Statistics - is a branch of mathematics dealing with the

collection, organization, analysis, interpretation

and presentation of DATA.

Variable - is a characteristics that is observable or measurable

in every unit of the universe

Sample - subgroup of a universe or a population.

Qualitative - variables that express a categorical attribute such

as gender, religion.
Quantitative - also called numerical, variables that have actual
units of measure such as height, weight.

Discrete - variables that can be counted.

Continuous - variables that can be measured.

Random Variables and

Probability Distribution
RANDOM VARIABLE
- is a variable whose possible values are determined by chance.
It is represented by an uppercase letter (capital letter).

TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES

1. Discrete Random Variable
- is a random variable that takes only countable values.
The values are exact and can be represented by
nonnegative whole numbers.
Examples:
a) The number of students in Grade 11.
b) The number of defective light bulbs along the corridor.

2. Continuous Random Variable

- is a random variable that takes uncountable infinite
values as a result of measurement. It can assume values
that can be represented not only by nonnegative whole
numbers but also by fractions and decimals.
Examples:
a) The length of time in seconds it takes a ball to return to the
ground when tossed vertically upward.
b) The weight of newly born babies in a hospital.

DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

- refers to the listing of all possible values of a discrete
random variable along with their corresponding
probabilities. It can be presented in tabular, graphical or
formula form. The values of the random variable are denoted
by x while P(x) refers to its probabilities.

PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

1) The probability of each value of the random variable must be
always between 0 and 1.
2) The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
variable must be always equal to 1.

Example:

Determine if the tables below show a discrete probability

distribution by checking if the two (2) properties are satisfied
or not?

1.
x 1 2 3 4 5

P(x) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1

Property 1: It shows that the values of P(x) are all between 0

and 1.
Property 2:
P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) = 1
0.2 + 0.1 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.1 = 1

Therefore, the probability distribution is a Discrete Probability

Distribution.
2.
x 1 2 3 4 5

P(x) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 -0.1

Property 1: It shows that the values of P(x) are not all between
0 and 1 (P(5) = – 0.1).
Property 2:
P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) = 1
0.2 + 0.1 + 0.3 + 0.3 - 0.1 = 0.8

Therefore, the probability distribution is NOT a Discrete

Probability Distribution.
3.
x 1 2 3

P(x) 1 1 1
4 4 4

Property 1: It shows that the values of P(x) are all between 0

and 1.
Property 2:
P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 1
1 1 1
4
+ 2
+ 4
=1

Therefore, the probability distribution is a Discrete Probability

Distribution.

Determine P(2) in the given Discrete Probability Distribution

table below.

x 1 2 3 4 5

P(x) 0.06 ? 0.23 0.35 0.05

P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) = 1

0.06 + P(2) + 0.23 + 0.35 + 0.05 = 1
P(2) + 0.69 = 1
P(2) = 1 – 0.69
P(2) = 0.31
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
RANDOM VARIABLE is a function that associates a real number to
each element in a sample space obtained from an
experiment.

EXPERIMENT is an activity that can be done repeatedly under

similar conditions.

SAMPLE SPACE is a set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.

Examples:

1. Supposed three (3) coins are tossed. Let X be the random

variable representing the number of tails that occur. Find
the probability of each of the values of the random variable
X

Let H represent the Head and T represent the Tail.

STEP 1: Determine the sample space.

S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}

STEP 2: Count the number of tails in each outcome in the sample

space and assign such number to each outcome.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X

(number of tails)

TTT 3

TTH 2

THT 2

HTT 2

HHT 1

HTH 1

THH 1

HHH 0
STEP 3: There are four values of the random variable X
representing the number of tails. These are 0, 1, 2 and
3. Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the
random variable.

Number of Tails 0 1 2 3
(X)

Probability P(X) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8

2. Two (2) balls are drawn in succession without replacement

from a bowl containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Y
be the random variable representing the number of blue
balls. Construct the probability distribution of the random
variable Y

Let B represent the blue ball and R represent the red ball.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Y

(number of blue ball)

RR 0

RB 1

BR 1

BB 2

Number of blue ball 0 1 2

(X)

Probability P(X) 1 1 1
4 2 4
 MEAN, VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION OF A DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLE
MEAN OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
Mean - is also called Expected Value E(X). It is the weighted
average of the values assumed by the random variable in
repeated trials of the experiment.

FORMULA: µ = Σ𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋)

where: X = values of the random variable X

P = probability of the value

Example:

1. A researcher surveyed the households in a small town. The

random variable X represents the number of college graduates
in the households. The probability distribution of X is
shown on the right. Find the mean or expected value of the
discrete random variable X.

x P(x)

0 0.25

1 0.50

2 0.25
Solution:

x P(x) X • P(X)
Multiply the value of
X and P(X) for each
row.

0 0.25 0

1 0.50 0.50

2 0.25 0.50
(Add the values of
column X • P(X))

Σ𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋) = 1
μ = 1

The mean or expected value is 1. So, the average number of

college graduates in the household of the small town is 1.

2. Let X be the random variable representing the number of

times Marco visits an internet shop to play video games in a
one – week period. The probability distribution of X is
shown below.

x 0 1 2 3

P(x) 0.06 0.18 0.40 0.28

Solution:
x P(x) X • P(X)

0 0.06 0

1 0.18 0.18

2 0.40 0.80

3 0.28 0.84

Σ𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋) = 1. 82
μ = 1. 82
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
Variance - is the measure of spread for a distribution that
determines the degree to which the values of a random
variable differ from the expected value. It is the
square of the difference between the random variable
and the mean.
FORMULA: σ² = Σ (𝑋 – μ)² 𝑃(𝑋)

where: X = values of the random variable X

P = probability of the value
μ = mean or expected value of X

Standard Deviation - is the positive square root of the variance

of X.
FORMULA: σ = √σ²
Where: σ² = variance

1. A researcher surveyed the households in a small town. The

random variable X represents the number of college graduates
in the households. The probability distribution of X is
shown on the right. Find the variance and standard deviation
of the discrete random variable X

x P(x)

0 0.25

1 0.50

2 0.25
Solution:
x P(x) 𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋–µ 2 (𝑋 – µ)2 • 𝑃(𝑋)
(𝑋 – µ)

0 0.25 0 -1 1 0.25

1 0.50 0.50 0 0 0

2 0.25 0.50 1 1 0.25

(Add the values of column Add the values of column

X • P(X)) (X – µ)2 • P(X))

ΣX • P(X) = 1 Σ(𝑋 – µ)2 • 𝑃(𝑋) = 0. 50

μ = 1 σ² = 0. 50

σ = √0. 50 → σ = 0. 71

So, the variance of the discrete random variable is 0.50 while

the standard deviation is 0.71.

2. Let X be the random variable representing the number of

times Marco visits an internet shop to play video games in a
one – week period. The probability distribution of X is
shown below.
x 0 1 2 3

P(x) 0.06 0.18 0.40 0.28

Solution:
x P(x) 𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋–µ 2 (𝑋 – µ)2 • 𝑃(𝑋)
(𝑋 – µ)

0 0.06 0 -1.82 3.3124 0.198744

1 0.18 0.18 -0.82 0.6724 0.121032

2 0.40 0.80 0.18 0.0324 0.01296

3 0.28 0.84 1.18 1.3924 0.389872

Σ𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋) = 1. 82 Σ(𝑋 – µ)2 • 𝑃(𝑋) = 0. 722608

μ = 1. 82 σ² = 0.72
σ = √0. 722608
σ = 0.85
So, the variance of the discrete random variable is 0.72 while
the standard deviation is 0.85.
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

A Random Variable is NORMAL when its possible values are

distributed normally or, when majority of the values are close to
the mean with only very few values that are extremely smaller and
extremely larger.

Normal Distribution shows how even the distribution of data is,

around the mean.

Developed by Abraham de Moivre and Karl Gauss, 18th century

statisticians, its graph is called a NORMAL CURVE.

PROPERTIES OF THE NORMAL CURVE:

1) The graph of the distribution is bell – shaped.
2) The graph is asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
3) The graph is symmetrical about the line containing the mean.
4) Moreover, the median and mode of the distribution is also
located at the center of the curve. It means that in a
normal distribution, mean = median = mode.
5) The area between the curve and the horizontal axis is equal
to 1 or 100%. It means that the left of mean = 0.50 or 50%
and the right of mean = 0.50 or 50%.
6) The width and height of the curve is determined by the
Standard Deviation of the distribution. A higher Standard
Deviation implies that the curve is FLATTER and SPREADS OUT
FURTHER while a lower Standard Deviation implies that the
curve is TALLER and NARROWER.
 FOUR – STEP PROCESS IN FINDING THE AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE:
1. Express the given z – value into a three – digit form.
2. Using the z – Table, find the first two digits on the left –
most column.
3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the
right.
4. Read the area at the intersection of the row and the column.

Example:

1. Find the area between z = 0 and z = 1.54.

Sketch the normal curve

Since z = 1.54 is positive, the area is located to the right of 0.

Solution:
1. Express the given into a z = 1.54
three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 1.5

3. find the column heading .04

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area is 0.4382.
intersection of row z =
1.5 and the column .04.
 2. Find the area between z = 0 and z = – 1.65

Solution:
1. Express the given into a z = 1.65
three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 1.6

3. find the column heading .05

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area is 0.4505.
intersection of row z =
1.6 and the column .05

3. Find the area between z = 1.52 and z = 2.5.

Let A = area between z = 1.52 and z = 2.5

A1 = area between z = 0 and z = 1.52
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = 2.5
Solution:
A1

1. Express the given into a z = 1.52

three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 1.5

3. find the column heading .02

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area (A1) is 0.4357.
intersection of row z =
1.5 and the column .02

A2

1. Express the given into a z = 2.50

three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 2.5

3. find the column heading .00

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area (A2) is 0.4938.
intersection of row z =
2.5 and the column .00.

Lastly, solve for A:

A = A1 – A2
A = 0.4357 – 0.4938
A = 0.0581
So, the area between z = 1.52 and z = 2.5 is 0.0581.

4. Find the area between z = – 1.35 and z = 2.95.

 Let A = area between z = – 1.35 and z = 2.95
A1 = area between z = 0 and z = – 1.35
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = 2.95

Solution:
A1

1. Express the given into a z = 1.35

three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 1.3

3. find the column heading .05

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area (A1) is 0.4115.
intersection of row z =
1.3 and the column .05.

A2

1. Express the given into a z = 2.95

three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 2.9

3. find the column heading .05

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area (A2) is 0.0.4984.
intersection of row z =
2.9 and the column .05.

Lastly, solve for A:

A = A1 + A2
A = 0.4115 + 0.4984
A = 0.9099
So, the area between z = – 1.35 and z = 2.95 is 0.9099.
 5. Find the area to the left of z = 2.32

Let A = area to the left of z = 2.32

A1 = area of the half curve = 0.5
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = 2.32

Solution:
A2

1. Express the given into a z = 2.32

three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 2.3

3. find the column heading .02

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area (A2) is 0.4898.
intersection of row z =
2.3 and the column .02

Lastly, solve for A:

A = A1 + A2
A = 0.5 + 0.4898
A = 0.9898
So, the area to the left of z = 2.32 is 0.9898.
 6. Find the area to the left of z = – 1.52.

Since z = – 1.52 is negative, the area is located to the left of 0

Let A = area to the left of z = – 1.52

A1 = area between z = 0 and z = – 1.52
A2 = area of the half curve = 0.5

A1

1. Express the given into a z = 1.52

three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 1.5

3. find the column heading .02

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area (A1) is 0.4357.
intersection of row z =
1.5 and the column .02.

Lastly, solve for A:

A = A2 – A1
A = 0.5 – 0.4357
A = 0.0643
So, the area to the left of z = – 1.52 is 0.0643.
 7. Find the area to the right of z = – 1.8.

Let A = area to the right of z = – 1.8

A1 = area between z = – 1.8 and z = 0
A2 = area of the half curve = 0.5

A1

1. Express the given into a z = 1.80

three – digit form.

2. find the row z = 1.8

3. find the column heading .00

4. Read the area (or

probability) at the The area (A1) is 0.4641.
intersection of row z =
1.8 and the column .00.

Lastly, solve for A:

A = A1 + A2
A = 0.4641 + 0.5
A = 0.9641
So, the area to the left of z = – 1.8 is 0.9641.
 STANDARD SCORES
Standard Score (Z – SCORE) measures how many standard deviations
a given x value is above or below the mean. It enables us to
differentiate two scores that are from a different normal
distribution. The z – score is very useful in comparing observed
values.

POSITIVE Z – SCORE indicates that the score or observed value is

above the mean
NEGATIVE Z – SCORE indicates that the score or observed value is
below the mean
𝒙−𝝁
FORMULA:𝑧 = σ

where: x = given measurement (score)

µ = population means
σ = population standard deviation

STEPS IN FINDING THE Z – SCORES:

1. Substitute the given values of x, mean and standard
deviation on the formula.
2. Simplify the fraction and divide.
3. Reduce the final answer in two decimal places.

Example:

1) Determine the z – scores for the following x – values of the

normal distribution with mean = 15 and standard deviation = 2.

a) 10 b) 18 c) 9

Solution: Solution: Solution:

𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁
𝑧= σ
𝑧= σ
𝑧= σ
10− 15 18− 15 10− 15
𝑧= 2
𝑧= 2
𝑧= 2
−5 3 −5
𝑧= 2
𝑧= 2
𝑧= 2
𝑧 =− 2. 50 𝑧 = 1. 50 𝑧 =− 2. 50
 2) On a final examination in Mathematics, the mean was 75 and
the SD was 12. Determine the standard score of a student who
received a score of 60 assuming that the scores are normally
distributed.

Solution:
𝒙−𝝁
𝑧= σ
60− 75
𝑧= 12
−15
𝑧= 12
𝑧 =− 1. 25

Interpretation: This means that the score is below the mean.

3) On the first periodic exam in English, the population mean

was 80 and the SD was 9. Determine the standard score of a
student who got a score of 88 assuming that the scores are
normally distributed.

Solution:
𝒙−𝝁
𝑧= σ
88− 80
𝑧= 9
8
𝑧= 9
𝑧 = 0. 89

Interpretation: This means that the score is above the mean.

4) Marco scored 80/95 on an English test and 70/80 on the

Physics test. Scores in the English test have a mean of 85
and a standard deviation of 10. Scores in the Physics test
have a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 8. In which
subject was his standing better?
ENGLISH TEST PHYSICS TEST
Solution: Solution:
𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁
𝑧= σ
𝑧= σ
80− 85 70− 60
𝑧= 10
𝑧= 8
−5 10
𝑧= 10
𝑧= 8
𝑧 =− 0. 50 𝑧 = 1. 25

Conclusion: The score of Marco in the English test is below the

mean while his score in the Physics test is above
the mean. Therefore, Marco has a better class
standing in Physics than in English.

APPLICATIONS OF THE Z – SCORE AND AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE IN

REAL LIFE PROBLEMS

Example:

1. The mean height of Grade 9 students at ESPS is 164 cm. with

SD = 10 cm. Assuming that the heights are normally
distributed, what percent of the heights is greater than 148
cm?
Solution:
𝒙−𝝁
𝑧= σ
148− 164
𝑧= 10
−16
𝑧= 10
𝑧 =− 1. 60
To compute the percentage
A1 = 0.4452
A2 = 0.50

A= A1 + A2
0.4452 + 0.5 = 0.9952
Change 0.9952 to percent and the final answer is 99.52%.

2. In a Science test, the mean score is 42 and the standard

deviation is 5. Assuming that the scores are normally
distributed, what percent of the score is…

3. greater than 48?

4. less than 52?
5. between 48 and 52?

a) greater than 48?

Solution: To compute the percentage
𝒙−𝝁 A1 = 0.3849
𝑧= σ A2 = 0.50
48−42
𝑧= 5 A= A1 + A2
6 0.50 – 0.3849 = 0.1151
𝑧= 5 Change 0.1151 to percent and
𝑧 = 1. 20 the final answer is 11.51%.
b) less than 52?
Solution: To compute the percentage
𝒙−𝝁 A1 = 0.4772
𝑧= σ A2 = 0.50
52−42
𝑧= 5 A= A1 + A2
10 0.4772 + 0.5 = 0.9772
𝑧= 5 Change 0.9952 to percent and
𝑧 = 2. 00 the final answer is 97.72%.
c) between 48 and 52?

Solution: Solution:
𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝝁
𝑧= σ
𝑧= σ
48−42 52−42
𝑧= 5
𝑧= 5
6 10
𝑧= 5
𝑧= 5
𝑧 = 1. 20 𝑧 = 2. 00

To compute the percentage

A1 = 0.3849
A2 = 0.4772

A= A1 + A2
0.4772 – 0.3849 = 0.0923
Change 0.0923 to percent and the final answer is 9.23%.
 RANDOM SAMPLING AND SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
- is a sampling method of choosing representatives from the
population wherein every sample has an equal chance of being
selected.

POPULATION – is an entire collection of objects which has common

observable characteristics.

Example: The senior high school students of MCS.

SAMPLE – is a subset or a portion of the population.

Example: The ABM students of MCS.

ELEMENT – is the single members of a population or a sample.

TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING:

1) SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING – it is the most basic sampling
technique wherein every element of the population has an
equal chance of being selected to be part of the sample.

Examples: Lottery method or random number generator

2) SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING – this sampling technique

involves using a random start to determine the first element
of the sample and the selection of the rest of the sample
elements is done systematically using a sampling frame where
the sample elements are selected by counting every kth
interval, where k is the quotient of the number of elements
in the population (N) and the number of elements in the
𝑁
sample (n) or 𝑘 = 𝑛

Example: every 5th person that will enter the room

 3) STRATIFIED SAMPLING – Involves dividing the population into
groups called strata according to some classification
categories such as age, income bracket, gender and so on.
Then, samples are randomly selected separately from each
stratum. The important requirement is that each element of
the population belongs to exactly one stratum, and the
elements of the stratum possess the same characteristics
defined by the category of the stratification.

Example: Group them according to their age, income bracket,

or gender

4) CLUSTER SAMPLING – In this technique, the elements of the

population are divided into groups called clusters. Usually,
the clusters are based on naturally occurring clusters.

Example: Barangays, cities, or municipalities

Examples:
A) A researcher is doing research work on the student’s reaction
to the newly implemented curriculum in Mathematics and
interviewed every 10th student entering the gate of the
school.

Answer: Systematic Random Sampling, since the selection of

the respondents is done systematically (every 10th student)

B) The students in a given school are classified according to

year level. Twenty students from each group will be randomly
chosen to participate in a study involving students’ study
habits.

Answer: Stratified Sampling, since the respondents were

divided into groups with 20 students from each group.

C) A survey on the satisfaction of unit owners living in AVIDA

Towers with the security features of their place. A sample of
80 homeowners will be drawn for this survey by assigning a
number from 1 to 1,000 to the unit owners based on an
alphabetical list. Eighty random numbers are generated using a
random number generator and these will be used to determine
the unit owners who will participate in the survey.
 Answer: Simple Random Sampling, since there’s an equal
chance of being selected to be part of the sample by using
the random number generator.

D) A researcher who is studying the effects of educational

attainment on promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly
selected workers from each of these categories: high school
graduate, with an undergraduate degree, with master’s degree,
and with a doctoral degree.

Answer: Stratified Sampling, since the respondents were

divided into a given category and that is according to their
educational attainment.

E) A researcher interviewed all top 10 grade, 11 students, in

each of the 15 randomly selected private schools in Manila

Answer: Cluster Sampling, since the element of the

population was divided into a cluster through the random
selection of 15 private schools.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
- is a probability distribution that describes the probability
for each mean of all the samples with the same sample size
n.

Formula: 𝐶 where: N = population size and

𝑁 𝑛
n = sample size
Example:

1. A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 6. Consider

samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

Solution:
N = 3 n = 2
𝐶 = 3 possible samples
3 2

SAMPLE MEANS

2,4 2+4÷ 2 = 3

2,6 2+6÷ 2 = 4

4,6 4+6÷ 2 = 5

̅)
SAMPLE MEANS (x FREQUENCY ̅)
PROBABILITY P(x

3 1 1/3 or 0.33

4 1 1/3 or 0.33

5 1 1/3 or 0.33

N = 3

2. A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 5, 9 and 10.

Consider samples of size 3 that can be drawn from this
population

Solution:
N = 5 n = 3
𝐶 = 10 possible samples
5 3
 SAMPLE MEANS

2,4,5 2+4+5÷ 3 = 3. 67

2,4,9 2+4+9÷ 3 = 5

2,4,10 2+4+10÷ 3 = 5. 33

2,5,9 2+5+9÷ 3 = 5. 33

2,5,10 2+5+10÷ 3 = 5. 67

2,9,10 2+9+10÷ 3 = 7

4,5,9 4+5+9÷ 3 = 6

4,5,10 4+5+10÷ 3 = 6. 33

4,9,10 4+9+10÷ 3 = 7. 67

5,9,10 5+9+10÷ 3 = 8

̅)
SAMPLE MEANS (x FREQUENCY ̅)
PROBABILITY P(x

3.67 1 1/10 or 0.1

5 1 1/10 or 0.1

5.33 2 2/10 or 1/5 or 0.2

5.67 1 1/10 or 0.1

6 1 1/10 or 0.1

6.33 1 1/10 or 0.1

7 1 1/10 or 0.1

7.67 1 1/10 or 0.1

8 1 1/10 or 0.1

N = 10
Part 1: Identification
POPULATION – is an entire collection of objects which has common
observable characteristics.

RANDOM SAMPLING - is a sampling method of choosing

representatives from the population wherein every sample has an
equal chance of being selected.

CLUSTER SAMPLING – In this technique, the elements of the

population are divided into groups called clusters. Usually, the
clusters are based on naturally occurring clusters.

A Random Variable is NORMAL when its possible values are

distributed normally or, when majority of the values are close to
the mean with only very few values that are extremely smaller and
extremely larger.

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING – this sampling technique involves

using a random start to determine the first element of the sample
and the selection of the rest of the sample elements is done
systematically

SAMPLE – is a subset or a portion of the population.

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
- is a probability distribution that describes the probability
for each mean of all the samples with the same sample size
n.

STRATIFIED SAMPLING – The important requirement is that each

element of the population belongs to exactly one stratum, and the
elements of the stratum possess the same characteristics defined
by the category of the stratification.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING – it is the most basic sampling technique

wherein every element of the population has an equal chance of
being selected to be part of the sample.

ELEMENT – is the single members of a population or a sample.

POSITIVE Z – SCORE indicates that the score or observed value is
above the mean
NEGATIVE Z – SCORE indicates that the score or observed value is
below the mean

RANDOM VARIABLE
- is a variable whose possible values are determined by chance.
It is represented by an uppercase letter (capital letter).

CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

- is a random variable that takes uncountable infinite
values as a result of measurement. It can assume values
that can be represented not only by nonnegative whole
numbers but also by fractions and decimals.

STANDARD SCORE (Z – SCORE) measures how many standard deviations

a given x value is above or below the mean. It enables us to
differentiate two scores that are from a different normal
distribution.

NORMAL CURVE - the graph of normal distribution.

STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION - if the mean is 0 and the standard

deviation is 1.

MEAN - is also called Expected Value E(X). It is the weighted

average of the values assumed by the random variable in
repeated trials of the experiment.

VARIANCE - is the measure of spread for a distribution that

determines the degree to which the values of a random
variable differ from the expected value. It is the
square of the difference between the random variable

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION shows how even the distribution of data is,

around the mean.

DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

- refers to the listing of all possible values of a discrete
random variable along with their corresponding
probabilities.
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE - it is a random variable that takes
only countable values. The values are exact and can be
represented by nonnegative whole numbers.

STANDARD DEVIATION - is the positive square root of the variance

of X.