Bandwidth and information capacity (1)

Limits performance of comm sys: noise and bandwidth

Hartleys law 1928

I ∝ B×t
I = amount of information; information theory of the
efficient use of bandwidth; information capacity is the
number of independent symbols (bits) that can be carried
through a system for a given amount of time (bps)

B= system bandwidth (Hertz) = passband = high freq

– low freq >= information bandwidth

t = transmission time (seconds)

Bandwidth and information capacity (2)

Shannon limit for information capacity

 S  S
I = B log 2 1 +  = 3.32 B log10 1 + 
 N  N
I = information capacity (bits per second)

B= system bandwidth (Hertz)

S/N = signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless)

Bandwidth and information capacity

Example:
 S  S
I = B log 2 1 +  = 3.32 B log10 1 + 
 N  N
Standard telephony
S
= 1000 (30 dB)
N
B = 2,7 kHz

I =?
Bandwidth and information capacity
Bandwidth and information capacity
 Noise

 S  S
I = B log 2 1 +  = 3.32 B log10 1 + 
 N  N
S/N = signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless)

With a given bandwidth a system has a larger capacity if

the S/N ratio is larger

In a practical system noise is always present

 Noise

Correlated noise: Related to signal

Uncorrelated noise: Not related to signal;

present whether there is a signal present or not
- internal (generated within the device)
- external (generated outside the device)
 Noise
Correlated noise
Nonlinear distortion
Harmonic/amplitude distortion
Intermodulation distortion – sum and difference frequencies (cross
products) = mf1 +/- nf2
Uncorrelated noise
External
Atmospheric (static) – insignificant beyond 30 MHz
Extraterrestrial (deep-space) – solar and cosmic
Solar – quiet vs high-intensity (sunspot/solar flare) e.g. satellite
Cosmic – black-body noise
Man-made – motors, switching, generators, fluorescent (impulse)
Interference – other source of information signals (harmonics)
Internal
Thermal noise (rapid, random movement of electrons)
Shot noise (random arrival of carriers – holes and electrons)
at the output element
Transit time – as carriers pass from the input to the output of
a device
 Thermal Noise (white noise)
- Random within a conductor due to thermal agitation
- Continuous spectral density / uniform across EM spectrum
- Additive; zero at arbitrarily high frequencies
- Present in all devices

N = KTB
N = noise power (Watt)
B = bandwidth (Hertz)
K = Boltzmann’s proportionality constant
(1.38 10-23 Joules per kelvin)
T = absolute temperature (kelvin)

KTB KT
N( dBm ) = 10 log = 10 log + 10 log B
0.001 0.001
N ( dBm ) @ 290k = −174 dBm + 10log B
Room temperature
 Noise voltage

V = IR
V2
P = VI =
R

  VN 2 
 2   V2
N = KTB =     = N → V = 4 RKTB
N
 R  4 R
 
 
RMS noise voltage for 100 ohm internal and 100
ohm load at 17 C and BW is 10 KHz??
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio

S Ps
=
N Pn

Ps = signal power (Watt)

Pn = noise power (Watt)

Or expressed in decibel
S Ps
( dB ) = 10 log
N Pn
 Noise Factor and Noise Figure

Sin F ≥1
N in Sin N out N out
F= = = F = noise factor
Sout N in Sout Ap N in (no dimension)
N out
total output noise
F=
that part of the output noise due to the source resistance

NF = 10 log F NF = noise figure (dB)

NF ≥ 0
 Noise in Amplifier

Si Ideal amplifier Ap Si Si
=
Ni Ap Ap N i N i

Si Nonideal amplifier Ap Si Si
=
Ni Ap, Nd Ap N i + N d N i + N d Ap

Solve for the input SNR, output SNR, and Noise Figure for a
What are the
system withinput SNR,
input output
signal SNR,
of -67 and NF
dBm, fornoise
input input of
= -67 dbm,
-147 dBm,
output
Nd = -147
of -82.2 dBm,
dBm, Ndgain
and = -82.2 dBm,
of 60 dBGain = 60 dB??
 Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Cascade

F2 − 1 F3 − 1 Fn − 1
FT = F1 + + + ...... +
A1 A1 A2 A1 A2 ⋅⋅ An −1
FT = total noise factor (dimensionless)
Friis’ Formula
NFT = 10 log FT
NFT = total noise figure (dB)
NFT for 3-stage amplifier with
NF = 3 dB Gain =10 dB??
 Noise Temperature

N
N = KTB → T =
KB
T = environmental temperature (290 kelvin)
N = noise power (Watt)
K = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 10-23 J/K)
B = Bandwidth (Hertz)
F ≥1
Te
Te = T ( F − 1) F = 1+
T
Te = equivalent noise temperature (lower, better)
T = environmental temperature (290 kelvin)
F = noise factor (dimensionless)