyon, Tonce lived next door toa woman with a son wh is now a famous rock star.Take expressions from the box and put them together in the right order, adding who, whose or where where necessary, to complete one or more of the newspaper reports. accompanied him on his travels. : left Venice in 1269, .. army defeated the English forces at the Battle of Hastings on October 14th, had become dissatisfied with Caesars assumption of absolute power. Marco Polo, has returned together with his father Niccold and his uncle Maffeo Polo, F , like many of the Roman population, .. was killed in the battle, has been killed in a battle on the Little Bighorn River, The Emperor Julius Caesar, his troops were outnumbered and wiped out. led by Marcus Junius Brutus, ‘Marco served as adviser to Kublai Khan, News has just reached us that General George Armstrong Custer, The Polos claim to have spent over 20 years in China, travelling extensively through his empire as an ambassador. ‘was assassinated earlier today by a group of conspirators ... Was attempting to put down a revolt by a coalition of Indian tribes, ‘was crowned King of England today in Westminster Abbey, svetstreereenes WAS ON his Way to the Senate for animportant meeting, __ William of Normandy, Aue70° ‘Ucnetian Daily Courier seared IDIBUS MARTHS resres May 173398, CAESAR ASSASSINATED THE POLOS ARE BACK! DENVER POST — June a 18:6 — LONDON GAZETTE 25 DECEMAEER 1066 WILLIAM CROWNED CUSTER DEAD ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES 217128 Prepositional relative clauses Defining clauses with prepositions 116 Join the sentences by changing the second sentence of each pair into defining relative clause. Isthis the book? You asked me fort. Is this the book you asked mefor? Ifyou die before the policy matures, your wife receives the benefits. You yourself would have been enttied to these benefits. Ifyou die before the policy matures, your wife receives the benefits 0 which you yourself would have ben entitled. 1 don’ find the person a very congenial companion. I'm sharing 2 flat with him. eee e a 2 Here's the address. You should write to this address. 8 ean assure you tat Davids man. You can absolutely dependon 4 Ican’tremember the name ofthe person. I gave the money to him. 5. Thisis job. You can take your time overt, because I'm notin any particular hurry. 6 The teacher said that two ofthe pupils had suddenly disappeared, He was responsible for them. ee 7 Some foreign businessmen thought that British exports should ingens afer devaluation. spoke to thes businessmen recent. language teachers’ association provides a medium. Throu this medium ideas can be shared and discussed, 8 9 The men's decision to return to work provides a breathing space. Both men and management can think again during this breathing space. 10 They came toa plateau, Around the plateau stood a circle of high ‘mountains. < 11. The Minister formulated a basis. The tals could start on this basis. 412 The two sides have agreed to have further talks on a pay and productivity structure. Under this pay and productivity structure the men would be paid at an hourly rate. 43 The scientist produced a working model. Reliable tests could be ‘conducted on this model. 14 Coronary thrombosis isa disease. High sugar consumption is believed to play a partin this disease. Defining clauses with end-preposition 117 Complete the sentences, incorporating contact clauses with an cend-preposition. Some sentences require the completion of both Preposiional relative clauses 129 the relative clause and the main clause, e.g. ‘The place we. ..hasaterrible tain service. ‘The place me ve just moved thas a terrible train service. the cupboard the wine glasses ...? the material the curtains . the book this quotation . ..? [Ulthe cup this saucer... the name of the programme we're ...? 6 These aren’t the books I... 7 Isthere nobody hereI....? u 8... the house her daughter - 9 |. the name of the school you .. .? 10 ‘The situation we . .. was very dangerous. onens Non-defining clauses with prepositions 418 Join the sentences, using non-defining clauses with a prepositional ‘onstruction, e ‘The new tunnel under the Thames wll divert a great deal of traffic from the worst congested crossing-points. The line ofthis, zed has yet tobe finally determined. “The new tunnel under the Thames, the line of which has yet tobe ‘inally determined, will divert great deal of tfc from the worst ‘congested crossing-poins. 1. The eighty-nine passengers all escaped without serious injury. Four of the passengers were British 2 The country now has 300 power stations. All of them are part ofa national network. 3 The speaker posed four highly important questions. The answers to these questions proved very illuminating. 4 The UN proposed the establishment of an international ‘peace-keeping force. The composition and power ofthis force would be a matter for agreement among UN members. 5 The plans for the new by-pass have now been approved by the Local Authority. By means ofthis by-pass, heavy congestion in the city centre will be considerably relieved. 6 The Labour Party's latest manifesto contains many new proposals. ‘The more radical ofthese proposals will hardly please those on the rightof the party. 7 ‘Tshould like to pay tribute to our loyal and hard-working staff. ‘Without their unremitting support it would not have been possible to produce last year's spectacular rise in profits”130 Co-ordinate relative clauses 8 The Governmentintends to introduce a new Bill on taxation. The study ofits provisions will be the work of experts on both sides of the House. 9 The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament attracted some very influential supporters. Some leading politicians are among these supporters. 10 For electoral purposes, the United Kingdom is divided into constituencics. Each of them returns one member to Parliament. Co-ordinate relative clauses As we have already seen (page 122) itis possible for non-defning clauses tobe represented by separate sentences, though often with ess economy or neatess of sjle. Non-defining clauses often have a more obvious co-ordinating function when they follow, rather than interrupt, the main clause —some ofthe relative clauses inthe last exercise could well be ‘sriten as separate sentences. The co-ordinating function of non-defning clauses can be seen most clearly in sentences like the following: 4 Hesoton he telephone, which makes itt getin touch wih 4 As Thad lst John’s new address, Iwrote to his father, who wil, presumably, let me know where Joha ie now living. Inboth these sentences, we could replace which or mo by and hit or and he. In sentence «, moreover, mhick doesnot relate toa noun antecedent, but refers back tothe whole of the preceding clause: [He's not on the telephone. This (= the fact that he's not on the telephone) makes it ffcult to getin touch with him. This use of non-defining clauses i common in both the spoken language and the written, A prepositional construction is, however, more formal and hore appropriate to the writen language: He invested his money in several different companies, by which means (= and by this means) he hoped to reduce the natural zards of 119 Join the sentences by changing the second sentence of each pair {nto a co-ordinate relative clause, In nos. 11-15 a prepositional construction is required, as in the second example below, e.g. ‘Ax{9,000 this cars liteexpensive. This is bound wo affects At £9,000 this car is a little expensive, which is bound to affect its sales in Britain, Itappears that the driver was asked to produce his licence. Atths, be became angry and excited. Teappears that the driver was asked to produce his licence, at hich he became angry and excited. Cleft sentences 131 1 He decided not to complete his university course. This was a great disappointment to his parents. We've just installed central heating. This should make a tremendous difference tothe house next winter. 3 John was iin bed. This explains why he didn’t turn up last night. 4 He blamed me for everything [thought this very unfair. 5 [gave the message to your secretary. She was supposed to pass it on 6 7 8 toyou. Few people attended last night's meeting. This was a pity, since several important matters were decided on. ‘My car’s got to goin for repair. This means I'l have to take the train to work forthe next few days. He showed the contract to his lawyer. ls lanyer advised him not to sign itin its present form. : 9 Several people thought the speaker had dealt with the subject very thoroughly. This was hardly the impression I got. 10 He has given in his resignation. This was the best thing he could do in the circumstances. 41 The driver had no insurance and no current licence. In addition to this, he had crossed two sets of red traffic lights immediately before being stopped. 412 ‘The singer returned to give yet another encore. The audience burst into even wilder applause at this. 13. He lost two games carly in the tournament. Despite this, however, hhe managed to carry off the championship. 14 The Company's newly-acquired subsidiaries wil begin to contribute significantly to profits next year. Some allowance for this must be made when considering the long-term prospects. 18 The police discovered the thieves’ hide-out two days later. By this time, however, the thieves had disappeared. Cleft sentences 1 Jol solved the problem. 2 Ineed your hep, not your sympathy. 3 Te gets really cold ony inthe winter. ‘English has a grammatical mechanism for focussing on words we wish to ‘emphasize: we begin the sentence with I, and ‘point to the words: Je hou Fa rah aated he poten. 24 Ir’ your help (that) I need, not your sympathy. ‘3a Ison in the inter that eget really cold. Each sentence is now divided (cleft 1o form two clauses, the second being. ‘very similar in appearance to a defining relative clause. Either who or that can be used to refer toa person, btn all other cases we use sha, even. ‘when referring to adverbial phrases asin Ja,