4. Quadratic Equation 1. Polynomial Algebraic exprossion containing many terms: (Real Polynomial : Leta, tm be real numbers and cis real variable Then f(x) = a0 > a2 X-+ a2 X27... + 4% 16 called real polynomial of real varable x with real coefficients, (ii) Complex Polynomial: fix) = a+ ax +a +. ax" is called a complex polynomial of complex variable x with comple A. a. be complex numbers.and x i a varying.complex number, then colicieats pas E2449 346) 0, Degree of Polynomial : Highost Power of variable x in « polynomial is called usu degree of «i polynomial. {6e) = antabuse! ay aetna degree polynomial Quadratic Expression A polynomial of degree two of the form ax! + hx + (a #0) iscalled a quadratic expression in x Quadratic Equation A quastratic Polynomial fo) when ea sto xer0 in called Quadratic Equation act bx +e=| Where, a bee Candy 0 Roots or Solution of Quadratic Equation The values of variable x which satisfy the quadratic equation & calle! as Koots (lio called solutions oF zeros) of « Quadratic Equation. (Factorization Method : ot ax?-+ bx +¢= fx —a) (x—p)=0 Then x=a and x =B will satisfy the given equation Hence factorize the equation nnd equating each to zero gives mots of equaticn, (ii) Hindu Method (Sri Dharacharya Method) : Quadratic equation ax? + bx +<=0 (a+ 0) has two reots, given by an be vbF tne wap = aba Nature of Roots The term bi ~ 4ac is called discriminant of the equation. It is denoted by A or D. (Suppose a, b,c © Rand az Othen (a) IED >0 > rootsarereal and unequal (@) IED =0 = rootsarereal and equal and each equal io -b/2a (©) IfD<0= roots are imaginary and unequal or complex conjugate. i) Sappose a, bye € Q, 2# Othen (a) IED >0 &D is perfect square = roots are unequal & rational () IED > 0 &D ie not perfect square => roots are irrational & unequal Conjugate Roots The Irrational and complex roots of a quadratic equation are always eccurs in pairs. Therefore (a, b, ¢, € Q) 1 One Root then Other Root arp a ow Sum and Product of Equation 0 the roots of quadratic equation ax? + bx +e (a 0) are w and § then =b__ Coeffcientof x cofficientat x Constant term (i) Cubic Rau nant tbat text d= 0, ‘Then, 2a= at B+ Bah = a8 + By re= £ aty=— 4 (iii) Biquadratie Equation : Ifa.p,yand 9 are the roots of the biquadratic equation axit bei txt +dx+e=0, then Sitatpty= Se B+ a+ 08+ By BS+ B= Cape oF STMT HTB TB S5= afiy + BS + y8a-+af'= (1° ‘ «seer earns and Sir apse cays £28. Relation between Roots and Coefficients If roots of quadratic equation ax? + bx +e=0 (a #0) are a and f then @ @-B=\(a+p)? 40h Gi) e+ B= Ca + BE 2a (i) a= (a+ 9) las BF tap tase ves?) p= (apr dapa—P) Ves PF — Aap Ha+ ap) =? aonb Gv) 2+ 81=(a+ 9) 30a +9) = (ei) at 4 Bem (a +p)? Sap? — 202 pe = (eel 2 b(b* —2ne fb? — tac (vi) at pr=(e-B9 (a2 +99 = (vii) 0° +a += (a4 8)°—a af a? =p _(a=p)-2ap tan at ap (9) pT pe= ona +) wy (2) + (8) ” 6) (8) aig? ap (aii) nb? ac(l + n)#when one root is m times of another 8. Formation of an Equation with given Roots @ Quadratic Equation: A quadratic equation whose rocts are « und f is given by <2 —(aum of Rootalx + Product of Roots = 0 xt—(a+p)x+ap=0 Gi) Cubie Bquation 4, fy are the route of cubic equation then the equation is x8 (@ +49) x8 + (GB + By + ya) x -aphy= 0 10. Equation in terms of the Roots of another Equation [If areroots of the equation ax? + hx += 0 then the equation whose roots are 0 -a-poar-bxe ‘place x by —») (i) Va, p> ext +bx+ (Replace x by 1) Gi) erine Nasir bEeM)ee=0 Melee x=) Ge) ka Ki axt kb tte = Geplace x by x!) ( Keakepoag Web a-W+e=0. Geplacea yee) Ww) $2 artkbxete=0 (Replace x by kx) (cil) a, pn ENSaley +bixe)+e=0 (Replace x by x")11. Roots under particular cases For tho quadratic oquation wx bx + (@Ifb=0 > roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sien Gi) Ife=0 > oneraat is zerootherix ba If b=e=0 = bath root are zero Gv) If = roots are rocioreeal to each other 50 c<0) 420050) = Roots are of opposite signs 4>0,b> 0,650) (ey coe co) Bah aan nse. a>0,b<0,¢>0) wip = Bath rote are postive, © g<0.b>0,e<0) pst (iit) Wtsign of a= sign of be sign of = Greater rot ia magnitude is negative 62) Ifsign of b= sign of ninafia = Greater ront in magnitude i positive ()Math+e=0-=s0ne root | and second rootincla 0 then equation will become an identity and will be satisfy by every value of x 12. Condition for Common Roots @ Only One Reot is Common : Let « be the common root of quadratic equations aux? + bis +<1 Gand ast + bic + =O thea ‘aut! + bye 6 nat theater =O 2 berbee, ae, 2b ‘he ennition for only one Root common is (esas ~ esa) = (bies~ bac (abs ~ azb) (4H) Both roots are common : Then required conditions is « 1 ie aby Note: > To find the common roots of two equation make the coefficient of second degree term in the two equation equal and subtract. The value of x obtained is required common root. > ‘Two different quadratic equation with rational cocficient canaot have single common root which is complex or irrational, as imaginary and surd roots always oceur in pair. 13, Graph of Quadratic Expression ‘An expression of the form ax2 + bx +e, where a,b, € R and 1 + 0 is called a quadratic exprossion in x. We have axtthete (120)(Tho graph of the curve y = fx) is parabolic. (i) The axis of the parabola X= 0orx+ 2a (a) Lf> 0, then the parabola opens upward. Ifa <0. then the parabola opens downward, Xana >0.D<0 a<0,D<0 Xie 14. Position of Quadratic Equation with respect to axes bavD (@ For D>0, parabola cuts Kis und as two real and distinct points, x= — "= aso Ded b (i) For D=0 parabola touch X-aaie in one point, x=—P wo par poi = aso D<0 X-aris Lo a>0 Ded (ii) For D <0, parabola doos not cut X-axis (Le, imaginary value of x). a>0 D a> 0, then axe + bx + €> 0 for all x > Ifa <0, thon ax? + bx + €< 0 for all x.15, Maximum & Minimum value of Quadratic Expression Ina quadratic expression ax? +bx +6 fre-b?_D. (Hea O,qusdratic expression has laut wale at eB b "This haat wal ie given z by this greatest value given by ) Ifa <0, quadratic exprossion has greatest value at x = ery 16, Range of an Rational Algebric Expression ‘To find the value of rational expression of the form ee for real values of x. (equate the given rational expression ty. (69, Obtain qindratic equation in xhy simplify the expression (Gi) Obiain the discriminant ofthe quadratic equation. (is) Putdiscriminant »O and solve the inequation for y ‘The valu of y, 0 obtained determines the set of values attained by the given ratimal expression, 17. Location of Roots of a Quadratic Equation ax*+bxte=0 Let fle) =ax!+ br +e, where ah, © Rand as 0 (@ Condition for both the roots will be greater than k. > <2 (e) afte >| (D>0 @ke-Z (© 4m>0 Deo a0 peo x eo T (Condition for both the roots will be Tess than k wD>0 Wasy0 Wa(9) When both roots lie in the interval (ky, Is) where ks < ke (0-0 ARN AY>0 ORB wae A z / \ (9) ryan cpmnion 9) 0 ntarl i (@) sign of fa) and f{b) are of same then either no rosts or even no. of rots exist () sign of fla) and fb) are op cnite then f(x) =O hasat least one real rot or od no. of rok 18, Descartes Rule of Signs (The maximum number of positive res) roots of polynomial equation fix) = 0 (arranged in decreasing order ofthe degree) in the number of changes of signa in f(x) = 0 as we move from left torright Gi) ‘The maximum number of negative real roots of « polynomial equation fx) = 0 is the number of changes of signs in (2), 19. Quadratic Expression in Two Variables ‘The general form of a quadratic expression in two variables x & y is ax:+ hay + by? + 2px + 2ty + ‘The condition that this expression may be resclved into two linear rational factors ie ahs hb f/=0 > abe+2 gh af — bg? chi efe and ab>o ‘This expression ia called discriminant ofthe above quadratic expreanion. [nance (2) Bory equation of 2 degree san identity. ) us exactly n roots and if the equation has more than a rwots i is @ Iquadratc equations ay x! + byte; = Oand are in the seme ratio (itt B (3) fone roots times the other rot of quadratic equation arxt+ bi xt e1=0then arxttbextpee seen nne ene [Trickle roses of equation Ae Be C= Oarereal ond equal nd AVY Q.1Urte of theequation (abe + (eax (><) = Dare equal. then ab, care in AP, HP. wor, (@) None of these Sol [AL Proper Method Short Trick Given aobte-ath (abt (c~a b= 9=0 a © Roots aro equal Sabato (=a) Mla-b)@-9 =0 6+ at Dae — Aad — ac — b+ be) = 0 Se Hatt abe + Dac dub tbe =0 Sle +a—2hy 2=0 =m a.hcareim AP. Soa, b,c, arein AP. Q2 the rests uf the equation afb —¢) 3 + (e—a)x + club) = 0 are equal, then a,b, eure in - «ne yar (ap (D) None of thone Sol IAL ‘Proper Method, ‘Short Trick Given ab) + (e—a) eta a@-Ox'+b(e-a)xFe(a-b)=0 (be) =ela~b) Roots are equal a 7 ape Shee — a} — dat 0) ela 8) =0 = BYE He? Dae) Aacfba be ca + bo Str tt be Dae dar be + dace 4 dab S bree + bial + dare + Bach! — tae —dabee = 0 a.bearein HP. $0, bere in H.P. [PRS Matha Faakatinton QB Hab care distinct posit (9) Real and equal (B) Real und distinet al numbers such that bia + (©) Imaginary Zac, then the rwots of axé +2bx + €=0 (D) None of thoseSol. a Sol. as tcl Proper Method D= abe de = fee] 16 Hae (ate) aro (2-9 <0 a,e> 0} = roots are imaginary ‘Short Trick Gimaginary roots ) c= 0 has roots which are fa, b,c, © Rand 1 is a oot of the equation ax! + bx + ¢= 0, then the equation (ax? + bx + 2e = 0, (A) Real and equal (B) Real and distinet__(C) Imaginary (D) Rational BL Proper Method Lis a root of ax! + br +e=0>a+b+e=0 Doo tax’ + ilbx + 2e= Os Wht dae = a +oF —B2a0 3-84] HG) oe}e = roots are real and distinct. ‘Short Trick Let the roots are 1 and 2then equation aa? tate @=1b Now eyuation tax? + 3bx + 20=0 Set 9e4 420 D=81-61>0 (real and distinet) Ifa and) are the roots of the equation x? — p(x + 1)~ a2 star, p+ 2He1 a stasg Bebe we a oo (BL then the value of D)None Proper Method Equation is x — px - (p+) = + B= pab=—p+y Now (a+ 1) 641) =a +(a+8) +1 =~ +@)+ptI= 1-4 Tho given expression (a+? ort ©) +@=D B41 +@=-D (es FB HD? q—Da +BHH@-D) 20-9) + Dla) + Be") 20-9)" Ha Dar + HDT Short Frick Let a= Land =2, then equation is vawee2=0 and =p-9=2 5 atetan pF apet a sta+q ” BFF 2Beg 49Qi as Sol. a, (sare the roots of the equation ax!+ bx-+e=0 and S, = a’"+ then a S,,, +e, (ays, (b's, (28, 48, mi Proper Method ‘Short Trick Here a, (bare roots Let a= 1, =2, then the equation ane + bate “ woset2=0 al? +bii+e=0 ae 90,05 Lb=-3,0=2 [Now let us consider (Keeping results (1),(2) in mind) |@%44et a8,.708, 408, n=25S-a + pHs ow aSs1 + Sp-1 = slants po =Si+ 25, =946215 fna"+ baton! + fap"! +594 cf] by ootion () faa? + ba + +9 fap + 6 +e} PS = 365 +o=0 Hence a8. 68 Heb fate pe) te fala pm) 5 is correct and wre the rots of the equation, ax: + bx + 1= 0 (a #0, a,b eR), then the equation xix +9 + (a2 aby) = Ohas roots ( @ andp? yap? aot a2p © Yahandup — Dy a? and? [JEEMain Online 2014) ta) Proper Method Short Trick Land 1 rw theroots of equation ax! + bx + 1=0 a Bp sand = 9 then the equation is Gx? 5x + 1=O.and =-5.¢ xGc+ b9)+(a’ — Sub) = 0 becomes x!-3Bx=216=0 ft) it wots are 8 and 27 watiafy the a? 9°"? La ape 2) yop ® From (1) vir vB 8) Now th equation int) +a —tabe) =O Sx +x Ba) +02 Sx xGb—b9 Sear dee +e 6 sea <0 xP x (a? + 9) + Cap)" =O roots are a and p=qo an It, yare the rote ofthe equation, x°+ ax++bx +e=0, then (109 (1-9 (1— 1 i qual: WADE MOE easor OO lal bes tatoy AD) None of thew Proper Method BT ae rot of at be += 0 Putting x= y.x8= 1 3. we have xQ-y)+ ally) be +e=0 Salt-y+h=—ler aay) Sell bs = b+ aay SUL-yat r= ye ker aay) ‘Thin equation in yhne rote 1,1 and 1-7? (=a) (=P) 07) = 0+ b+ Sheet Tick Leta= 1,822.7 then a=, b= The 49 a-pya-v9=0 ‘options (A) (1 by (a +0) incorrect onion ‘Let p and qube real numbers such that p= 0. p= eating a * Bp and ah Wwsad-—remer@saeo avin! (aye G29 ODN (Dade (HE Bae HO then guadeatic equation having 4. Wa and fi are mon-nero complet number 6 sae (oar Hpt+ 20 sat eect (+ oxt- = tox +@=0 tion io e( 29 Bae n= seid cotinine (Sebo te0 ovens Peabo tn TirreeuctendlComplex Number iis a Real Number System @ Natural Number (N): N= (1.2.3, Gi) Whole Number (W): W=10, 1.2, =e Gi) Integers Zor: Zor l=6...-8,-2, 1. 0.1.2.8 Gs) Rational Numbers (Q):"The numbers which are inthe form of lq (Where p.4.< hg 0) (©) Irrational Numbors (@ : The suumbore whish are not rational io. which can nt be expreaaed in 1a form or whoo deci part ie ton terminating nom repeating but which may reprevent magnitude of physical quantities. eg-42, 55, me, (9 Real Numbers (R): The aet of Rational and Irrational Number scaled a st of Real Numbers ie NeWeheQcR Imaginary Number ‘Square root of negative real number isn imaginary number, while solving equation x! +1 = 0 we get x24 S71 which simaginary. So the quantity V1 is donated by called ita’ thawi =V=1 Integral Power of Lota Lie Complex Number Annumber of the form 2= x + iy where x,y € Rand Re VAT is called a complex number whe led as eal part and y i Im) led imaginary part o nd they are expressed as Here if x = 0 the complex number is purely Imaginary and ify =0 the complex aurnber is purely Real Note > Inequalitios in complex number are not defined because is neither positive, aero nor negative 60 > If two complex numbers are equal, then their 14 31¢1+2iori <0 ori>0 is meaning lows and imaginary parts are separately equal. Thus ifa+b=ctid> a=candb=d #0 if2=0=x+iy=0=x=0andy=0 he complex number 0 is puroly real and purely imaginary beth.Algebra of Complex Number 12 = a1 + iby and 22 = as + ibs be any two complex number then 0 Gi) Subtraction (a + ib)-(e 4 id) = (ae) +i (ba) (it) Multiplication (a+ i) (© + id) = ac + iad + ihe + Phd = (ac — bd) + ad + be) (as Me id) erid (e+ vdXe~id) (Grhen at least one of ¢ and d is non zero) (8) Division Note : Additive inverse fz is— and muipicative inverse of zis + Conjugate of a Complex Number : If 2= + th then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary partand it is denoted by Ze. Z=a-ib Properties of Conjugate Complex Number Lete=atiband Z =a ib then oW=* ( 2+ 7 =2a =2Re@)=purly wal ii) 7 im (z) = purely imaginary (iv) 22 =a" + b*= 121" Wary =a4% cc (i) 7 ro vi [2] = fe = @ ® am =m % (x24 F =Dor 2=—7 = 2=Dornis purely imaginary (xii) z= 2 > 2a purely real Modulus of » Complex Number Ir + iy then modulus of is denoted by ||. Thus a xtiys ial yey Properties of Modulus of a Complex Number @mi30 (= | il ~ [7a | (triangle inequality) 10. Amplitude or Argument of Complex Number : ‘The amplitude or argument of « complex number z is the inclination of the directed line segment representing 2, with real axis, Y ax.y) W rex tiy te ano = (2) Note: > Principle value of any complex numbor les between — "<0 <= > Principal value of argument. (@_Meomplex number lies in fist quadrant then arg ( =. (@ Meomplox number losin second quudruct then wry (2)= = 0 (Gi) Heomplex number les in third quadrant then arg (2) = (r—®) (Gv) Ifeomplex number lies in fourth quadrant then arg (2)= 0, 11. Properties of Argument of a Complex Number (amp (any real pos Gi) amp (any real neq: ’ « ” (i) amp(z)=~amp @ = amp(! (0) amp()=—amp @)=amp(*) (i) amp (~2)= amp @)+ = (it) amp (2) = m amp (2) + Zhe k= (i) amp (2) +amp(#) = 2kr proper value of k must be chosen so that RAMS, lies in Gx, Lor)12. Representation of a Complex Number in various forms (Cartesian Form: Every complex number 2 = x + jy can be represented by a point on the Cartesian plane known as Complex plane (Argand diagram) by the ardered pair (x,y). Length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by |z| and 0 is called the argument ar amplitude lal = Ya ey? Qos tant Gi) Trigonometric/Polar Form : 2=r(eos0+ isin 0) where |2] =rarg 2=0, (ii) Eulerian Form zero; [el =rarg2=0: eo =co0 0+ isin O and e"= cos 0 isin 0 18. Square Root of a Complex Number ‘The square root of 2= a + ib ix al lel, , let oe ft fi fas ats {2 fE] woo 1. Lopate fn Compas Norte Let 2= x +iy bea complex number and in polar form of zis re", then log (+ iy)= lg (re#) = log (e)+ 10 y log (x? +97) titans © for b> O and ce log 2 log (\2l) +iamp @) Ta general 2 = ro dog = log La] #4 ung 24 2a 15. De- Moivre's Theorem A simplest formula for calculating powers of complex numbers in the form of eos @ and sin 0 is known ‘as DeMoivre’s theorem, Irn e 1 (set of integers), then (cos 0 + isin 0} = cow n0 + isin n0 and ifn « Q (set of rational numbers), then cos n0 + isin nd is ane of the values of (cos 0 + isin 0 octane [of 0) (3 »)| (i) (con®; +i sin 81) (os Be + isin) C08 By + isin By) =cos 1 +0 +. +8) +isin @) +84 +6) (i) (sin 0 = i 0s 82 sin n0 = i cos n@16 Cube Root of Unity Cube root of unity are 1, @, &, where 2x an arg (o) = 2 and arg ws) = 4% ao) =F and arg oe) = Properties of Cube Roots of Unity : @ @= Lore i) LtoF (Gil) Cube roots of unity lie on the unit circle || = 1 and divide its circumference into 3 oqual parts (Gv) Te always forms an equilatoral triangle. (wi) Cube roots of =1 are -1, 0, ~«# Important Identities (@) 4x +1= (6-0) (08) (b) txt 1= +e) +0) ©) Stay tyF= (eyo) 30) (oxy ty Ce +o) ety () W4y'=Eety) G+ y0) Ot ye) 8-9 =(e=¥) (yo) (yor) (g) Wtyltw—ayz= ety +2 (toy + oie teXy+ on) 17. The n**Roots of Unity : Then mota of unity, it means any complex numebr 2, which satiafies the equation 2°= Tor 2= (1) or z= 08 7 + isin 7 where k= 0.1.2...) 18. Properties of n' Roots of Unity: (sth roots of unity form # GP with common ratio e ® (3) Sum of n® roots of unity is always 0. (id) Sum of p powers of ni roots of unity isn, ip isa multiple of n. Gv). Sum of p® powers of nt roots of unity is zero, if pis not a multiple ofn. (©) Product of n™ roots of unity is (1), (ei) The n® roots of unity lie on the unit cirele |2] = 1 and divide its circumference into n equal parts 19. Some Important Results cos 7+ i siny and given, x+y +2 + then Wyntamtay=0 — @axttye+zt=0 xt yet a= Baye20. Concept of Rotation 21 and 2 are two complex number then argument of ath lew le ty layle™ |e ty Tn general, let 21 22, 2: he the three vertices of ABC descrhed in the counter clockwise sense, Draw OP: and OQ parallel and equal w AB and AC respectively. Then P is 2 — 21 and Q is 2 pay x an Cy « Pez) 5 ; ay 21, Application of Complex Number € Distance between complex point {a) The distance between two points P(x) and Q(x) is given by PQ= la ail (Secon formula: IF Rp vies theline segment ining Pte) and ke) i thera mr ms (a, m>0). Then. For internal division 2= Mt MH Forexternal division 2= 2%2—22% i) Triangle in Complex Plane = (a) Ithe vertices A, B, Cof a. represent the complex nos, 2, 2, z respectively, ther Centroid of the AABC= #1 #2 + #3 3 Incentre of the aac = 82: bea +, () Area of the triangle with vertices A(x), B(zs) and C(zs) is given by(©) The triangle whove vertices are the points represented by complex numbers 2), 2, 2 is equilateral 141 _4_1_9 AR BOR A or nit +2 + ait = net nant at (ii) Straight line in Complex Plane : (a) General equation of a line in complex plane is 32 +a2 +b=0 where b ¢ Rand a ia a fixed non zerocomplex number, (6) The complex and real slope ofthe line @ + a2 karo (~) ana (0) Equation of the line joining complex number 2: and 22 is ete +1, (@) 2.22 are two fixed pointe, then |x—2i| = [x ~ 201 represents perpendicular bisector of the line ‘segment joining 2 and 23, (0 he lonethot pen frm oi oa += ingen by ELE *DL (® The equation of a line parallel to the line Hz +a% + b=Ois iz +a% +h=0, whered © R. tOtiwopatons she porntube sx vai rbe0Wer~er sia ere eR Gh) span tte pryoonar Dn ee meta rt pin Ae) an aon erased sl Cirele in Complex Plane = (6) Equation of circle with centre 0 and radius ris |2— ml (8) General equation of weircle is 22+ 0742+ where < Rand a is ined complex aumber, For this cirelo, eentre is the points « and radius or 38+2%4-2%, —770 = (©) Condition for four given points 2, 2.2 & 21 to be eoneyelie is, the number 2°—8L 21-28 is real, eh (4) The equation of the circle deseribed on the line segment joining 2 & 2 as diameter is (-2) @ ~#,)+(@-n) (F-3) =0 Standard Loci @ Lem ail + Le ea] = Bk (a constant) represent (a) If 2k> |21~22] = An ellipse (x: and 2: are foci) (0) IE2K= |: 22] = A line segment (€) 2k < |2~22| => No solution (9) Equation | [2 21] —2— 2:1] = 2k (a constant) represent (a) 2k < |21~2s| > A Hyperbola (: and ze are fei) (b) 12k = |: aa] = Aline break (€) I'2k> |2~ 22] => No solution (= l Wk (ke 1) then loeusof zis a circle Pa (io) Ife aal* + [2—eel*= [sz then locus ofa a crcle with 2, 2: are the end prints of diameter. © team (2=2) = thom locus of isa circle with 2, arethe end points of diameter. (0) Wiemnits lemeekwhe Fst ued in ile| trick 4 ef a Sol. Qe ‘Square root of Complex Number Formula en a6 =f | 5 || Aitference of aquare ofthese factors is equal to real number (x) Square root of T+ 245 i (26-4 (+4439 (24-30 (ecs-49 SW fnd = fn fd hemor 2 don td his aman uh wey a ‘Proper Method Lat (F254 = a+ 74 2H= (a +b 7 -) 4 e we tbessyla? by vaa'b™ 2494576 ®) (Fran = 24073) ‘Short Trick Ana, =# (1+ i) Square root of -8 —12i is (ay -2—3) wee tcl @+e-39 +829) Proper Method V5-iai =a+ib 5 12i= (a! —b9) + diab Sat-bis-5 a) fand 2ab =~ 12 Ze) att bist yla? by + datb™ ate bi=tysi att bias is o Short Trick2. Application of triangle inequality to find minimum or maximum value © [a1 201 2 [I I-23] Gi) [ase & Led + Leal [RAST ie AT Sx Ge tobe the fad wasinam and inimuis value of Ta Pac) we wie} i la el such that|2# z= (2+ 2) 2a i Now, max. valuo of 12+ 21 = [xl + In nin, valucof 12+ 121 = | [xl ~ lal | 3-24 4153 then maximum and minimum value of | + 11 is mao 8) 10,2 KO ar Sot. IC) ‘Proper Method Short Trick ler tl=l@+a—31 ler l= iar 9-31 Med] size 41+ 13) [at Lam= 1314 1-3) s34131 Ja Lain= 13] ~ 1-31 <6 and [(2+4)~31 2 z+ 41-131 23-131 20 QA I le+ 4] <3 then maximum and minimum value of [x 31 is waz (8) 6,2 Ons oso Sol Al Proper Method Short Trick lar3]=le+ 44-40) lt 3] = |(a44i)+(3~4)| lat3] sla fil + 13—4i) [z+ 3]au= 34+ 13~di] =8 5345 lat Slain [3~ [3411] =2 8 fand [2431 2 |I2+4il-13— 411 213-51 ze Q.5 If |z~3+4i) <4 then the diflerence between the greatest and least value of !2| is (a) Vi8 (8) 2Vi3 8 (44 V8 Sol (8) ‘Proper Method ‘Short Trick lal = l@-3+ 2) +-291 lal = 2-34 214-201 Jal < 234 2il + |3~2il 4+ vi5 lal s4+vi8 Paget Short Tricks wad eS 3B Talan=t~ 8 inl 24-8 Difference = 2Vi3 tween the greater and least value of 4+ V13)- (4-13) Difference lal Wispe Trick-2 Ar feta, thon the grates and leat value of [21 are respectively i i t = | a L Hi as eh =the at a lta 9) 2hga= tS , 8 . Ole (Dy Nene of these Sol IAL Proper Method Short Trick Yepohe- 4] s alan = 2 biped " SH 15 In| Allad 615 ~ Ial s Letts iat lel? + [2] -120and [zl?— [2-10 2 Feta) Ht z 1 saa min, tat = 22 mata = 224 and min, Jal = 2 [ick 3 Mind ofsabaiaiion 7 j x9 7 a=x—iy anda =p tig then the value ESE naga to we wr or w-2 Sol (D) Proper Method zex-iyand 2 =p iq Sa2=@ +i 2 x-iv= pig + GQ (+i) Sa apie Spa Spee Comparing real and imaginary part x= p—2pq andy= 9-394 x= pip Sandy = dg? 39oo) 2 a adding (1) & @) Xa k=-upi+q « ayy obs ae Dw Let znd w be non-zero complex numbers such that |e) = [wand arg) + arg(w)= x Thon 2 = © ©) PL Proper Method Lec argia)= 0 then argiw) =x 0 = [21 €0s0 + Iino) I wLeositn— 0) + sin(—9)) Ww | Ccost + iin) I [feos ~ sin) L21(e090 ~ sind) ‘Short Trick Let 1=1¢i=angta) = = Iel2l sands 741 den alle valueo of (A) A line which does not pase through origin. (©) x-atia m1 we 2 tev ont (8) Lal = v2 (0) yoaxis Proper Method Lee ty xtiy eri? xtiy le -¥ ay) xiv O28 +7? 8x9) a + nd-3? +9") 4m ysty-2! +9") 209" (=x? + y*) 4 ax?y* 2 + y® ~2y*) + iyiax® + 1x? +y*) ‘Short Trick 1 therefore let 2 (purely imaginary) ‘0 all the values of given expression lie on yoaxis,Qo Sol. Sol Afaand p are different complex numbers with || = 1, then lt - wo tcl (Bw ot Proper Method ql ipinaspe-! e Bee [pa D1 1 inte © wo Proper Method lul=13zQ12 Let 2s, 22. 20 be in GP. with first term as unity such that 21 +22 +... +24 =0. Now if'i, 22,0 te represents vertices of a polygon, then distance between the incentre and circumeentre of the polygon is we Bi ©o o-1 Complex Number Paget Sel {cl Proper Method ‘Short Trick Let r be thecommon ratio ofthe G.P. um tetth n= 1, Now 21,22 29 are the vertices of equilateral wo triangle then distance between incentre nbmtitm205 ony and circumeentre is 0 oraz lr S dale ie = irit=1 >The polygon 2,22... ai regular incontre and circumcentre are same distance between incentre nnd circumeentre is‘Trick 5 Combination of method of substitution and balancing. Q.13 Ifwisa imaginary rocts of unity then the value of following series 2-0) 0-0) +260) 09 + 3 o) (10) + +61) noe (4) Bayon? 244) 2(a-Dio? +304) 8) Bint? +3024) (8) Flo +5n=4) Din stynt san+0 (D) Ain stn? + 3n+4) © Binene 7 © Feoane Sol {Al Proper Mathod Short Weick er 1 -ai(rs to) “ maenet=7 oe ~ Now put ‘in options then option (A) Sutera tes nese’) wilgie 2a roar Leena] +9 OAMED—D 56 V4 [feo] 22 21-3499 pla (nin) . ) : +1an-+3) ze 2 ) a= [atns tna) jo-2s6| HOD inet ane a) 1+0-8aye Q14 The set of all a € R, for which w = 1*0=8 satisfying [| = 1 and Re (2) 1, is is a purely imaginary number, for all 2 © wo (Byan empty sot Dyequal oR Sol {AL Proper Method Short Trick 1sQ-Saz lal = Land Re(@ #1 aa Sonanume x=i we LH= Bai 11 “Ts = (L180) id +180) Lyx —Sa)s iyd—Sa) , G2) +i 2 aay ax) +i w is purely imaginary (1 +x(1-Sa)}(1—x) yaa) Re(w) =0 w ‘iyll +x 8a) riy(l Ba 9) S8a=0>0=0 aoe sven that w is purely imaginary -. Re(w)=0 2 {l+x(0 Bay} —x)y"(1-8a)= 0 S1-x4x (1 Ma) -x2 (1-86) — 9201 - 8) = 0 SL xtx-Sax—(1- 8a) 4y9 20 [eiven that [al =1s.024y?= 1] 1 fux-1+80=0 Seaext =o xe)Qas Tetsu 1, then HET = erin Gstic cis W)s-ic Sok IAL ‘Proper Method sere=l (e+ ishe~is)=1 1 venis= Lse+is) | 1s eis) uf T = (tis) QU6 Ifx=a+b, y= ant bo, 2= a0? + bo, then xyz equals- wary (Babe (6) Gat BY + Sab (a+) (D) a+b Sol 1D} Proper Method Short Trick 927 a+ bia + bono? + be) let a= land =1 +b) la? 4b abto! + 0] Thenc= 2, b= tot rGsbareb aby eases Qi7 i, Un Ba wi (D) lz, 424 th Sol {Cl Proper Method Short Trick bal = laa Let n= 2, then [zi |=L22) = 1 lwo 2= Land 221 = 1 they are conjugate) Q18_ Thevalueof the expression (etl) -Cetlend > {imaginary eube root of nity is need meeeSol Qs Sol Bl Proper Need Tron Wek 1 ent tue (eed) (re A tener my a(vt)(r ter 5 = +e) (+0) oe shoe fosiinst) asd Sow pas = 1 pin ten tion) 6 nin? 42) 2 [ant + da + 1-90-94 6) 4s the correct answer, = en +4) Benes Tena a csr a ony wale. “™ ws (D) none JA) Paw Son Tk me Tans aihene S120 pave nts et lates in ‘equation becomes nia 1/2 2-04 (oro?) Now, put n = 3 in option, then option (A) nel =I is the correct answer.9.20 3,1, 15 24. 2-1 are nth rots of unity then the value of 57+ 5 +) sequal to wt on D)None of these Sok DI Proper Method ‘Short Trick 1, 2, ti ton. nth roots of unity Let n=3, then 21= 0, 22= 0% 3 1-1 == 1) @= 1) (x= 2.2) Now= 1, = logier— 1) = gle 1) Hoge 2+ Hoge to) vere Differentiting both sides, we get s-wstew 7 aoa ya 9-Mereyra 19 Paloel a mt in option we put n = 3 then (D) is correct Potting 2= 3 Ee ee ya aha he 2, Li 1 va he ote Binomial Theorem Lc Oa 1. Binomial Expression & Theorem An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a For example, 2x +3, x2-w/3, x +a ete. are nomial expression ‘Tho ru alled the Binomial Theorem, by which any power of « binomial ean be oxpanded 2, Binomial Theorem for positive Integral Index Tfxand 4 are two real numbers and nis positive integer then Ge +a)8 = *Cyxen0+ aC ye8 ta Where in Cs Ca "Cent be denoted by C3, Cr Ca Cr 3. General Term Tn the expansion of +) the (+ 1)term i called the general term which can be represented hy Ts exe tat () General term in the expan: Teer = De (i) General term in the expansion of (1+ x)sis n of (x —ays Tees Ce (ii) General term in the expansion of (1 ~x)ris Teer = (DreProperties of Binomial Expansion (x + a)* (There are (n+ 1) terms in the expansion (i) The binomial coeicionts of term equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal as*C; = "Cy (Gil) ‘The p!*torm from the end of the expansion is the (1 ~p +2) term from the beginning Middle term in the Expansion of (x +) @ teniseven then middle term = (31) term (89x wad ahem midterms are = (854) wna (' term inthe groatoet Bivona ootesnt Greatest term in the Expansion of (x + a)" Calculate 2*1 Gay) Fi 7 @ Ifkis an integer then Ts and Tix: are the numerically greatest terms, Gi) If his not an integer. Lot m is its integral part then Ts) is the numerically greatest term. Binomial Coofficients & Their Properties (+ RP SHC HC HNC tt Car FMC Lat us denote #0, "Ci, %C2.."Ca by Co, Ci, Cr. Cx ‘Those quantities are calle binomial eodicients and have the following proportion. ze O CHOsere 6 a-c1c-orcreeSen'*¢, 20 Gi) tree GW) COO ee (©) C424 IC 4 Gut CL =D GD oo EB «© ) G) CC+OCm Gi) CHE CHE CRS (xii) 00, + C1Cr+Binomial Theorem for any Index When mis a negative integer or a fraction then the expansion of the binomial is possible only where i) Aesfirst term is 1 (i) Itssecond torm is numerically less than 1 ie. [x] <1. Then pin -Du@-F HD oy (1 aye Dn BORD ge ODO D ay . 2 3 General term: Taye MARIO Din =F4) Some Important Expansions (xy ts Lex teeth a+... General term Tas = Gi) (txts ax txt int +. Ge +... General term Tye (iil) (-xyt= Lr oe tet tae +t + Dxr., iv) LF RYFS 12K + XEN oct CF DY OX) F soos General term Tr = + Ca 10. Rf Factor Relation If (JP + Q)" =1 +f where Land a are the positive integers and f<1 then © (1+ f= ke, I'm igodd and PQ? =k>0 dara ©, Ifn is even and VP -Q< 1 11, Multinomial Expansion ‘The numberof distinct terms in the expansion of (x +22 +254. x) ingiven by "7 1G, 1, If ¢ then the general torme of the multinomial expansion (ni +0 + a) ia 12. Number of terms in the Expansion of (x + y+ 2)" =e‘Frick AW dhe covliciont oy Ter}, Teo) term in the expansion Of Fay- aro in A, then the vale qn Sol Sol. Vere 2 vaeN | ! Ifthe coefficients of TT, Treterms of (1+ x)! are in A., then x - we 7 os ws i Proper Method ‘Short Trek Given Crs, "Cr, "Corts AP Mavi 2 If the coefficients of r, (r+ 1) and (x + 24 terms in the binomial expansion of (1 + y)= are in AP., then m and r satisfy the equation - IAIEEE-2005} (A) mm (de ~ 1) 42 (B) mt mrt I) Fare + 2=0 (C) mm (ir +1) + 4e8— (D) m!~m (tr~ 1) + tre+2=0 te) Proper Method Short Trick mtvn+2 > rm =(m+2) 3 mm (ir+1) tie 2moral * eal 5 Alm e+ e+ De +1) mon r+ ome + 2m —2re— art Oe Sritr+m—mrtm-mrte—r = mt — Ime m+4ee-2=0 Q3_Ifin theexpansion of (1+ y}, the coefficient of 9, 6% and 7! terms are in A.P., then nis equal to- wan miu R16 O71 Sol [BI] ‘Proper Method ‘Short Trick ‘As given »C, Cs, "Co are in AP. nt Javd = oO +804 = 2. a od o" at a > (0-npenez 0-414 =H" (-H'S => nt-21n+98=0. 39+ @-9(n-4)=260-4 Sr-zin +98: >(n-Tin-1)=0 n=T.14 [Trick-2” Method of substitution _ _. 7 G4 Thefrsetional part of 2 ix 1 2 4 1 4 2 o4 z we w2 o4 og Sol [A] Proper eT Soa THE pee 16. dol5 ramet sss > rin part 8 LEC IS # CUS? ++ CIS" wos 15 1A15k where k € N Q.5 If the coefficients of four consecutive terms in the expansion of (I+ x) are aiazay and ay then Bar. cone. (D) None of theveSol. al Proper Method a1 = Cr, te = *C rst, as = 9C 2, then N82 8s ayray! ayeay! ayy 3G "Ga Gg SEG Cas Ga using “C= 2. #101 woget e-lLtt (7) Gay Ga) ed 23 pit" asl | wal Sir+ D+). (r+: AP ‘Short Trick Putn=3 setae ta 1, m=8,an=3, ae Sol. qr Sol respect to x and then putting x=1, we get C1 #20, + 80s + ot n= m.21 Given Exp. Got 201 #802 +t nt Ce (Co FC: HFG) (Cr+ 2Ei+ C+ tO) =dtn oe [frcm (1) and (2)]= 204 (n+ 2) 3 Combination of method of substitution and balancing Te (+x = Cy +0x+ Caxtt+ Cyee then Ci 20:4 30+ + (nT) Cy is equal to- «aye (ar) 2a") 2-'(ar «Dy 2 (a2) 1AL ‘Proper Method ‘Short Trick Putting x= 1 in the given expansion, we get Putn=2 Co Cit Cot Cs 4 C2 Ri) S420, 440, Now, differentiating the given expansion with |= 1 + 2) + S(1) = Now put n= 2 in options then (A) 2 (n +2) is correet option If (+ xp So+ GNC, Got Cox + Cax? +. Cox then mo us*C) souls. D)None of thove as 2200) enn) Now put n =2in option then (@) {@20" is correct option.as Sol. as Sol. Quo Sol. qu Sol. Tre ar =e Ow Gas Gay then 30280) 705+ CAP 9) Coun wn Oates ge any es wo 1D} Priper Maio Shor Ta we mee Meth 1Ca+ ne Cap ca Pcs e, +70, SoTL Cee ae te rein ae [Ea see Hoo Bo CoG? SCMES_AC ICs Cle) | So Dy thecomet tion octece Teds sre14 Cx +a + Ca thn C+ C4 C4 ing t we men ‘one ‘De (p) Ppa aoe See eect noe pats imont Gree Berea tacng ee Now put m2 Seine, then (D2 Seteet contention evecare we [deeper aque Seay Tey we om om or (By Feber kor Son Pd re Potn=2 |atei* ate" ia oi(ligd a] ot on ‘la! #e—a1 ei esa" ew =i.) BO +O Cr. 202, oe Nor put n= 2 in option hen (92-18 comatption wo m2 1B) Proper Method Nee Ten’ Tow HH = G4 GG 4 (Cy + C54 Cy.) Now pot n= 3 pine than m _ Ga0s4 CC, + C200 =O M+Q) H+ O=6 c Nw pur ni opsonn then opin oi yO epson ‘The middle termi the expansion of (x ie x, y BOD gy LOGY EIDE GE Nome ee Proper Method Show THE +220 inoven 1 viewer pan=t(cod) (222) =t0+ ss ng midaetom exeiel aida tr i Now put = 1 in options, thea ( o [ieee wat alat pues. tn) 1.3.5....0n-D12"023..) ‘al(l23...n) = 135..00- "Cy 35.08 Putting in @): Tons = (oyQu wm on Pages Short Tricks Sol. {Cl Proper Method ‘Short Trick (n= (te, af me) og rurnet(ie22) [s (ie8) a (+4) Uy) Fe (9) (D3 atm Mim) G+) den) cor : . Now put n =2 in options then (() = sa)" * m om a i correct option G29 (ase = C64 C4 Com? bot Ca them [AIEEE 2003] awry Sok Proper Method ‘Short Triek iy ry, My Patn= G co G4 2 2, eat! eG aT ae Now. put a = 2 in options. then @D) T=@ti)-r BED 5, correct option Now $227, = (a+ p12 z mio +10 2D esQ24 168.=P1 and ia= Sol. then + is equal to- IAIEEE-2004), Pat n= 3 in options then, i cornet onion 1B) o Proper Method 20+ Sony 25 =20)+ 29% + Lye 0) ¥ 26 sarar Sa 3 Pat = 21m ton, ten) 2 comet tn,as Cet nthe erarion lo _ Pl (ay) Hy) 0) OF OF Om Sol {€] ‘Proper Method, Short Trick Putn=129 (1+ Le oe tet Coeff of is aif yom om ow Now, put'a =1 options then, (©) 2 nil ornt’ ika—H!" 3n-2)" wot) o correct option = Efe +001 + C2 + Cad 2 cot QUE ak Fax Ma thom i 2p)? 2H? |. anf? Owes! © Geri oF (0) None of thowe Sol Al ‘Proper Method en j i Puta=2 (a= x2y%as = [Cy Gx? +Cx4—..e , . ‘ 3 OGG ok fra-xtoay o.¢, 13" 6 = SoG Ga 303" %G ae % =f vasa = 2 yan? a n= 2iin options, then (A) 2 ste)" Porn 2in enti then aE Now fa-x4y%de= feos" 040 is correct option [sin 0=x)