Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation

A. Short answer type: (2x50)

1) What is Measurement?
2) What is Accuracy?
3) What is Precision?
4) What is Static Error?
5) What is Repeatability?
6) What is Fundamental unit?
7) What is Derived unit?
8) What is Calibration?
9) What is Dynamic Range?
10) What is Sensitivity?
11) If the expected voltage 80V and measured value 75V, then find absolute error and % of
error.
12) Draw the diagram of Wien Bridge.
13) Resistance R1 and C1 are connected parallel combination. Find the total impedance.
14) What is Q factor of an inductor?
15) A value of a resistor 10KΩ but measurement yields a value of 9.5KΩ. Calculate %
accuracy.
16) What do you understand by the data 40 volt/mm for LVDT?
17) What is Transducer?
18) What is Sensor?
19) How Length is related for wire Strain Gauge property? Show through equation.
20) Why all the Transducers are not Sensors?
21) How LVDT has two secondary coil? Draw the connection diagram only.
22) How many types of Strain Gauges are there? Draw the tree only.
23) How Strain Gauges are connected in Load Cell? Draw the sketch.
24) List the temperature transducers?
25) What is RTD?
26) What is active sensor?
27) What is the working range of NTC?
28) Show the construction of RTD sensor.
29) Draw the sketch for various wire strain gauge.
30) Describe the terms of gauge factor for a strain gauge.
31) Name the effects observed in thermocouple operation?
32) Which materials are used to produce thermocouple?
33) Which kind of physical quantity can be measured by potentiometric transducer?
34) Define linearity mathematically.
35) What is dual trace CRO?
36) How the electron beam focusing is done in CRT?
37) Draw the simple block diagram of CRO.
38) Describe the function of time/div knob.
39) Draw the construction of PMMC instrument.
40) What is Deflecting torque of PMMC instrument?
41) What is controlling torque of PMMC instrument?
42) What do you mean by MI instrument?
43) Write the difference between PMMC and MI instrument.
44) Why an electrodynamometer is called a square law device?
45) Draw the diagram multi range voltmeter.
46) A 2mA PMMC instrument with internal resistance of 200 ohm is to be converted into 0 -
200mA ammeter. Calculate the value of shunt resistance.
47) A volt meter has a range of 0 -50V and a multiplier resistance of 99 KΩ. The internal
resistance of the meter movement has 1KΩ. Find the sensitivity of the voltmeter.
48) A resistance of 75 Ohms is connected in shunt of a galvanometer, having an internal
resistance of 25 Ohms, to convert it into an ammeter. What is the value of current (in
A) flowing through the galvanometer, if the total current in the circuit is 5 A?
49) An 0- 10A ammeter has a guaranteed accuracy of 1% of full scale deflection. What is
the limiting error while reading 2.5 A
50) A wattmeter has a full scale range of 2500W. It has an error ± 1% of true value, what
would be the range of reading if true power is 1250 W?

B. Very Short answer type: (1x50)

1) List various detector used for AC Bridge.
2) When is the bridge circuit balanced?
3) Write the use of Kelvin double bridge.
4) Write the use of Hays Bridge.
5) Write the balance equation of an AC bridge.
6) A pressure measurement instrument is calibrated between 10 bar to 250 bar. What is
the scale span of the instrument?
7) What is the full form symbol (unit) nm ?
8) Under balanced condition, how much current will flowing through the detector in
bridge circuit?
9) What is suitable range of Q- factor for the measurement inductance of coil in The
Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance bridge?
10) What is the working principle of the Q meter?
11) Which bridge is used to determine frequency?
12) What is Q factor?
13) How many vertical and horizontal amplifier a dual-trace CRO has?
14) What will be the frequency of the signal A sin (4πt+ɸ)?
15) What is the full range of audibility in audio frequency oscillator?
16) What is the function of a spectrum analyzer?
17) Example of Fundamental unit?
18) Example of Derived unit?
19) What are the components measured by bridge circuit?
20) What is the unit of Sensitivity of a voltmeter?
21) Write the use of Maxwell Bridge.
22) Write the use of Wien Bridge.
23) Why LVDT needs AC source?
24) Why LVDT is used?
25) Give example of RTD material.
26) Give example of active sensor.
27) What are the materials used for NTC construction.
28) Give example of NTC element.
29) Give example of Transducer.
30) Why thermocouple based temperature sensors are used?
31) Write the use of Energy meter.
32) What material is used in wire Strain Gauge?
33) Write one advantage of foil type Strain Gauge.
34) What are the advantages using RTD?
35) What is the purpose of vertical deflection plates?
36) What is the purpose of horizontal deflection plates?
37) Is Stress vs strain curve always linear?
38) Thermistors have which temperature coefficient?
39) What is pressure?
40) Which materials are used in piezoelectric crystals?
41) Which instrument is used to measure AC power?
42) What will happened if a current carrying coil is placed in the magnetic field?
43) What is Braking system in single phase energy meter?
44) How Electronic Multimeter used as an ammeter?
45) What is the role of a rectifier in an Electronic multimeter?
46) Is digital voltmeter reduces parallax error?
47) What is a digitizing circuit?
48)
C. Fill in the blanks: (1x50)

1) Electron volt is a unit of ___________ .

2) A moving-coil permanent-magnet instrument can be used as ________ by using a low
resistance shunt.
3) Basic building blocks of digital multimeters are _________.
4) Digital multimeter measure A.C. voltages using _________.
5) Digital multimeter measure resistance using _________ source.
6) Sensitivity of a voltmeter is expressed by _____ unit.
7) The relation between ac and dc sensitivity of a full wave rectifier type voltmeter is
________.
8) The cathode of a C.R.O. is usually coated with _________ .
9) An aquadag is used in a CRO to collect _________ electrons.
10) During the retrace time, the electrons move (horizontal beam) from __________ on the
screen.
11) In function generator, the output waveform of integrator is _________ shape.
12) A vertical amplifier for a CRO can be designed for a constant _____________ product.
13) An accurate measurement of harmonic distortion is achieved by using a ________
instrument.
14) Phosphor coating for cathode ray tubes is provided on __________ surfaces of the screen
only.
15) Maximum reading of a 3 and ½ digit display DVM is ___________.
16) A simple bridge circuit consists of a network of __________ resistance arms.
17) The commonly used detectors in ac bridges is ________________.
18) The AC Bridge used for the measurement of inductance is ___________________.
19) Resistance transducer has _________ efficiency.
20) Resistance wire gauges come in _______ forms.
21) Electrical strain gauge works on the principle of _________________.
22) Strain gauge measurement involves __________ bridge.
23) Resistance temperature detector is ______________________.
24)  Most metallic conductors have a _______________ temperature coefficient.
25) Thermistor has __________________ resistance.
26) Commonly used thermoelectric transducer is _____________
27)   Piezoelectric crystals produce _________.
28) The main error when measuring low resistances is ______________
29) Electron beam is deflected in __________ directions.
30) Control grid is given ________ voltage.
31) A dynamometer type wattmeter consists of ________ and _____________ coil.
32) Induction type instruments are used for ____________
33) Basic circuit of Electronic multimeter consists _______________
34) Digital voltmeters converts _________________.
35)  Input impedance of a DVM is ___________________
 36)

D. Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives: (1x100)

1) A dynamometer wattmeter can be used for – a) Both D.C. and A.C. b) D.C. only
c)  A.C. only d) all of the above.
2) The pointer of an indicating instrument should be
a) very light b) very heavy c)either 1 or 2 d) neither 1 nor 2
3) The scale of a rectifier instrument is
a) linear b) non-linear c) either 1 or 2 d) neither 1 nor 2
4) An induction wattmeter can be used for
a) D.C. only b) A.C. only c) both D.C. and A.C. d) none of the above
5) To measure a very high resistance, we should use
a) Kelvin’s double bridge b) Wheat stone bridge c) Meggar d) none of the above
6) In measurement system which of the following static characteristics are desirable:
a) Accuracy b) Sensitivity c) Reproducibility d) All of the above
7) A measuring system consists of
a) Sensors b) Variable conversion elements c) Signal processing elements d)All
of these
8) An ammeter is convertible to a voltmeter by
a) Changing the scale
b) Putting a large resistance in parallel with the actual measuring part of the instrument
c) Putting a large resistance in series with the actual measuring part of the instrument
d) Simply installing the instrument in parallel with the circuit
9) Digital multimeter is used for
a) Measuring a.c. and d.c. current, voltage and resistance
b) Measuring a.c. current and voltage
c) Measuring d.c. current and resistance
d) Measuring a.c. voltage and resistance
10) Which of the following instruments cannot be applied for ac measurements?
a) Hot wire b) PMMC c) Electrostatic d) Induction type
11) The commonly used detectors in ac bridges is/are
a) Head phones b) Vibration galvanometers
c) Tuned amplifiers, head phones
d) Head phones, tuned amplifiers, vibration galvanometers
12) The AC Bridge used for the measurement of inductance is/are
a) Wheatstone’s bridge b) Hay’s bridge c) Kelvin’s bridge d) All of these
13) Q Meter is used to measure
a) Q factor of an inductive coil b) Only the effective resistance
c) Only bandwidth
d) Q factor of an inductive coil, the effective resistance, and bandwidth
14) A C.R.O. can be used to measure
 a) A.C. voltages only    b) D.C. voltages only
   c) Frequency    d) All of the above
15)  AC bridges are used for the measurement of
a) Resistances b) Resistances and Inductances
c) Inductances and capacitances d) Resistances, inductances and capacitances
16) The vibration galvanometers are sensitive to power for frequency range of
a) 200 Hz and below b) 200 Hz to about 4 kHz
c) 4 kHz and above d) Any frequency
17) Under balanced condition, the current flowing through the detector is equal to
a) 1 A b) 0 A
c) Sum of the currents flowing in the adjacent arms
d) Difference between the current flowing in the adjacent arms
18) In Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance bridge, the frequency ω
a) Is directly proportional to the inductance in the balanced equation
b) Is inversely proportional to the capacitance in the balanced equation
c) Is directly proportional to the product of inductance and capacitance
d) Does not appear in the balanced equations
19) The Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance bridge is not suitable for the measurement
inductance of coil if the Q factor is
a) Less than 1 b) Between 1 to 10 c) More than 10 d) Both (a) and (c)
20) The Q meter works on the principle of

a) Series resonance b) Parallel resonance

c) Both (a) and (b) d) Neither series resonance nor parallel resonance
21) Potentiometric resistance transducer measures __________
a) linear displacement b) rectangular displacement
c) square displacement d) triangular displacement
22) Resistance potentiometer consists of _________
a) capacitive element b) resistive element
c) inductive element d) no elements
23) What is a helipot?
a) inductive element b) helicopter
c) helipad d) resistive element
24) Resistance potentiometers convert mechanical displacement into _________
a) electrical signal b) chemical signal
c) physical output d) kinetic energy
25) Strain gauge is a _________
a) inductive transducer b) resistive transducer
c) capacitive transducer d) mechanical transducer
26) Strain is defined as _________
a) change in height per unit height
b) change in weight per unit weight
c) change in length per unit length
d) change in diameter per unit diameter
27) Stress is defined as _________
a) diameter per unit area b) length per unit area
c) weight per unit area d) force per unit area
28) Commonly used elements for wire strain gauges are __________
a) nickel and copper b) nickel and gold
c) gold and brass d) silver and aluminium
29) Gauge factor is given by which of the following relation?
ΔR /R ΔR
a) S =  b) S = 
Δl Δl/l
R ΔR /R
c) S =  d) S = 
Δl/l Δl/l
30) Strain gauges are classified into ________
a) 3 types b) 5 types
c) 7 types d) 9 types
31) Load cell is used for the measurement of _______
a) area b) force
c) mass d) length
32)  Metals in strain gauge construction have ___________________
a) non-linear temperature coefficient
b) linear temperature coefficient
c) tangential temperature coefficient
d) exponential temperature coefficient
33) Sensing element in the thermometer must provide ________
a) small change in resistance b) no change in resistance
c) large change in resistance d) infinite change in resistance
34) Platinum is used for industrial applications because __________________
a) it is cheap b) it is available readily
c) it is a noble metal d) it gives accurate measurements
35) Thermistor is a contraction _________
a) thermal resistor b) laser resistor
c) electric resistor d) mechanical resistor
36) At small values of voltage, a thermistor ________
a) reaches peak current slowly
b) reaches peak current immediately
c) does not reaches peak current
d) reaches peak current intermediately
37) Pressure measurement devices make use of ________
a) non-elastic member b) elastic member
c) bendable member d) non-bendable member
38) Output of electrical transducer is ________
a) inversely proportional to displacement
b) proportional to square of displacement
c) proportional to displacement
d) constant
39) Self-inductance depends on ________
a) permeability b) permittivity
c) plank’s constant d) rydberg constant
40) A capacitive transducer works on the principle of
a) inductance b) capacitance
c) resistance d) reluctance
41) Capacitive transducer displays ________
a) linear behavior b) non-linear behaviour
c) exponential behavior d) tangential behavior
42) Thermoelectric transducer is a __________
a) temperature transducer b) pressure transducer
c) inductive transducer d) capacitive transducer
43) Thermocouple must provide ________
a) small thermo e.m.f b) sufficient thermo e.m.f
c) no thermo e.m.f d) infinite thermo e.m.f
44) For accurate temperature measurement in a thermocouple the __________
a) cold compensation is needed
b) hot compensation is needed
c) no compensation is needed
d) hot and cold compensations are needed
45) Piezoelectric transducer is used for measuring __________
a) non-electrical quantities b) electrical quantities
c) chemical quantities d) any quantity
46)  A quartz crystal is
a) a chemical transducer b) a photoelectric transducer
c) not a self-generating transducer d) a self-generating transducer
47) Photoconductive transducers produce output ________
a) due to change in inductance b) due to change in light
c) due to change in resistance d) due to change in temperature
48) CRO is a __________
a) fast x-y plotter b) slow x-y plotter
c) medium x-y plotter d) not a plotter
49) Typically oscilloscope represents __________
a) current and time b) resistance and time
c) voltage and time d) power and time
50) Electron gun section
a) provides sharp beam b) provides poorly focused beam
c) doesn’t provide any beam d) provides electrons only
51) In A.C. circuits, power consumed is ________
a) product of voltage and current
b) it depends on the p.f. of the circuit in addition to voltage and current
c) it depends on the supply voltage
d) it depends on the magnitude of the circuit current
52)  In D.C. circuits, power is measured using ________
a) ohmmeter and galvanometer b) ohmmeter and voltmeter
c) ammeter and voltmeter d) ammeter and galvanometer
53) Driving system in an induction type single phase energy meter consists of _________
a) one magnet b) two electromagnets
c) five electromagnets d) ten magnets
54) Shunt magnet has _________
a) large turns of wire b) small turns of wire
c) medium turns of wire d) no turns or wires
55)  Series electromagnet consists of _________
a) L shaped laminations b) T shaped laminations
c) U shaped laminations d) Y shaped laminations
56) At high frequencies the capacitive reactance _________
a) is constant b) increases
c) decreases d) becomes zero
57) Input impedance of an electronic voltmeter is ________
a) low b) high
c) medium d) zero
58) R.M.S value means _________
a) root mean square b) rate mean second
c) root median second d) rate mode second
59)  In electronic multimeter, Input signal magnitude is limited by ________
a) button b) resistance
c) attenuator d) voltage
60) What is the initial setting made in a multimeter before it is used for measuring
resistance?
a) fine adjustment b) instrument is open circuited
c) voltage is applied d) zero adjustment
61)  In a DVM, a signal conditioning circuit is used ________
a) to bring current to a suitable limit b) to bring resistance to a suitable limit
c) to bring resistance to s suitable limit d) to bring voltage to a suitable limit
62)