Pointers to Review for the Quarter 1 MAPEH 10

MUSIC
Module 1

ELEMENTS OF 20TH CENTURY MUSICAL STYLE

1 Post-Romanticism
- late romantic characteristics extended into the 20th century
- expansive melodies, chromatic harmonies, lush orchestrations, affinity for programmatic elements
- ex. "Symphony No. 5 in C-Sharp Minor", Gustav Mahler
2 Electronic Music
- any type of music created whole or in part by electronic means
- may utilize recording devices (tape recorder), synthesizers, and more recently, computers
- ex. "Poeme Electronique", Edgard Varese
3 Jazz
- a uniquely American musical style developed initially by African Americans in New Orleans, Chicago, and New York

- emphasized syncopation
- inflected melodies (including "blue" notes Flat3, Flat5, and Flat7) and improvisation
- ex. "West End Blues", Louis Armstrong
4 Serialism
- a compositional approach developed in the 20th century by the Second Viennese School
- any number of musical parameters (such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, tone colour) are organized using a specific
ordering (set) that undergoes manipulation

- sometimes used as a synonym for dodecaphonic (or twelve-tone) music

- ex. "Structures", Pierre Boulez
5 Expressionism in music
- early 20th century German style
- marked by extreme dissonance, angular melodies, irregular rhythmic groupings
- explored deeply psychological themes
- ex. "Erwartung" op. 17, Arnold Schoenberg
6 Indeterminacy, aka aleatoric music
- a style that evolved in the mid-20th century
- relied on randomness and chance to determine some of the aspects of the music and its performance
- ex. "Music of Changes", John Cage
7 Impressionism in music
- late 19th and early 20th century French style associated most closely with the music of Claude Debussy and Maurice
Ravel - often programmatic

- use of non-traditional scales: modes, whole tone, pentatonic

- 9th chords, parallel harmonies
- blurring of the metrical pulse
- ex. "Bolero", Maurice Ravel
8 Neo-Classicism
- a post WWI style marked by a return to absolute music and traditional formal structures
- cultivated a less emotional (more detached) sensibility
- ex. Symphony No. 1, op. 25 "Classical" first movement, Sergei Prokofiev
9 Minimalism in music
- a style of music that evolved in the latter half of the 20th century
- generally characterized by the seemingly endless repetition of short melodic patterns, complex crossrhythms, and a
return to tonal/modal principles

- its adherents include Steve Reich, Philip Glass, John Adams, and Michael Nyman
- ex. "Six Pianos", Steve Reich
10 Neo-Romanticism
- generally, a late 20th century style
- a return to tonal principles, lush orchestration, and expansive melodies
- characterized by heightened emotionalism
- ex. "Oper und Drama", Richard Wagner
C. Readings
The early half of the 20th century also gave rise to new musical styles, which were not quite as extreme as the
electronic, chance, and minimalist styles that arose later. These new styles were impressionism, expressionism, neo-
classicism, avant garde music, and modern nationalism.

Impressionism made use of the whole-tone scale. It also applied suggested, rather than depicted, reality. It
created a mood rather than a definite picture. It had a translucent and hazy texture; lacking a dominant-tonic
relationship. It made use of overlapping chords, with 4th, 5th, octaves, and 9th intervals, resulting in a non-traditional
harmonic order and resolution.

Expressionism revealed the composer’s mind, instead of presenting an impression of the environment. It used
atonality and the twelve-tone scale, lacking stable and conventional harmonies. It served as a medium for expressing
strong emotions, such as anxiety, rage, and alienation.

Neo-classicism was a partial return to a classical form of writing music with carefully modulated dissonances.
It made use of a freer seven-note diatonic scale.
 The avant garde style was associated with electronic music and dealt with the parameters or dimensions of
sound in space. It made use of variations of self-contained note groups to change musical continuity, and
improvisation, with an absence of traditional rules on harmony, melody, and rhythm.

Modern nationalism is a looser form of 20th century music development focused on nationalist composers
and musical innovators who sought to combine modern techniques with folk materials.

A number of outstanding composers of the 20th century each made their own distinctive mark on the
contemporary classical music styles that developed. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel were the primary exponents
of impressionism, while Arnold Schoenberg was the primary exponent of expressionism, with the use of the twelve-
tone scale and atonality. Bela Bartok was a neo-classical, modern nationalist, and a primitivist composer who adopted
Hungarian folk themes to introduce rhythms with changing meters and heavy syncopation. Igor Stravinsky was also an
expressionist and a neo-classical composer. He incorporated nationalistic elements in his music, known for his skillful
handling of materials and his rhythmic inventiveness.

D. Examples
1. Impressionism
i. La Mer – https://bit.ly/3jhbmQe
ii. String Quartet – https://bit.ly/2WmFO2a
2. Expressionism
i. Verklarte Nacht – https://bit.ly/3ygiosv
3. Neo-Classicism
i. Peter and the Wolf – https://bit.ly/3jekSU4
ii. Concerto for Two Pianos – https://bit.ly/389wlxZ
4. Avant Garde Music
i. Candide – https://bit.ly/3gyr07R
ii. Music in Changing Parts – https://bit.ly/3DgZci3
5. Modern Nationalism
i. Visions Fugitive – https://bit.ly/3klYgjU
Module 2

There are stages of musical movements. These stages have distinct characteristics and they contain
the improved musical elements that were used in the performances of the 20th century music. This became
the performance practices of all musical genres that were observed in this generation.

Musical Elements Used in Stages

 A Composition is a highly disciplined art that requires mastery over often very sophisticated materials and a
creative impulse which origins and mental processes remain a mystery. In the 20 th century, there are elements of
music and musical styles observed, and these are the elements that tend to be basic but were enhanced by the
composers of different movements carried out to the height of their knowledge, talent, and skills. These elements are
evident from the different stages of movements of music in the 20th century.

Performance practice
The term applied for musical techniques employed in a specific musical genre during specific musical eras.
Quite often, performance practice refers to techniques that are implied, and not written or notated.

What is performance practice music?

The term "performance practice" refers to the study of how music was performed in the composer's own day.
Research in this area has focused especially on earlier periods like the Middle Ages (where fewer other primary source
materials survive) but also encompasses later periods up through the early twentieth century.

Definition of setting
1: the manner, position, or direction in which something is set. 2: the frame or bed in which a gem is set also:
style of mounting. 3a: the time, place, and circumstances in which something occurs or develops. b: the time and place
of the action of a literary, dramatic, or cinematic work (www.merriamwebster.com)dictionary.

Musical setting
A musical setting is a musical composition that is written on the basis of a literary work. The literary work is
said to be set, or adapted, to music. Musical settings include choral music and other vocal music. A musical setting is
made to particular words, such as poems.(en.wikipedia.org) What is word setting in music?

The style of singing in a musical is very pop/rock and will include syllabic and melismatic word setting: ... This is
called syllabic word setting. To highlight a word for dramatic effect more than one note is given per syllable so that the
word lasts longer. This is called melismatic word setting.(www.bbc.co.uk) THREE TYPES OF SETTING:

• Elements of time
• Elements of place
• Elements of environment (both physical and social)
(https:/literarydevices.net)

Musical Composition en.wikipedia.org › wiki ›

Musical_composition
Musical composition, music composition, or simply composition, can refer to an original piece or work of
music, either vocal or instrumental, the structure of a musical piece, or to the process of creating or writing a new
piece of music. People who create new compositions are called composers. Composers of primarily songs are usually
called songwriters; with songs, the person who writes lyrics for a song is the lyricist. In many cultures, including
Western classical music, the act of composing typically includes the creation of music notation, such as a sheet music
"score," which is then performed by the composer or by other musicians. In popular music and traditional music,
songwriting may involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called the lead sheet, which sets out the melody,
lyrics and chord progression. In classical music, orchestration (choosing the instruments of a large music ensemble
such as an orchestra which will play the different parts of music, such as the melody, accompaniment, countermelody,
bassline and so on) is typically done by the composer, but in musical theatre and in pop music, songwriters may hire
an arranger to do the orchestration. In some cases, a pop or traditional songwriter may not use written notation at all,
and instead compose the song in their mind and then play, sing or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music,
notable sound recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written or printed scores play in classical
music.

Composition consists in two things only. The first is the ordering and disposing of several sounds...in such a
manner that their succession pleases the ear. This is what the Ancients called melody. The second is the rendering
audible of two or more simultaneous sounds in such a manner that their combination is pleasant. This is what we call
harmony, and it alone merits the name of composition.

Module 3

Composition and performance are related and sometimes inseparable activities in the creation of
music (as they are also in theater and dance). In the Western tradition, the roles of performer and composer
have often been the province of separate people, a composer, playwright, or choreographer authoring a work
that is then brought to life by others who are skilled as instrumentalists/vocalists, actors, or dancers.
Compositions are preserved in some kind of written form or passed on through oral tradition. The “work” thus
has an existence that is separate from its performance; it is an independent entity to be brought to life each
time it is performed, or re-created. Conservatory training in the performing arts typically covers both creative
and interpretative functions, and individuals frequently cross over from one to the other.

In traditions heavily based on improvisation, such as Indian classical music, African tribal music, and
jazz, the performers are the composers and the performance is the work.

Improvisations are sometimes recorded, or later written down based on memory. But evanescence is
a defining aspect of extemporaneous creation. Many performance traditions involve preexisting material that
the performer is expected to flesh out in the course of performance. Indeed, some degree of spontaneity is
part of any live performance and no two performances of the same work, no matter how meticulously
notated, will be identical.

Whatever the relationship between creation and performance, the composition is a highly disciplined
art that requires mastery over often very sophisticated materials and a creative impulse whose origins and
mental processes remain a mystery.
 Composer
• Latin compōnō; literally “one who puts together”
• musician who is an author of music in any form, including vocal music (for a singer or choir),
instrumental music, electronic music, and music which combines multiple forms

• may create music in any music genre, including, for example, classical music, musical theatre, blues,
folk music, jazz, and popular music

• often express their works in a written musical score using musical notation

Performers
• are musicians in the music industry
• include singers, classical and popular musicians and backing or support performers who perform in
front of a live audience at a show or concert

• include a variety of other activities in their work

• Some singers include dance and movement as part of their performance
• Popular musicians may also compose their own work.

Performance Practice
• refers to the conventions and customs associated with the performance of a particular musical repertory
—for example, the instruments employed, techniques of singing, and the nature and extent of
improvisation that are expected

Prior to the invention of recording technologies, how music actually sounded had to be deduced from
written descriptions, archeological remains, and pictorial material. An “authentic” performance is particularly
challenging in the re-creation of older music, whether from oral tradition, in which case it has typically
undergone changes in the course of its transmission or from notated repertoires that fell into obscurity as
they were eclipsed by newer styles and tastes. The study of performance practice is an active and often
controversial area of contemporary music scholarship.

The relationship between the performers and audience members is highly dependent on the social
setting in which a particular musical event takes place. The rules that govern proper performance will vary
from setting to setting, and from culture to culture. In the western concert tradition, for example, the
performers sit on a raised presidium stage which provides spatial separation between them and their
audience. Audience members are expected to sit-in silent contemplation during the performance (cell phones
off please!), clapping only when the conductor walks on stage, at the end of a piece and at the end of the
concert (no in-between movements or after solos, except at the opera where applause and shouts of bravo,
brava, and brave are customary expressions of approval).
 At an African American gospel service, in contrast, the singers may leave the stage and
walk/run/dance out among audience members who are expected to clap, stomp, and shout encouragement
to the performers throughout a song. At a jazz club, quiet talk is usually permissible, and audience members
are expected to clap not only at the end of a piece but also after a particularly moving solo is played by one of
the performers.

In many social settings, audience members do more than sit and listen. At a wedding or at a dance
club, for example, audience members dance in a designated space in front of the ensemble, and the musicians
are expected to play an appropriate repertoire for the event and the indented audience. One expects a
certain type of music and dancing at a rock or blues club, another at a salsa club, and another at a Jewish,
Italian, or Greek wedding. Dancers may shout encouragement and make requests to the band, and musicians
often watch the dancers determine how long to keep a piece going, or whether to play a fast or slow piece
next. In various Afro-Caribbean religious rituals the musician’s drum and chant to call down the spirits to
worshipers who dance and trance in special areas of the ceremony. In outdoor events like West Indian
Carnival, the musicians and the dancers often merge into one dancing throng to the point where it is
impossible to differentiate the performers from the audience members.

All musical performances are governed by rules that are set and culture-specific.
The next time you plan to hear a live music performance, think about the expectations for performer and audience
interaction that are appropriate for that particular setting. If you find yourself in an unfamiliar situation, be observant
and see if you can determine the appropriate rules.

Module 4

TWO OF THE MOST INFLUENCIAL MUSICAL COMPOSERS ARE EDGARD VARESE

AND JOHN CAGE

Edgard Varese (1883-1965)

• Known as the “Father of Electronic Music” for his use of new instruments and electronic resources.
• The musical compositions of Varese are characterized by an emphasis on timbre and rhythm.

• He invented the term “organized sound,” which means that certain timbres and rhythms can be grouped

together in order to capture a whole new definition of sound.

• His famous work is Poème Électronique.

John Cage (1912-1992)

• He challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments in order to achieve
new sounds. He experimented with what came to be known as “chance music.”
 • In one instance, Cage created a “prepared” piano, where screws and pieces of wood or paper were inserted

between the piano strings to produce different percussive possibilities.

• Famous Works: Concert for Piano and Orchestra, 4’33.”

These Photos by

Unknown

Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Edgard Varese John Cage

“Father of Electronic music” “Pioner of chance music”

B. Readings

In this lesson, you will explore other arts and media that portray 20th century music elements through
video films or live performances. You will discover your creativity, music inclinations, and potentials through
act.

Combining music and film, music and visuals, music and commercials, music and dance can attract us
and bring new perspectives to everyone involved. Music and art feel like close siblings in the family of creative
expression.

The 20th century is a full step forward from the rich culture and traditions. Impressionistic and
Expressionistic music can be applied not only in listening, it can also apply to other media and art forms such
as sand art, paintings, dance accompaniment, films, animations, games commercials and advertisements .

Module 5

In the 20th century, John Cage, was a pioneer of what he referred to as "Indeterminacy."
Indeterminacy is a composing technique where some aspects of a musical work are left open to chance or to
the performer's choice. No doubt, Chance music is a combination of external sounds that cannot be duplicated
as each happens by chance. Most of the sounds emanate from the surroundings, both natural and man-made,
such as honking cars, rustling leaves, blowing winds, dripping water, or a ringing phone. For example, the
“Water walk” by John Cage.

On the other hand, Electronic music production starts with the combination, modification, and control
of sounds produced through oscillators. This is followed by recording of the studios on tape, after which the
composers have splice the tapes and mix the output with recorded sounds of physical objects in motion or
those of singers or speakers. This tape now contains both its performance and piece of music. Science has
brought about a tremendous expansion of musical resources by making available to the composer a spectrum
of sounds ranging from pure tones at one extreme to random noise at the other. It has made possible the
rhythmic organization of music to a degree of subtlety and complexity hitherto unattainable. The composer
 records different sounds that are heard in the environment such as the bustle of traffic, the sound of the wind,
the barking of dogs, the strumming of a guitar, or the cry of an infant. These sounds are arranged by the
composer in different ways, for example, by playing the tape record in its fastest mode or in reverse.

A. Readings
New inventions and discoveries of science and technology have led to continuuing develo- pments in
the field of music. Electronic devices such as the early cassett tape recorders; players for compact discs (CDs),
video compact discs (VCDs), and digital video discs (DVDs): MP3 and MP4 player: ipod; karaoke players; mobile
and adroid phones; have been increasingly used for creating and recording music that is meant to be added to or
to replace acoustic sounds made with traditional instruments.

Open the link to watch the examples of the Chance music:

https://

John Cage Water Walk, performed by Katelyn King

performs his Water Walk on (1960) (2016) https://tinyurl.com/3wkya5mv
https://tinyurl.com/nz7urcs2
tinyurl.com/cdfr6ebp

ARTS 10

In human history, art has mirrored life in the community, society, and the world in all its colors, lines,
shapes, and forms. The same has been true in the last two centuries, with world events and global trends
being reflected in the art movements. The 20th century saw a boom in the interchange of ideas, beliefs,
values, and lifestyles that continue to bring the citizens of the world closer together.

Technological breakthroughs
From the Industrial Revolution of the late 1800s, the world zoomed into the Electronic Age in the mid-
1900s, then into the present Cyberspace Age.

Social, political, and environmental changes

There has been migration across the globe, allowing different cultures, languages, skills, and even
physical characteristics of different races to intermingle like never before.
 Effects on the world of art
The art movements of the late 19th century to the 20th century captured and expressed all these and
more.

Impressionism: Origins of the Movement

Impressionism was an art movement that emerged in the second half of the 19th century among a
group of Paris-based artists. The duration of the impressionist movement itself was quite short, less than 20
years from 1872 to the mid-1880s. But it had a tremendous impact and influence on the painting styles that
followed, such as neo-impressionism, post-impressionism, fauvism, and cubism—and even the artistic styles
and movements of today.

The name impressionism was coined from the title of a work by French painter Claude Monet,
Impression, soleil levant (in English, Impression, Sunrise).

The term precisely captured what this group of artists sought to represent in their works: the

viewer’s momentary “impression” of an image. It was not intended to be clear or precise, but more like a
fleeting fragment of reality caught on canvas, sometimes in mid-motion, at other times awkwardly positioned
—just as it would be in real life.

The Influence of Delacroix

As with all emerging art movements, impressionism owed its inspiration to earlier masters.
One major influence was the work of French painter Eugène Delacroix.
In particular, Delacroix’s painting, The Barque of Dante, contained a then revolutionary technique that
would profoundly influence the coming impressionist movement. And it involved something as simple as
droplets of water.

When studied closely, it is seen that four different, unmixed pigments—yellow, green, red, and white
—create the image of each drop and its shadow. Viewed from a little distance, these colors blend to represent
individual drops glistening with light. The distinct colors merge in the eye of the viewer to appear
monochromatic (single-colored) or, in this case of water droplets, colorless. In short, an impression is formed.

Putting this and similar principles into wider practice, future painters would carry French art into one
of its richest periods: impressionism.

Readings Impressionism: A Break from Past Painting Traditions

There were several areas in which impressionist artists moved away from the established practices of
art at that time. These involved their use of color, choice of subject matter and setting, and technique for
capturing light and conveying movement.

Color and Light

The painting conventions and techniques of earlier art periods were very much concerned with line,
form, and composition. In contrast, the impressionists painted with freely brushed colors that conveyed more
of a visual effect than a detailed rendering of the subject. They used short

“broken” strokes that were intentionally made visible to the viewer. They also often placed pure unmixed
colors side by side, rather than blended smoothly or shaded. The result was a feeling of energy and intensity,
as the colors appeared to shift and move—again, just as they do in reality.
“Everyday” Subjects
Impressionists also began to break away from the creation of formally posed portraits and grandiose
depictions of mythical, literary, historical, or religious subjects. They ventured into capturing scenes of life
around them, household objects, landscapes and seascapes, houses, cafes, and buildings. They presented
ordinary people seemingly caught off-guard doing everyday tasks, at work or at leisure, or doing nothing at all.
 And they were not made to look beautiful or lifelike, as body parts could be distorted and facial features
merely suggested by a few strokes of the brush.

Painting Outdoors
The location in which the impressionists painted was also different. Previously, still lifes, portraits, and
landscapes were usually painted inside a studio. However, the impressionists found that they could best
capture the ever-changing effects of light on color by painting outdoors in natural light. This gave their works a
freshness and immediacy that was quite a change from the stiffer, heavier, more planned paintings of earlier
masters.

Open Composition
Impressionist painting also moved away from the formal, structured approach to placing and
positioning their subjects. They experimented with unusual visual angles, sizes of objects that appeared out of
proportion, off-center placement, and empty spaces on the canvas.

The Influence of Photography

Photography was in its early stages at this time as well. As it gained popularity, photography inspired impressionists to
capture fleeting moments of action, whether in landscapes or in the day-today lives of people. But whereas camera
snapshots provided objective, true-to-life images, the artists were able to offer a subjective view of their subjects,
expressing their personal perceptions rather than creating exact representations. They also had the advantage of
manipulating color, which photography at that time still lacked.

Module 2

The order of National Artist (Order ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) is the highest national
recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of
Philippine Arts, namely: Music, Dance, Theatre, Visual Arts, Literature, Film, Broadcast Arts, and

Architecture and Allied Arts. The order is jointly administered by the National Commission for Culture and Arts and
the Cultural Center of the Philippines and conferred by the President of the Philippines upon recommendations by
both institutions.

National Artists are given a Grand Collar symbolizing their status. Likened to the US National Medal
for the Arts and the Order of Culture in Japan, the recipients embody the highest ideals of humanities and
aesthetics and ideal expression of Filipinos exemplified by their outstanding works and contributions.

1. Fernando Amorsolo
• First Filipino National Artist of the Philippines.
• Known for paintings having a distinctive glow against whish figures stand out. o Planting Rice

o Market Scene
 2. Victorio Edades
• Acknowledged as Father of Philippine Modern Art.

o The Builders

3. Vicente Manansala
▪ Developed transparent cubism, wherein the "delicate tones, shapes, and patterns of figure and
environment are masterfully superimposed".

o Sungka
o Madonna of the Slums
4. Cesar Legaspi
▪ Developed cubism in the Philippine context.

o Combancheros

5. Cenon Rivera
▪ Started a painting style characterized by horizontal and vertical grids for which he was best remembered.

o Estella
6. Marcel Duchamp

▪ Well known Dadaist. o Fountain

Presented below are the 5 Filipino Modern Art Movements with a brief summary of their life and artworks.
Let’s get to know them!

5 FILIPINO MODERN ART MOVEMENTS

 Art movement Artist Sample picture

Social Realism - Pablo Baens Santos Figure 1. Krista

- A broad description on different artworks - Jose Tence Ruiz
whose themes spew biting commentaries on
- Ben Cabrera
socio-political issues of the Country
- Eugene Vubillo
- Al Manrique

Figurative Art - Juan Luna Figure 2. Una Chula II

- This is one of the most popular art movements, - Felix Hidalgo
as figurative art is representational, meaning
- Carlos Francisco
it is derived from real object sources. A visual
mix of hues, irony are brought into drama to - Fernando Amorsolo
an otherwise common place or situation. - Vicente Manansala

Abstract Art - Hernando Ocampo Figure 3. Second Fortnight

- Objects from the natural world and also ideas - Fernando Zobel
are portrayed using color and form.
- Napoleon Abueva
- Tony Leanu
- Jose T. Joya

Conceptual Art - Mideo Cruz Figure 4. Poleteismo

Idea is more important than the object. It - Gabby Barredo
encompasses site-specific art installations,
- Lirio Salvador
three-dimensional, assemblages of discards
and non-art elements, performance and video - Mark Ramsel Salvatus
art.

-
Pop-surreal - Darrel Ballesteros Figure 5. Theoretical Mermaid

- Underground visual art movement is based on - Manuel Ocampo

comic books, tattoos, punk music, and other
- Dondie Fernandez
alternative-pop culture themes.

Sabel in
Blue
Benedicto
Cabrera

The Fruit Gardener

Fernando Amorsolo

Impressionism
• an art movement that emerged in the second half of the 19th century among a group of Paris-based artists
• was coined from the title of a work by French painter Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant (in English,
Impression, Sunrise).
• precisely captured what this group of artists sought to represent in their works: the viewer’s momentary
“impression” of an image. It was not intended to be clear or precise, but more like a fleeting fragment of
reality caught on canvas, sometimes in mid-motion, at other times awkwardly positioned—just as it would be
in real life.
• The Influence of French painter Eugène Delacroix
• Impressionism: A Break from Past Painting Traditions
1. Color and Light

2. “Everyday” Subjects
3. Painting Outdoors
4. Open Composition
5. The Influence of Photography
Expressionism
Expressionist artists created works with more emotional force, rather than with realistic or natural images. To
achieve this, they distorted outlines, applied strong colors, and exaggerated forms. They worked more with their
imagination and feelings, rather than with what their eyes saw in the physical world. Among the various styles that
arose within the expressionist art movements were:
1. neoprimitivism 4. surrealism 5.
social realism
2. fauvism
3. dadaism

Abstractionism
• Oval Still Life (Le Violon)
Grouped under abstractionism are the following art styles:
1. cubism 3. mechanicalstyle
2. futurism 4. nonobjectivism
Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Op Art
The result was the establishment of what came to be known as “The New York School”—as opposed to “The
School of Paris” that had been very influential in Europe. The daring young artists in this movement succeeded in
creating their own synthesis of Europe’s cubist and surrealist styles.

C. Readings 1. IMPRESSIONISM
By the 1870s, the stage was set for the emergence of the next major art movement in Europe, impressionism.
It started with a group of French painters—that included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir—and
eventually spread to other countries, such as Italy, Germany, and The Netherlands.

A. Edouard Manet
Edouard Manet (1832-1883) was one of the first 19th century artists to depict modern-life subjects. He was a
key figure in the transition from realism to impressionism, with a number of his works considered as marking the birth
of modern art.

Argenteuil Rue Mosnier

Decked with Flags Edouard
Manet, 1874 Edouard Manet,
1878
Café Concert, The Bar at the
Folies-Bergere
Edouard Manet 1878 Edouard Manet, 1882
 B. Claude Monet
Claude Monet (1840-1926) was one of the founders of the impressionist movement along with his friends
Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. He was the most prominent of the group; and is considered the
most influential figure in the movement. Monet is best known for his landscape paintings, particularly those depicting
his beloved flower gardens and water lily ponds at his home in Giverny.

La Promenade, The Red Boats, Argenteuil Claude Monet, 1875 Claude Monet, 1875

Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies, Irises in Monet’s Garden Claude Monet, 1899 Claude Monet, 1900
C. Auguste Renoir
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), along with Claude Monet, was one of the central figures of the impressionist
movement. His early works were snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light. By the mid-1880s, however,
Renoir broke away from the impressionist movement to apply a more disciplined, formal technique to portraits of
actual people and figure paintings.

Dancer, A Girl with a Watering Can Auguste Renoir, 1874 Auguste Renoir, 1876
 Mlle Irene Cahen d’Anvers Luncheon of the Boating Party Auguste Renoir, 1880 Auguste Renoir, 1881
2. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
The European artists who were at the forefront of this movement continued using the basic qualities of the
impressionists before them—the vivid colors, heavy brush strokes, and true-to-life subjects. However, they expanded
and experimented with these in bold new ways, like using a geometric approach, fragmenting

objects and distorting people’s faces and body parts, and applying colors that were not necessarily realistic or natural.
Two of the foremost post-impressionists were PaulCézanne and Vincent van Gogh.

A. Paul Cezanne
Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) was a French artist and post-impressionist painter. His work exemplified the
transition from late 19th-century impressionism to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century—
paving the way for the next revolutionary art movement known as
expressionism.

Hortense Fiquet in a Striped Skirt, Paul Cezanne, 1878, Oil on

canvas

Still Life with Compotier, Paul Cezanne, 1879-1882, Oil on canvas

Harlequin, Paul Cezanne, 1888-1890, Oil on canvas

Boy in a Red Vest Paul Cezanne, 1890, Oil on canvas

B. Vincent Van Gogh

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) was a post-impressionist painter
from The Netherlands. His works were remarkable for their strong, heavy
brush strokes, intense emotions, and colors that appeared to almost
pulsate with energy. Van Gogh’s striking style was to have a far-reaching
influence on 20th century art, with his works becoming among the most
recognized in the world.

Sheaves of Wheat in a Field, Vincent van Gogh, 1885

The Sower, Vincent van Gogh, 1888

Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers, Vincent van Gogh, 1888

Bedroom at Arles, Vincent van Gogh, 1888

Starry Night, Vincent van Gogh, 1889
Wheat Field with Cypresses, Vincent van Gogh, 1889

3. EXPRESSIONISM
In the early 1900s, there arose in the Western art world a movement that came to be known as
expressionism. Expressionist artists created works with more emotional force, rather than with realistic or natural
images. To achieve this, they distorted outlines, applied strong colors, and exaggerated forms. They worked more
with their imagination and feelings, rather than with what their eyes saw in the physical world. A. Neoprimitivism

• an art style that incorporated elements from the native arts of

the South Sea Islanders and the wood carvings of African tribes which suddenly
became popular at that time. Among the Western artists who adapted these
elements was Amedeo Modigliani, who used the oval faces and elongated shapes of
African art in both his sculptures and paintings.

B. Fauvism
• a style that used bold, vibrant colors and visual
distortions. Its name was derived from les fauves (“wild beasts”), referring
to the group of French expressionist painters who painted in this style.
Perhaps the most known among them was Henri Matisse.

C. Dadaism
• a style characterized by dream fantasies, memory
images, and visual tricks and surprises. Although the works appeared playful, the movement arose from the pain that
a group of European artists felt after the suffering brought by World War
I. Wishing to protest against the civilization that had brought on such
horrors, these artists rebelled against established norms and authorities,
and against the traditional styles in art. They chose the child’s term for
hobbyhorse, dada, to refer to their new “non-style.”
D. Surrealism
• a style that depicted an illogical, subconscious
dream world beyond the logical, conscious, physical one. Its name came
from the term “super realism,” with its artworks clearly expressing a
departure from reality—as though the artists were dreaming, seeing
illusions, or experiencing an altered mental state.

Many surrealist works depicted morbid or gloomy subjects, as in

those by Salvador Dali. Others were quite playful and even humorous,
such as those by Paul Klee and Joan Miro.
 E. Social Realism

• expressed the artist’s role in social reform. Artists used their works to
protest against the injustices, inequalities, immorality,
and ugliness of the human condition. In different
periods of history, social realists have addressed
different issues: war, poverty, corruption, industrial
and environmental hazards, and more—in the hope of
raising people’s awareness and pushing society to
seek reforms.

Ben Shahn’s Miners’ Wives, for example, spoke out against the
hazardous conditions faced by coal miners, after a tragic accident killed
111 workers in Illinois in 1947, leaving their wives and children in
mourning.

Pablo Picasso’s Guernica has been recognized as the most

monumental and comprehensive statement of social realism against

the brutality of war. It made use of the exaggeration, distortion, and shock technique of expressionism. At the same
time, it had elements of the emerging style that would later be known as cubism.

4. ABSTRACTIONISM
The abstractionist movement arose from the intellectual points of view in the 20th century. In the world of
science, physicists were formulating a new view of the universe, which resulted in the concepts of space-time and
relativity. This intellectualism was reflected even in art. While expressionism was emotional, abstractionism was
logical and rational. It involved analyzing, detaching, selecting, and simplifying.

In 20th century abstractionism, natural appearances became unimportant. Artists reduced a scene into
geometrical shapes, patterns, lines, angles, textures and swirls of color. The resulting works ranged from
representational abstractionism, depicting still recognizable subjects, to pure abstractionism, where no recognizable
subject could be discerned.

A. Cubism
• derived its name from the cube, a three dimensional
geometric figure composed of strictly measured lines, planes, and angles.
Cubist artworks were, therefore, a play of planes and angles on a flat
surface. Foremost among the cubists was Spanish painter/sculptor Pablo
Picasso.

The cubists analyzed their subjects’ basic geometrical forms, and

broke them up into a series of planes. Then they re-assembled these
planes, tilting and interlocking them in different ways.

B. Futurism
• began in Italy in the early 1900s. As the name implies, the futurists created
art for a fast-paced, machine-propelled age. They admired the motion, force, speed, and strength of
mechanical forms. Thus, their works depicted the dynamic sensation of all these—as can be seen in
the works of Italian painter Gino Severini.

C. Mechanical Style
• basic forms such as planes, cones, spheres, and cylinders all fit together
precisely and neatly in their appointed places. This can be seen in the works of Fernand
Léger. Mechanical parts such as crankshafts, cylinder blocks, and pistons are brightened
only by the use of primary colors. Otherwise, they are lifeless.
 D. Nonobjectivism

• “non-object” works in this style did not make use of figures or even
representations of figures. They did not refer to recognizable objects or forms in the outside
world.

Lines, shapes, and colors were used in a cool, impersonal approach that aimed for
balance, unity, and stability. Colors were mainly black, white, and the primaries (red, yellow,
and blue). Foremost among the nonobjectivists was Dutch painter Piet Mondrian. New York

City Piet Mondrian, 1942 Oil on canvas

5. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM, POP ART, OP ART

World events in the mid-20th century immensely influenced the course of human life and, with it, the course
of art history. World War I (1913-1914) and World War II (1941-1945), in particular, shifted the political, economic,
and cultural world stage away from Europe and on to the “New World” continent, America.

The New York School A. Action Painting

One form of abstract expressionism was seen in the works of Jackson
Pollock. These were created through what came to be known as “action

painting.”
Pollock worked on huge canvases spread on the floor, splattering, squirting,
and dribbling paint with (seemingly) no pre-planned pattern or
design in mind. The total effect is one of vitality, creativity, “energy made visible.”

Autumn Rhythm Jackson Pollock, 1950 Oil on canvas

B. Color Field Painting
In contrast to the vigorous gestures of the action painters,
another group of artists who came to be known as “color field painters”
used different color saturations (purity, vividness, intensity) to create
their desired effects. Some of their works were huge fields of vibrant color
—as in the paintings of Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman.

Others took the more intimate “pictograph” approach, filling the

canvas with repeating picture fragments or symbols—as in the works of
Adolph Gottlieb and Lee Krasner.

After “The New York School”

By the early 1960s, the momentum of The New York School
slowed down. In its place, a new crop of artists came on the scene using lighter treatment and flashes of humor, even
irreverence, in their artworks.

A. Neodadaism, Pop Art, Op Art

Like the dadaist movement that arose after World War I, the
neodadaism of the 1960s wanted to make reforms in traditional values. It also
made use of commonplace, trivial, even nonsensical objects. But unlike the
angry, serious tone of the original dadaists, the neodadaists seemed to enjoy nonsense for its own sake and simply
wanted to laugh

at the world.
Their works ranged from paintings, to posters, to collages, to three
dimensional “assemblages” and installations. These made use of easily
recognizable objects and images from the emerging consumer society—as in the
prints of Andy Warhol. Their inspirations were the celebrities, advertisements,
billboards, and comic strips that were becoming commonplace at that time. Hence
the term pop (from “popular”) art emerged.

Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997) was an American pop artist. During

the 1960s, along with Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, and James Rosenquist among
others, he became a leading figure in this new art movement.

B. Conceptual Art
As the term implies, conceptual art was that which arose in the mind of the
artist, took concrete form for a time, and then disappeared (unless it was captured in
photo or film documentation). Conceptualists questioned the idea of art as objects to
be bought and sold. Instead, they brought their artistic ideas to life temporarily, using
such unusual materials as grease, blocks of ice, food, even just plain dirt.

C. Op Art
This was yet another experiment in visual experience—a form of “action painting,”

with the action taking place in the viewer’s eye. In op art, lines, spaces, and colors were precisely planned and
positioned to give the illusion of movement. Current BridgetRiley, 1964 Synthetic polymer paint on
composition board

6. CONTEMPORARY ARTS FORMS

The 20th century also saw the rise of new art forms aside from the traditional ones of painting and sculpture.
Among these were installation art and performance art. Installation art makes use of space and materials in truly
innovative ways, while performance art makes use of the human body, facial expressions, gestures, and sounds. Both
speak powerfully about contemporary issues, challenging their viewers to respond.

A. Installation Art
• a contemporary art form that uses sculptural materials
and other media to modify the way the viewer experiences a particular
space. Usually life size or sometimes even larger, installation art is not
necessarily confined to gallery spaces. It can be constructed or positioned
in everyday public or private spaces, both indoor and outdoor.
Materials used in today’s installation art range from everyday
items and natural materials to new media such as video, sound,
performance, and computers.
It may be said that primitive forms of this art have existed since
prehistoric times. However, this genre was not regarded as a distinct
category until the mid-20th century and only came to prominence in the
1970s. The installation artist’s manipulation of space and materials has
also been called “environmental art,”
“project art,” and “temporary art.”
 Essentially, installation art creates an entire sensory experience for the viewer. Many installations are of a size
and structure that the viewer can actually walk through them, and experience varying facets of the work in stages.

B. Performance Art
• a form of modern art in which the actions of an
individual or a group at a particular place and in a particular time
constitute the work. It can happen anywhere, at any time, or for any
length of time. It can be any situation that involves four basic elements:

time space the performer’s body a relationship

between performer and audience.
Performance art does include such activities as theater, dance,
music, mime, juggling, and gymnastics. However, the term is usually reserved for more unexpected, avantgarde, and
unorthodox activities intended to capture the audience’s attention. The performer himself or herself is the artist,
rather than an actor playing a character as in a stage play.

The performance venue may range from an art gallery or museum to a theater, café, bar, or street corner. The
performance itself rarely follows a traditional storyline or plot.

Module 5

✓ Impressionism: Manet, Monet, and Renoir

✓ Post-impressionism: Cézanne and van Gogh

✓ Expressionism: Neoprimitivism, Fauvism, Dadaism, Surrealism and Social realism

✓ Abstractionism: Cubism, Futurism, Mechanical style and Nonobjectivism

✓ Abstract Expressionism: Action Painting, Color Field Painting, Neodadaism, Pop art,
Conceptual art, Op art and the new realism
✓ Contemporary Art: Installation Art and Performance Art

Performance art does include such activities as theater, dance, music, mime, juggling, and gymnastics. However, the
term is usually reserved for more unexpected, avant- garde, and unorthodox activities intended to capture the
audience’s attention. The performer himself or herself is the artist, rather than an actor playing a character as in a
stage play. The performance venue may range from an art gallery or museum to a theater, café, bar, or street corner.
The performance itself rarely follows a traditional story line or plot. It might be a series of intimate gestures, a grand
theatrical act, or the performer remaining totally still. It may last for just a few minutes or extend for several hours. It
may be based on a written script or spontaneously improvised as the performance unfolds.

P.E 10
Module 1

Physical Activities simply means movement of the body that uses energy. Walking, gardening, briskly pushing a baby
stroller, climbing the stairs, playing soccer, or dancing the night away are all good examples of being active. For health
benefits, physical activity should be moderate or vigorous intensity.
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.
Regular moderate intensity physical activity is beneficial to health. For instance, it can reduce the risk of
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, colon and breast cancer, and depression. Other benefits include low risk of hip and
vertebral fracture and weight control.

Dancing, running, walking, swimming, cycling, and engaging in sports such as basketball has been part of having an
active lifestyle. It makes us perform actively.it promotes our culture, improves cognitive aspect, improves and develop
our heart and lung condition, is able to manage weight and stress, increase muscular strength and endurance can
benefit our psychological condition which strengthen our emotional state which allow our body not to react to some
problem or stressful situation, also spiritual benefit. This aims to determine the active lifestyle of learners as baseline
data for development and improvement.

A. Discussion
Moderate physical activities include:

• Walking briskly (about 3½ miles per hour)

• Bicycling (less than 10 miles per hour)

• General gardening (raking, trimming shrubs)

• Dancing

• Golf (walking and carrying clubs)

• Water aerobics
Figure1
www.canstockphoto.com/images

• Canoeing

• Tennis(doubles)

Vigorous physical activities include:

• Running/jogging (5 miles per hour)

• Walking very fast (4½ miles per hour)

 • Bicycling (more than 10 miles per hour)

• Heavy yard work, such as chopping wood

• Swimming (freestyle laps)

• Aerobics

• Basketball (competitive)

You can choose moderate or vigorous intensity activities, or a mix of both each week. Activities can be considered
vigorous, moderate, or light in intensity. This depends on the extent to which they make you breathe harder and your
heart beat faster.

Only moderate and vigorous intensity activities count toward meeting your physical activity needs. With vigorous
activities, you get similar health benefits in half the time it takes you with moderate ones. You can replace some or all
of your moderate activity with vigorous activity. Although you are moving, light intensity activities do not increase
your heart rate, so you should not count these towards meeting the physical activity recommendations. These
activities include walking at a casual pace, such as while grocery shopping, and doing light household chores.

Why is a Healthy Weight Important?

Reaching and maintaining a healthy weight is important for overall health and can help you prevent and control many
diseases and conditions. If you are overweight or obese, you are higher risk of developing serious health problems,
including heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, gallstones, breathing problems, and certain cancers.
That is why maintaining a healthy weight is so important. It helps you lower your risk for developing these problems,
helps you feel good about yourself, and gives you more energy to enjoy.

C. Readings

You have experience doing active lifestyle with your classmates and friends.
How can we determined active lifestyle in such physical activities?
What do I need to know about an active lifestyle?

An active lifestyle means you do physical activity throughout the day. Any activity that gets you up and moving is part
of an active lifestyle. Physical activity includes exercise such as walking or lifting weights. It also includes playing
sports. Physical activity is different from other kinds of activity, such as reading a book. This kind of activity is called
sedentary. A sedentary lifestyle means you sit or do not move much during the day. An active lifestyle has many
benefits, such as helping you prevent or manage health conditions.

What are the benefits of an active lifestyle?

• You may be able to do daily activities more easily. Activity helps condition your heart, lungs, and muscles.
This can help you get through your daily activities without feeling tired.
 • You can help control your weight. Activity helps your body use the calories you eat instead of storing them
as fat. Your body continues to burn calories at a higher rate after you are active.
• Activity can increase your health. Activity helps lower your risk for cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and
stroke. Activity can help you control your blood pressure and blood sugar levels, and lower your cholesterol. If
you have arthritis, activity can help your joints move more easily and with less pain.
• Your bones and muscles will get stronger. This will help prevent osteoporosis and reduce your risk for falls.
• Activity can help improve your mood. Activity can reduce or prevent depression and stress. Activity can also
help improve your sleep.

D. Examples
Fitness walking is serious exercise, yet it is the safest and most natural activity for health and fitness. It is
brisk, vigorous walking - usually from 3-1/2 to 5 miles per hour. It is walking with determination, moving
forward with purpose and control as if you had someplace to go.

The benefits include:

• Heart: Improves strength and efficiency. Walking is an aerobic activity that helps condition
your heart.
• Muscles and Bones: Tones and strengthens.
• Metabolism: Speeds up body's ability to burn calories for energy.
• Weight: Preserves lean muscle while losing fat, giving you a trim look.
• Mental: Improves self-image, releases stress.
• Relaxing and Energy Boosting: Sounds conflicting, but walking clears your mind while the
aerobic activity gives you energy.

Figure 2 www.istockphoto.com.
• Inexpensive: No equipment or gym facilities required. All you need is comfortable, supportive shoes.
• Convenient: Can be done anywhere in any weather (just dress accordingly and carry a sunscreen)

Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot.
Running is a type of gait characterized by an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground.

Figure 3 www.istockphoto.com/photos/running
 Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. ... They
are the principal means of transportation in many parts of the world. Cycling is widely regarded as a very
effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances.

Figure 4.www.canstockphoto.com/images
Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The
sport takes place in pools or open water.

A great sports for fitness, badminton is excellent for people of all ages and provides a great choice for those
wanting to give a new racket sport ago. Find out all about badminton and why you should start playing.

Figure 1.www.istockphoto.com/photos/badminton
 Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with
larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles" and "doubles". Badminton is often played as a
casual outdoor activity in a yard or on a beach; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor court.
B. Discussion
www.alamy.com/stock-photo/historical-badminton Badminton is an interesting sport which is played by
either one or two players on each side of the court. The objective of the game is to hit the shuttle so that it
lands at the opponent’s side of the court without the opponent returning. The shuttle should go over the
net. When the game is played by one player on each side, it is referred to as singles while
that of a team
of two players is
called doubles.
However, most
people enjoy
this game with
slight or no idea
at all of its
history.
Badminton was
first called as Poona. It was developed from a
children’s game called
Figure 2 www.alamy.com/stock-photo/historical battledore and

shuttlecock. The object

of this game was to see how long a group could volley the shuttlecock by hitting it with the battledore, or
paddle. This cooperative, non-competitive game was originally played without a net.It was in the 1860s,
when some British officers in India who were stationed at 'Kirkee' near the city of 'Poona' (now known as
Pune city) used to play a game which was very similar to badminton and the game was known as the
'Poona' game at that time.

In 1873, the Duke of Beaufort held a lawn party in his country place, called Badminton. A game of Poona was played
on that day and it became popular among the elite people of British society. The new party sport became known as
"the Badminton game" and started to grow popular.

FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT

Badminton racquets are lightweight, with top quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams (2.5 and 3.4
ounces) not including grip or strings.[13][14] They are composed of many different materials ranging from carbon
fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials.
 Figure 3.www.123rf.com/stock-photo

SHUTTLECOCK

A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle; also called a birdie) is a high-drag projectile, with an open conical
shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is
covered with thin leather or synthetic material. Synthetic shuttles are often used by recreational players to reduce
their costs as feathered shuttles break easily.

Figure 4.www.123rf.com/stock-photo COURT

Court Dimension

Figure 5.www.123rf.com/stock-photo

The stroke used to put the shuttlecock into play at the start of each rally is also called "service".
Net shot
A net shot is played into the opponents forecourt, as close to the net as possible.
Push
A gentle shot played by pushing the shuttlecock with a little wrist motion.
Clear
A clear travels high and to the back of the opponent's rear court.
Baseline : The back boundary line at each end of the court, parallel to the net.
Carry
An illegal stroke in which the shuttle is not hit, but caught and held on the racket before being released; also called a
"sling" or "throw".

Drop shot
A shot hit softly and with finesse to fall rapidly and close to the net in the opponent's court

Fault

A violation of the playing rules.

Forehand

The stroke used to return a ball hit to the right of a right-handed player and to the left of a left-handed.

Backhand
The stroke used to return balls hit to the left of a right-handed player and to the right of a left-handed player player.

Kill
Fast downward shot that cannot be returned.

Let
A minor violation of the rules allowing a rally to be replayed.
Match
A series of games to determine a winner.
Rally
The exchange of shots that decides each point.
Smash
A smash is a powerful stroke or hard-hit overhead shot that forces the shuttle sharply downwards into the
opponent's court.

Wood shot
A legal shot in which the shuttle hits the frame of the racket

Who invented table tennis?

Table tennis (or Ping Pong as it is more commonly known in the US) was invented in 1880s Victorian
England. It was an adaptation the popular game lawn tennis as a way of continuing to play inside during the
winter when it was too cold to play outside.
It is more accessible for people to play at home as they didn’t need a big outside space

Lot of game companies began marketing sets that came with nets, bats and balls. Back then the game went
by a lot of different names depending on the company that was selling the equipment. Some of the names
that it was known by are:

• Ping-Pong or Gossima
• Table Tennis
• Whiff Waff
• Pom-Pom
• Pim-Pam
• Eventually, Ping Pong and Table Tennis stuck and in 1901 The Ping Pong Association and
The Table Tennis Association were formed.

Nature & Background

FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT

BALL
The ball that is used in the game is a 2.7 gram, small celluloid ball that
is usually colored white or orange depending on the preference of the
players. They can come in different qualities with those possessing 3
stars being the best kind and is often recommended especially to those
who are just starting up.

Also, they come in a range of sizes from 38 mm to 54 mm in diameter.

However, the 40 mm diameter ball is the one that is used mainly on
international leagues and competitions as it is the one that is specified
by the International Table Tennis Federation of ITTF.
. Figure 2.https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo
Rubber, Racket or Paddle
The table tennis racket or paddle is another important piece of
equipment that is used in hitting the ball back and forth on the
table. Its shape is similar to the ones used in the game of tennis
except that it is smaller and is made of different materials.

The racket is usually made of wood and rubber and is divided

into two parts: the handle and the blade.

The quality of both of the parts of the racket can affect the force
that can be applied by the player and it is important the player
choose the best kind of rackets in order to really improve.
3.https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo

Table Tennis Table

Included in the list of important table tennis equipment is
the table where the game is to be played. The ITTF
specifies that the official table tennis tables that are used in
the tournament must be 9 ft long, 5 ft wide and must be
placed 30 inches high from the ground.

They come in either green, blue or black in color and are

usually made from a type of hardboard. The surface must
be smooth as to provide the lowest friction as possible.

Figure 4.https://www.alamy.com/stock-
photo

Net and Post

The net which is the last piece of important
equipment is usually brought together with the
table or with the rackets or it can be bought by
itself.
Whatever the case, it should be six feet long( 6ft0 and six inches (6 ‘’)wide and has an upper
white tape that is not more than 15mm wide. Also, it should include an assembly so that it can
be attached to the middle of the table tennis table..

Figure 5.https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo

C.Readings
1.The technique of driving forehand:
This technique focuses on the player’s force of attacking the ball. Sometimes, a small amount of
topspin may be added, but it’s sharply a straight flat hit which is usually very powerful. This
driving technique will help you learn the grip based on the circumstances and the timing. Unlike
other skills that teach a beginner to learn the clamps and the stances, this technique will ease
yourself with the attacking of the ball and will help you modify your grip accordingly.

There are two fundamental keys to keep in mind while learning this driving technique of
forehand correctly:

• The players must keep their elbows as close to their body as possible. In the beginning,
many of you may keep your elbows further from the body, which can result in
inconsistency of the shots.
• Since it’s the forehand drive technique, one must focus on the direction on the ball and
not on the power or spin of the ball.

2.Topspin of the backhand:

A lot of amateurs focus on the driving technique of the forehand first and think that they will
learn the topspin technique of the backhand later. When they reach quite a moderate stage.
Unfortunately, this thought can be one of the reasons for lacking behind in upgrading yourself to
the best skills.
The topspin of the backhand will educate you on how to use your wrist during the game best.
Also, it’s going to give a precise idea about the grip, the acceleration of the ball, and the
relaxation you should adopt while playing the game.
There are three fundamental keys to keep in mind while learning this topspin technique of
backhand correctly:
• One needs to maintain a strong focus on the speed of the shots.

• To accelerate the shots, the player has to hit the ball faster and sooner.
• Take inspiration from famous players like Zhang Jike, Hugo Calderano, and many more.

3.Forehand and backhand push:

This technique deals with the estimation of the correct timing. As soon as you become familiar
with the forehand driving technique and the topspin of the backhand, it becomes essential for
you to educate yourself with the timing precision. Beginners tend to focus on this technique at
the beginning, but as mentioned earlier, there are perfect timings for every event to take place.
You should learn in a way to make your push an aggressive one. The word aggressive relates to
the following points:

• Massive blow with high quality.

• Make a push such that it reaches the side of the elbow of the opponent, making it hard to
catch it.
• Push the ball to the middle with a heavy push.

4.Backhand loop of the ball to underspin it:

For beginners, this is one of the most robust skills to induce in oneself. However, if taken
seriously, this technique becomes more comfortable with time and practice. Perfecting in
creating the backhand loop requires the use of the elbow and the lower power of the body. If one
uses the upper part to create the loop, he is sure to fail. Focus on the lower part, mainly the
“legs” to lift appropriately and accelerate forward.

Once you get to expertise yourself in the necessary skills gradually, you would already know
how to make proper use of your hands, upper abdomen, and lower abdomen.

5.Attack the semi-long ball with the forehand:

This technique is widely used in table tennis nowadays. Experts, no matter how skilled he is,
make sure they have a clear understanding of this skill. Before proceeding, there are some
questions that must arise in your mind, which is: “Why do you need to know how to serve a
semi-long ball?” The answer to this question is as follows:

• Short balls can become too weak for you to win a match.
• The opponent can quickly attack long balls.
• A semi-long ball will help you to attack just after you have served it. That's why it has
become a fundamental skill to learn how to attack the semi-long ball with the forehand.
 D. EXAMPLES

MEASUREMENTS

Figure 6.www.pinterest.com.

Figure 7.www.pinterest.com.

Module 4
The History of tennis game was developed from a 12th century French handball game called
"Paume" (palm). In this game the ball was struck with the hand. After some time "Paume" game
produced handball "Jeu de Paume" (game of the palm) and there were used racquets. The game was
first created by European monks for entertainment roles during ceremonial occasions. At first, the ball
was hit with hands. Later, the leather glove came into existence. This leather glove was replaced with an
adaptive handle for effective hitting and serving of the ball. That was a birth of tennis racquet.
 F igure
1.www.gettyimages.com/photos/tennis-history

Development of tennis racquet ,tennis balls also underwent frequent modifications. First tennis
ball was from wood. Later in the history of tennis ball was filled with cellulose material to gave way to a
bouncier. Monks from all areas of Europe favored "Jeu de Paume" game during 14th century much to
the chagrin of the mother Church. The game spread and evolved in Europe.

The game became very popular especially in France, where it was adopted by the royal family.
In the year of 1316 French king Louis X dies after hard "Jeu de Paume" game (other terms of this stage
of game are Royal Tennis in Great Britain, Royal Tennis in Australia, Court Tennis in the United States),
and this death does null to damp the popularity of the recreation.

B. Discussion

16th Century - History of Tennis

Between the 16th and 18th centuries the game of the palm was highly regarded by kings
and nobleman. The French players would begin the palm game by shouting the word "Tenez"
(Play!). The palm game soon came to be called "real tennis" or "royal".

1530s ▪ HISTORY OF TENNIS ▪ English king Henry VIII builds a tennis court at Hampton Court
Palace (This court no longer exist but a similar court built there in 1625 and is in use until today).

1583 ▪ FIRST RACKET IN THE HISTORY OF TENNIS ▪ The first racquet was invented in Italy (history
of tennis - web source).

19th Century History of Tennis

1870 ▪ WIMBLEDON HISTORY OF TENNIS ▪ In the Wimbledon district of London established All
England Croquet Club. Tennis is still an indoor game played by royal and rich benefactors.

1 ▪ LAWN TENNIS ▪ Major Walter Wingfield invented a version of Real Tennis that can be
played
outdoors on a lawn. The game called ‘Sphairistike’ (Greek for "playing ball" ) and first introduced it to
Wales(UK). Played on hour-glass courts on Manor House lawns by rich English people. This is really
where today's tennis developed. Wingfield deals Sphairistike in boxes that feature two net posts, a net,
rackets, and India rubber balls, plus instructions about laying out the court and actually playing the
game. Wingfield’s boxes kick start the modern form of tennis, though the one thing that doesn’t work is
the name, and Wingfield soon realizes that his subtitle "lawn tennis" is much better than greek word

"Sphairistike".
 2 ▪ FIRST LAWN TENNIS TOURNAMENT IN THE USA ▪ Joseph and Clarence Clark
(brothers), take one of Walter Wingfield’s boxes to America, leading to the first lawn tennis tournament
in the USA later that year.

3 ▪ ALL ENGLAND CROQUET CLUB & History of tennis ▪ Henry Cavendish Jones convinced
the All England Croquet Club to replace a croquet court with a lawn tennis court. Marylebone Cricket
Club followed suit. Marylebone Cricket Club made significant changes to the game. They added Deuce,
Advantage, and 2 chances per serve. The hourglass-shaped court also changed to a rectangular court,
identical to the measurements we use today.

1877 ▪ FIRST WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP & History of tennis ▪ The very first World Tennis
Championship was held at Worple Road in Wimbledon,London (UK).The sponsors were the All England
Croquet Club. Only 22 players entered the Mens Singles, which was the only event. Spectators paid a
mere one shilling to watch the finals. The first winner of this mens event in the tennis history of
Wimbledon was Spencer Gore.

C. Readings

FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT

RACKET
Rackets can be made of many alloys or wood. There are no
restrictions on the size or materials used in making a racket. It
has an oval head and a gradually widening throat that connects
the narrow handle with the head of the racket.

The head of the racket is tightly woven with strings which are
made of various materials like nylon, gut or synthetic gut. The
handles are covered with leather or nylon for a better grip.

Figure 2,www.freepik.com/free-photos

BALL
As per ITF rules, Tennis balls are yellow colored spherical balls,
with a diameter between 2.5 and 2.625 inches. They weigh
between 2 and 21/16 oz. Pressurized rubber is used to make
semi spherical half shells. They are then joined with
compressed air between them.

The spherical balls are covered with bright yellow colored felt.
Kids aged ten and under play with different colored balls. They
move slower, bounce lower. They are also softer and larger
and are easy for kids to hit them. Figure
3,www.freepik.com/freephotos
 NET
A rectangular net is used to separate the two sides of a
Tennis court. The net should cover the space between
the two net posts. The net is woven in such a way that it
does not allow the Tennis ball to pass through. It is
usually tied in about 3 feet above the ground at the
center.

Figure 4,www.freepik.com/free-photos
PLAYING ATTIRE
Men wear T-Shirts or shirts made of materials like
polyester that does not absorb sweat and keeps the
player cool. They wear shorts that do not cover
their knees.

Though women are advised to wear just any

comfortable dress, of late many Tennis champions
try to make a style statement with their carefully
designed clothes. Many players prefer wearing a
tank top or a T-shirt on a short
skirt. Figure 5,www.freepik.com/free-photos

FOUR BASIC SKILLS IN TENNIS

Footwork
Although you’re not traveling a far distance to the naked
eye, tennis players actually rack up miles of walking and
running throughout the course of a match. Endurance is
key, but so is your footwork because there are tons of
quick movements that you need to make in a short
period of time and over a

short distance. With that in mind, it’s important to know

the basic idea behind certain footwork

techniques that’ll help you be as economical as possible

with your movements. Figure 6, www.pinterest.com.

Forehand and Backhand Strokes. There are a number of

different strokes used during a tennis match, but
forehand and backhand strokes are easily the most
common. Learning how your body responds to the
backswing, the point of contact, and the follow-through
of each stroke is crucial before going on and learning
anything else. What’s great is that if you don’t have a partner to practice with, all
you need is a racquet, some tennis balls, and a wall to commit these movements to
muscle memory. Even after you feel comfortable with the

movements, it’s important to keep some kind of forehand and backhand drills as a
regular part of your practice routine.

.
Figure 7, 8, www.pinterest.com.

Serve − A player standing behind the baseline tosses the

ball in air to hit with racket before it bounces on the
ground. The ball then has to fly above the net and pitch in
opponent’s service area. The ball then travels further for
opposite player to hit. This is called a serve. Importantly,
the players have to stand diagonally on the court while
serving to each other. Every first serve of game has to start
from right half of the court.

Figure 9,www.pinterest.com.

Felicisimo Ampon (October 27, 1920 – October 7, 1997) was a

tennis player from the Philippines. He is considered to be the
greatest Filipino tennis player in history, and at only 5 foot 3 inches
tall, though closer to 4 ft 11, was once considered the best tennis
player in the world, pound for pound.
He represented the country in several Davis Cup competitions for
almost 30 years, and holds the Philippine all-time record for the
most singles (34-26) and total wins (40-35) in Davis Cup history.[3]
He was known for winning the 1934 Far Eastern Games tennis gold
medal, the 1950 Pan American Games tennis singles gold medal,
the 1958 Asian Games tennis doubles gold medal, and 1968 Chinese
Recreational Club Open Tennis doubles title.

The History of Football (Soccer)

 Soccer, game played by two teams on a
rectangular field, in which players attempt to knock a round ball
through the opponents’ goal, using any part of the body except the
hands. Generally, players use their feet and heads as they kick, dribble,
and pass the ball toward the goal. One player on each team guards the
goal. This player, the goalkeeper, is the only player allowed to touch the
ball with the hands while it is in play. Figure 1.snapsoccer.com.

Much of the world's soccer is played informally, without field markings or real goals. In
many places, the game is played barefoot using rolled-up rags or newspapers as a ball. Soccer is
the world's most popular sport, played by people of all ages in about 200 countries. The sport
has millions of fans throughout the world.

Only in the United States and Canada is the game referred to as soccer. Outside these
countries the sport is commonly called football, or fútbol in Spanish-speaking countries,
where the game is particularly popular. The official name of the sport is association football.
The word soccer is a slang corruption of the abbreviation assoc. .

FOOTBALL FIELD
The size of a football (soccer) field is about
100 metres long and 60 metres wide, but in
official games there are regulations about the
minimum and maximum dimension. In the
world football the most official dimensions
are those that had been decide by FIFA (The
Fédération Internationale de Football
Association). Figure 2, www.freepik.com

BALL
A football is a ball inflated with air that is
used to play one of the various sports
known as football. In these games, with
some exceptions, goals or points are
scored only when the ball enters one of
two designated goalscoring areas.
 Figure3,www.freepik.com/free-
photos
GLOVES
Football gloves enhance performance and add
protection on the field. They feature technology to
help promote a stronger grip, that provides an edge
whether you’re trying to snag a ball out of the air or
gain leverage in the trenches," said Gary Bethea,
Product Category Director for Cutters, a leader in
football gloves. They also add a layer of protection to
guard against cuts and abrasions on the field. They
give you the confidence to play your hardest in a
high-impact game. Figure 4,www.freepik.com/free-photos

C. Readings

BASIC SKILLS IN FOOTBALL/SOCCER

Dribbling
Of all basic soccer skills, dribbling is probably the most
fundamental. Dribbling involves keeping the ball moving
between the player’s feet by kicking it from one foot to the
other. Soccer players can dribble completely in place or can
move slightly with the ball, focusing on keeping it under
their feet entirely.

Figure 5, www .canstockphoto.com.

By keeping the ball under the feet, athletes protect it from defenders and prevent the ball from
being stolen easily. Dribbling keeps the ball in motion and allows athletes to pass it if necessary
in order to stay on offense

Passing

Though it might make sense at first to be moving when it comes

time to pass, soccer players should actually be stopped before
passing. To do this, players should plant one foot on the
ground, facing the direction they wish to pass. Header is using
of the head to pass or control the ball. .It is possible to pass with
different areas of the foot, such as the top, bottom, or outside,
but the inside of the foot allows for maximum control in aiming
and is most commonly used. Players should avoid passing with
the toe, as it usually keeps the ball on the ground, slowing its progress and making it easier for a
defender to intercept it. When passing, players must understand their relationship to other
players and how their pass is going to affect the game.
Pitch is the soccer field of the ball. Figure 6,
www.canstockphoto.com.

Shooting
Shooting a soccer ball for a goal takes concentration and much
practice to be effective and accurate, but all soccer players can
master this youth soccer skill with a few tips. To shoot the ball,
players should plant their weak foot next to the ball. The foot
should be pointing in the general direction that the ball will be
kicked, but it does not have to be perfectly aligned, as the
kicking foot will do the aiming. Goal mouth is the area in front
of the goal.

Any illegal play is called foul. A red card is issued to a player

when that player has committed a serious infraction or has been
issued with two yellow cards within the same game

Baseball, game played with a bat, a ball, and gloves between two
teams of nine players each on a field with four white bases laid
out in a diamond (i.e., a square oriented so that its diagonal line is
vertical). Teams alternate positions as batters (offense) and
fielders (defense), exchanging places when three members of the
batting team are “put out.” As batters, players try to hit the ball
out of the reach of the fielding team and make a complete circuit
around the bases for a “run.”
The team that scores the most runs in nine innings (times at
bat) wins the game.

According to legend, the history of baseball can be traced back to a young man named
Abner Doubleday, who invented the game during the summer of 1839 in Cooperstown,
New York. Doubleday would eventually become a Civil War hero, and baseball would
gradually become America’s national pastime.

ABNER DOUBLEDAY
People have used bats to hit balls since ancient Egypt. In many societies throughout Europe, bat and
ball games were common. One common theory is that American baseball has its origins in the British
game of rounders, though it is more likely that both rounders and baseball have at least some origins in
the sport of cricket. There are 18th century references to a British game called baseball, but the sport
bears little resemblance to the American Baseball & Equipment

Bat: Players who step up to bat might use a wood, aluminum, or composite bat
to take a crack at the ball, depending on their league and skill level. Baseball bats
are available in a variety of materials, weights, and sizes. The weight of a
baseball bat ranges from 28 to 40 ounces. They measure up to 42 inches long,
and up to 2-3/4 inches in diameter. Professional players might use a custom baseball bat
tailored to their hand measurements and specific preferences.

The Baseball: The real star of the show, the baseball, features a mass of string
wound tightly around a rubber center, encased in leather stitched 108 times to
the baseball!

The Baseball Glove: The baseball glove is every baseball player's

companion. We cannot imagine the player without it, although when
baseball started out, players caught the ball with their bare hands!
After injuring their fingers so many times, the glove was designed and
patented, and has evolved into the high tech leather glove we use
today. The glove is now available in leather and leather-like synthetic
materials, and different field positions call for different kinds of
baseball gloves.

Gloves: Batting gloves aren't a mandatory part of baseball gear,

but many players choose to wear them when up to bat to protect
their hands, and to better grip the bat.

Cleats: Cleats are shoes that baseball players wear to grip the
ground of the baseball diamond. Compared with cleats worn
for other outdoor sports, baseball cleats are wider, shorter, and
have a different pattern on the soles of the shoes. Junior,
senior, and big league baseball players wear metal cleats. Some
of them have spikes that can be removed and replaced.

Protective Gear: Baseball players wear protective gear as a precaution

against injury. Protective baseball gear includes, for the batters, a hard
helmet that covers the ears, and sometimes arm guards, and shin
guards for extra protection.
 Basic Fundamental Skills

Hitting
The aspect of baseball that draws many young players to the
game is the idea of hitting a baseball squarely. Whether they
have seen a professional player do it on television or watched
other players in person, hitting the ball is the essence of
baseball for many people.

Fielding
The key to fielding a baseball is getting your body squarely in front of
the ball. When fielding a ball that comes in below waist level, the
fingers of the glove must be on or near the ground. The fielder must
then react to the movement of the ball, which can be unpredictable.

Throwing

Place the ball in your dominant hand and extend your forefinger and
middle finger on top of the ball, with your thumb underneath. Bring the
ball up to ear level, step forward with your opposite foot and bring
your arm forward and snap your wrist to propel the ball toward the
target.

Base running
. Baserunners must aim to touch the inside corner of the base and
make a sharp turn toward the next base, which ensures the shortest
distance is taken between bases. Base running ability also comes from
understanding the circumstances of the game, such as whether your
team is ahead or behind, the skill level of upcoming batters and the
arm strength of the opponent's outfielders

Health 10

Consumer health education is the process of assisting you to acquire the

correct information and understanding so that you will be able to make wise decision
about certain health item.

Criteria or Consideration in selecting product or services

1. Safety
2. Environmental Impact
3. Quality
4. Price

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7394 - It is the policy of the State to protect the interests of the
consumer, promote his general welfare and to establish standards of conduct for business and
 industry. Towards this end, the State shall implement measures to achieve the following
objectives: protection against hazards to health and safety; protection against deceptive, unfair
and unconscionable sales acts and practices; provision of information and education to facilitate
sound choice and the proper exercise of rights by the consumer; provision of adequate rights
and means of redress; and involvement of consumer representatives in the formulation of social
and economic policies.

A. Discussion
NATIONAL AGENCIES THAT IMPLEMENT
PROGRAMS
FOR CONSUMERS PROTECTION
Consumer protection is the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the
public, against unfair practices in the marketplace. “Consumer protection measures are often
created by the laws. Such laws are projected to avoid businesses from being involved in fraud or
other

malpractices that gains an unfair advantage over competitors or to misinform consumers.”

National Government Agencies By knowing your consumer rights, you have the power to report
illegal and fraudulent health products and services.

National Government Agencies

1. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
• Ensures the quality and safety of products
• Checks the warranty and price tags of products
• Monitors advertisements and retail ways in order to prevent any deception of
consumers

2. Department of Health (DOH)

• Inspect establishments that dispense food
• Adopt measures to ensure the quality of meat, milk products, cosmetics and
other consumer goods

3. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

• License, monitor, and regulate the flow of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical
devices, and household hazardous waste in the Philippines

• Responsible for the safeguarding of public health by monitoring drugs, medical

devices, and cosmetics

• protects our food supply

4. Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)

• Serves as DOH key regulatory agency and implementer of the country’s food
control system
 • Ensures safe and good quality processed food, drug, and cosmetics
• Regulates production, sale and traffic of food, drug, and cosmetics
• Protects the health of the consumers and handles consumer complaints
Private Organizations
2. Kilusang Mamimili ng Pilipinas, Inc.
• Non-profit, non-stock, non-political organization established on March, 1971
• To educate consumers on food and nutrition
• Inform the consumers on the results of the scientific research on food
production
• Information on commercial selling and labeling
3. Philippine Medical Association
• To bring together and unite the entire medical profession of the Philippines
• To serve as an authoritative source of information regarding health disease and
medical practice

• To ensure the enactment of just medical laws

4. Philippine Dental Association
• recognize, promote and uphold fundamental human rights and the rights of
their patients;

• represent, defend and advocate for both the oral health needs and best
interests of patients and the public;

• provide safe, quality, competent and fair oral healthcare to every patient; and
• improve the oral health, and contribute to the general health and well-being of
individual patients and the public at large.

April 13 2020 marked the 26th year the Consumer Act (Republic Act 7394) of the
Philippines and was signed into law. And since the law’s passage in 1992, comprehensive
guidelines have been laid down in order to promote and protect consumer rights, namely—the
right to basic needs, the right to safety, the right to information, among others.

Consumer protection is safeguarded by our own fundamental Charter or Constitution.

Article
XVI, Section 9 states that, “The State shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and from

substandard or hazardous products.”

This protection is particularly applicable as there’s a trend among Filipinos—especially

the youth—preferring local brands. In fact, in 2012, global research organization Teens Research
Unlimited found out that consumers prefer homegrown brands over foreign labels. Nowadays, it
is not uncommon to see organized bazaars and trade fairs where local products occupy the
spotlight.
 Our government watchdogs should aggressively act to protect Filipino consumers. We
have heard of sad stories of business firms ripping off Filipino consumers through shoddy
products, poor workmanship, misbranded products and products with toxic or harmful
materials. Non-governmental organizations’s like EcoWaste Coalition have been warning the
public of toys from stores that have toxic elements, such as lead (which can lead to brain
damage) and antimony (a known carcinogenic) and cadmium (which can damage the lungs).
Another rip-off is the “nakaw load” in which cellular load seemingly disappears without
cause. Even the National Telecommunications Commission admits that there are so-called value-
added service providers that consume the prepaid load of users without prior notice or receipt
of transaction from these providers. And while service providers have imposed stricter
guidelines, many still claim to have experienced loss of prepaid load with no apparent reason.

With e-commerce becoming pervasive, the bureaucracy’s role should be proactive, no

longer passive. It’s critical to review the Consumer Act of the Philippines, as well as the E-
Commerce Act, so as to adapt them to the changing trends of the consumer market.

The Department of Trade and Industry has pushed for amendments to the Consumer
Act specifically regarding online transactions. And while they have issued E-Consumer Protection
Guidelines to address this issue, they should look into other countries who have established
successful safeguards and make them the model for best practices.

Consumer rights and consumer protection law provides a way for individuals to fight
back against abusive business practices. These laws are designed to hold sellers of goods and
services accountable when they seek to profit by taking advantage of a consumer's lack of
information or bargaining power. Some conduct addressed by consumer rights laws is simply
unfair, while other conduct can be described as outright fraud. Consumer rights laws exist at
the federal and state level. They are enforced by government agencies, offices of attorneys
general, and through individual and class action lawsuits filed by victims.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES THAT IMPLEMENT PROGRAMS

FOR CONSUMERS PROTECTION
Consumer protection is the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and
the public, against unfair practices in the marketplace. Consumer protection measures are
often established by law. Such laws are intended to prevent businesses from engaging in
fraud or specified unfair practices in order to gain an advantage over competitors or to
mislead consumers. They may also provide additional protection for the general public which
may be impacted by a product (or its production) even when they are not the direct
purchaser or consumer of that product. For example, government regulations may require
businesses to disclose detailed information about their products— particularly in areas where
public health or safety is an issue, such as with food or automobiles.

Consumer protection is linked to the idea of consumer rights and to the formation of
consumer organizations, which help consumers make better choices in the marketplace and
pursue complaints against businesses. Entities that promote consumer protection include
government organizations (such as the Federal Trade Commission in United States), self-
regulating business organizations (such as the Better Business Bureaus in the US, Canada,
England, etc.), and non-governmental organizations that advocate for consumer protection
 laws and help to ensure their enforcement (such as consumer protection agencies and
watchdog groups).

More consumer protection is not always a good thing, there is a optimal level of
intervention, beyond which the net marginal benefit of interfering with the market becomes
negative.

A consumer is defined as someone who acquires goods or services for direct use or
ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing. Consumer interests
can also serve consumers, consistent with economic efficiency, but this topic is treated in
competition law. Consumer protection can also be asserted via non-government
organizations and individuals as consumer activism.

International Government Regulatory Agencies that Protect the Consumers

1. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
• protects consumers from deceptive financial products.
• will help consumers who are having difficulty paying their mortgage by
putting them in touch with a counselor to help provide financial planning and
assistance.

2. Consumer Product Safety Commission

• developing voluntary standards with industry
• issuing and enforcing mandatory standards; banning consumer products if no
standard would adequately protect the public

• obtaining the recall of products and arranging for their repair, replacement or
a refund
• conducting research on potential product hazards
• informing and educating consumers through the media, state and local
governments, private organizations, and by responding to consumer inquiries.

3. Federal Trade Commission

• The Federal Trade Commission is divided into three bureaus that have
different regulation and protection responsibilities.

➢ The first is the Bureau of Consumer Protection. This bureau focus on

the protection of individuals by investigating and sometimes
prosecuting companies that are in violation of federal laws relating to
consumer affairs. The focuses of this bureau are mainly on areas of
advertising, fraud and consumer identity protection.

➢ The Bureau of Competition enforces many anti-trust laws born during

the early 20th century. It is responsible for reviewing potential
mergers and whether they impair competition in the firms' industry,
as well as investigating relationships among firms at different levels of
the same industry. For example, the FTC might investigate whether a
retail company has special agreements with a supplier that violates
anti-trust law and gives them an unfair advantage over their
competitors.

➢ The third bureau within the FTC is the Bureau of Economics, which
acts in support of the other two bureaus by providing expert
economic research and knowledge about the actions and legislation
of the FTC.
4. Food and Drug Administration
• The Food and Drug Administration is responsible for protecting the public
health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary
drugs, biological products, and medical devices; and by ensuring the safety of
our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.

• FDA also has responsibility for regulating the manufacturing, marketing, and
distribution of tobacco products to protect the public health and to reduce
tobacco use by minors.

• FDA is responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed

innovations that make medical products more effective, safer, and more
affordable and by helping the public get the accurate, science-based
information they need to use medical products and foods to maintain and
improve their health.

• FDA also plays a significant role in the Nation's counterterrorism capability.

FDA fulfills this responsibility by ensuring the security of the food supply and
by fostering development of medical products to respond to deliberate and
naturally emerging public health threats.

5. International Food Protection Institute (IFPI)

• ensures food protection through policies and practices for a safer global food
supply.

➢ The International Food Protection Training Institute is an initiative of

the Global Food Protection Institute, a 501 (c) (3) non-profit
organization driving the adoption of food-protection policies and
practices for a safer global food supply. Its mission is to improve
public health and reduce mortality, morbidity, and economic costs
associated with foodborne illnesses.

6. World Health Organization (WHO)

As outlined in the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (DPAS),
WHO provides leadership, evidence-based recommendations and advocacy for
international action to improve dietary practices and increase physical activity,
including:

• The World Health Organization sets standards for disease control, health care,
and medicines; conducts education and research programs; and publishes
scientific papers and reports. A major goal is to improve access to health care
for people in developing countries and in groups who do not get good health
care

• holding discussions with the transnational food industry and other parts of
the private sector in support of the aims of the Strategy, and of implementing
the recommendations in countries;

• providing support for implementation of programmes as requested by

Member States;
• promoting and supporting research in priority areas to facilitate programme
implementation and evaluation, in close collaboration with organizations of
the United Nations system and other intergovernmental bodies (FAO,
UNESCO, UNICEF, United

Nations University and others), research institutes and other partners;

 • working with FAO and other organizations of the United Nations system, the
World Bank, and research institutes on their evaluation of implications of the
Strategy for other sectors.

Continuing to work with WHO collaborating centers to establish networks for

building up capacity in research and training, mobilizing contributions from
nongovernmental organizations and civil society, and facilitating coordinated,
collaborative research as it pertains to the needs of developing countries in the
implementation of the Strategy

C. Readings

On 15 March 1962, President John F Kennedy sent a special message to the US

Congress in which he formally addressed the issue of consumer rights. He was the first
world leader to do so, and the consumer movement now marks 15 March, with World
Consumer Rights Day, every year as a means of raising global awareness about
consumer rights and needs.

President Kennedy said: 'Consumers include us all. They are the largest economic
group, affecting and affected by almost every public and private economic decision.
Yet they are the only important group... whose views are often not heard.'

A truly international event, World Consumer Rights Day raises awareness of

existing rights and shines a light on areas where there is inadequate consumer
protection in place.
Previous themes have included campaigns on:

• basic rights
• safe food
• digital
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
• trade
• public utilities
• healthy diets
• financial services
• phone rights

Celebrated by the majority of countries around the world, activities marking

the day have included media stunts, public meetings, marches, social media
campaigns and the publication of test results, surveys and opinion pieces.