EE415

Communication
Electronics
Prof. Dr. Avni Morgül
Maltepe University
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department
 Chapter 2

NOISE & INTERMODULATION

NOISE
Noise: Undesired random electrical signals that accompany the
message.
BW
p(f)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
𝑆 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
= f1 f2 f
𝑁 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Total noise power:

𝑓2
𝑃= ‫𝑝 𝑓׬‬ 𝑓 𝑑𝑓
1

𝑝 𝑓 : Power spectral density [W/Hz]

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 3

NOISE
Noise Types

External Noise Internal Noise

a) External Noise
1. Man-made noise: Electrical Mashines, Power Lins,
Car Sparks, etc..
2. Atmosferic Noise: Tunderstorms, Lightings
3. Spase Noise: Solar Noise (peaks every 11 years) ,
Cosmic Noise (8 MHz…1,5 GHz)

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 4

Noise Types
b) Internal Noise (Noise genarated by the components of the system)
THERMAL NOISE (Johnson Noise) B
Df
Is a white nois. Power Spectral Density is constant pn
𝑝𝑛 = 𝑘𝑇 𝑘 = 1,37 × 10−23 J/ ͦK
f1 f2 f
𝑇: Absolute Temperature [ ͦK ]
𝑓
𝑃𝑛 = ‫ 𝑓׬‬2 𝑝 𝑓 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑘𝑇Δ𝑓 = 𝑘𝑇𝐵
1
𝑉𝑛2 + R
If 𝑅 = 𝑅𝐿 ; 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛2 = 4𝑅𝑘𝑇𝐵 𝑉𝑛 = 4𝑘𝑇𝐵𝑅 Vn RL
4𝑅

Noise Equivalent Bandwidth

Pn
2
𝑉0 (𝑓)
The filter function 𝐺 𝑓 =
𝑉𝑛 (𝑓) G(f) Bn
∞ 1
𝑉02 = 4𝐾𝑇𝑅 ‫׬‬0 𝐺 𝑓 𝑑𝑓 Equal
∞ Areas
𝐵𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝐺 𝑓 𝑑𝑓 Noise Equivalent Bandwidth
f

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 5

Noise types
Passive devices Pn
✸Excess Noise
Active devices 1/ f
✸Flicker Noise
✸Shot Noise f
✸Transit Time Noise
For BJT (In)2
✸𝐼𝑛2 = 2q𝐼0 Δ𝑓 Flicker Shot Transit- time
Noise Noise Noise

For FET (In0)2

2.8𝑘𝑇
✸𝑉𝑛 = Δ𝑓
𝑔𝑚 f
fL fT

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 6

 Noise Figure
Noise Factor
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐹=
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑁𝑜 𝐺(𝑁𝑖 +𝑁𝑎 ) 𝑁𝑖 +𝑁𝑎 1
𝐹= = = [ ] 𝑁𝑖 is the added noise by the system
𝐺∙𝑁𝑖 𝐺∙𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖
Multiplying by the input signal, 𝑁𝑖
𝑆𝑖 𝑁𝑜 𝑆𝑖 /𝑁𝑖 (𝑆/𝑁)𝑖
𝐹= = =
𝑆𝑖 𝐺𝑁𝑖 𝐺∙𝑆𝑖 /𝑁𝑜 (𝑆/𝑁)𝑜
Noise Figure 𝑆𝑜 ❑ Signal to (Noise+Distortion) Ratio
(𝑆/𝑁)𝑖 𝑆+𝑁+𝐷
𝑁𝐹 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐷 =
(𝑆/𝑁)𝑜 𝑁+𝐷

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 7

 Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks
Ni=kTB No1 No2
F1,G1 F2,G2 FnGn Non

Noise added by the first block from Eqn [1]

No1= F1 Ni - Ni = Ni (F1 -1) = kTB (F1 -1) No2= kTB (F2 -1)
No2 kTB (F2 −1)
= ….
G1 G1
Ni + No1+No2 Ni +Ni (F1 −1)+Ni (F2 −1)
F= G1 = G1
Ni Ni
(F2 −1) (F2 −1)
F = 1+ F1 -1+ = F1+ +... ; if there are n stages
G1 G1
(F2 −1) (F3 −1) (Fn−1 −1)
F = F1+ + +…+ Frees equation
G1 G1G2 G1G2…Gn−1

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 8

Noise Equivalent Temperature
For 𝑇 = 𝑇0 = 270 𝑜 𝐾 𝐹=1 T0=270 oK

Si R
𝑁0 = 𝑘𝐺𝐵 𝑇0 + 𝑇𝑒 R
𝑆𝑖 𝑘𝐺𝐵 𝑇0 +𝑇𝑒 𝑇0 +𝑇𝑒 𝑇𝑒
𝐹= = =1 + Pi =Si +Ni Po =So +No
𝑘𝑇0 𝐵 𝐺𝑆𝑖 𝑇0 𝑇0
𝑇𝑒 = (𝐹 − 1)𝑇0 Noise Equivalent Temperature

Noise Figure of a lossy transmission line:

𝑆𝑖 /𝑁𝑖 𝑆𝑖 /𝑁𝑖 𝑆𝑖 𝐿𝑁𝑜 1
𝐹= = = since 𝑁𝑖 = 𝑁0 and 𝐿 = attenuation
𝑆𝑜 /𝑁𝑜 𝐺𝑆𝑖 /𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑖 𝑆𝑖 𝐺

𝐹=𝐿 since 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇0

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 9

System Sensitivity
The available, input signal level, Si, for a given output signal-to-
noise ratio, (S/N)o, is referred to as the system sensitivity or
noise floor. The minimum voltage level corresponding to Si is
called minimum detectible signal.
𝑆/𝑁 𝑖
𝐹= → 𝑆/𝑁 𝑖 = 𝐹 𝑆/𝑁 𝑜
𝑆/𝑁 𝑜
𝑆 𝑆
𝑆𝑖 = 𝐹𝑁𝑖 = 𝐹𝑘𝑇𝐵
𝑁 𝑜 𝑁 𝑜

𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑡 +𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒

Antenna Noise Figure 𝐹𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒

Antenna Noise Temperature 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑡 = (𝐹𝑎𝑛𝑡 − 1)𝑇0

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 10

Antenna Noise Temperature
If the antenna is in a closed chamber and not receiving any signal 𝑁𝑜 = 𝑘𝑇𝐵
But if it is outdoor, in free space it picks-up some noise such that
✸ Sky (Toward Zenith) 𝑇𝑏 = 3 … 5 °𝐾 due to cosmic radiation
✸ Sky (Toward Horizon) 𝑇𝑏 = 50 … 100 °𝐾
✸ Ground 𝑇𝑏 = 290 … 300 °𝐾
Zenith
T [o K] Antenna
300 q Direction
q=0o
200
q=5o
100 O2
q=10o
q=90o Earth
f [GHz]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 11

Examples
Example 1: (S/N)o= 0dB, NF=8dB, B=2,1kHz, R=50W. Calculate the sensitivity.
𝑘𝑇0 = 1.37 × 10−23 × 290 = 3.97 × 10−21 ≫ −204dB ≫ −174dBm
𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑁𝐹 + 10 log 𝑘𝑇0 + 10 log 𝐵 + (S/N)o = 8 − 174 + 33 + 0 = −133dBm
𝑆𝑖 = 5.01 × 10−14 mW = 5.01 × 10−17 W
𝑉𝑖2
𝑆𝑖 = ≫ 𝑉𝑖 = 4𝑅𝑆 𝑆𝑖 = 4 ∙ 50 ∙ 5.01 × 10−17 = 0.1μV
4𝑅𝑆
Example 2: An antenna is connected to a receiver. The noise temperature
of the antenna is 𝑇𝑎 = 15°𝐾 ad 𝐵 = 10MHz
LNA BP Filter
Mixer
ANT
vout
Si
Ni G1=10dB L2=1dB L3=3dB
F1=2dB B=10MHz F3=4dB

a) Find overal noise figure.

b) Find Minimum detectable signal (Sensitivity), for 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 ≥ 20𝑑𝐵

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 12

 Examples (cont.)
Solution: Convert the dB units to decimal numbers:

𝐺1 = 10dB ≫ 10 𝐹1 = 2dB ≫ 1.58

𝐿2 = 1dB ≫ 𝐺2 = −1dB ≫ 0,79 𝐿3 = 3dB ≫ 𝐺3 = −3dB ≫ 0,5
𝐹2 = 1dB ≫ 1,26 𝐹3 = 4dB ≫ 2,51
𝐹2 − 1 𝐹3 − 1 1.26 − 1 2.51 − 1 F is only defined
𝐹 = 𝐹1 + + = 1.58 + +
𝐺1 𝐺1 𝐺2 10 10 ∙ 0.79 for Ti=T0
𝐹 = 1.58 + 0.026 + 0.191 = 1.80 ≫ 2.55dB
𝑇𝑒 = 𝐹 − 1 𝑇0 = 1.80 − 1 290 = 232°𝐾
𝐺 = 𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺3 = 10 ∙ 0.79 ∙ 0.5 = 3.95
𝑁𝑜 = 𝑘 (𝑇𝑎 - 𝑇𝑒 ) ∙ 𝐵 ∙ 𝐺 = 1.38 × 10−23 15 + 232 10 × 106 ∙ 3.95 = 1.35 × 10−13 W
𝑁𝑜 = −98.7dBm
For SNR=20dB ≫ 100 𝑆𝑜 = 𝑁𝑜 ∙ 100 = 1.35 × 10−11 W
𝑆𝑜 1.35
𝑆𝑖 = = × 10−11 = 3,42 × 10−12 W = −84.7dBm
𝐺 3.95
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑍0 𝑆𝑖 = 50 ∙ 3,42 × 10−12 = 1.31 × 10−5 V = 13.1 μV

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 13

 DYNAMIC RANGE
𝑣𝑜 𝑦𝑜 = 𝛼0 + α1 𝑥𝑖 + α2 𝑥𝑖2 + α3 𝑥𝑖3 + ⋯
DC Linear Quadratic 3rd order
𝑣𝑖
Case1: Single Sine input (Gain Compression)
𝑥𝑖 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡
𝑦𝑜 = α0 + α1 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 + α2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔0 𝑡 + α3 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜔0 𝑡 + ⋯
DC 1st order
1
𝑦𝑜 = (α0 + α2 𝐴2 ) + α1 𝐴
3
+ α3 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 A spectrum
2 4
1 1
+ α2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔0 𝑡 + α3 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜔0 𝑡 +⋯
2 4
𝜔0 2𝜔0 3𝜔0 𝜔
2nd order 3rd order 0

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 14

Gain Compression
Linear (1st order) terms
The gain:
𝑌𝑜 (𝜔0 ) α1 𝐴+ 34α3 𝐴3 3
𝐺= = = (α1 + α3 𝐴2 ) < α1 since α3 < 0
𝑋𝑖 (𝜔0 ) 𝐴 4
Nonlinear
Linear terms
Po (dB) 1dB
P1o
0 1dB Compression point
n
io
eg

G=10dB
R

-10
ar
ne
Li

Pin(dB)
-20 -10 P1in 0

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 15

INTERMODULATION
2. Two tone input 𝑥𝑖 (t) = A1 cos ω1t + A2 cos ω2t
if A1 is equal to A2
y (t) = α0 + α1 A (cos ω1t + cos ω2t) + α2 A (cos ω1t + cos ω2t)2 + α3 A (cos ω1t + cos ω2t)3
1 1
y (t) = α0 + α1 A cos ω1t + α1 A cos ω2t) + α2 A2 (1+ cos 2ω1t) + α2 A2 (1+ cos 2ω2t)
2 2
2 2
+ α2 A cos (ω1 - ω2) t + α2 A cos (ω1 + ω2) t
+ α3 A3 ( ¾ cos ω1t + ¼ cos 3ω1t ) + α3 A3 ( ¾ cos 3ω2t + ¼ cos 3ω2t )
+ α3 A3 [ 2¾ cos ω2t + ¾ cos (2ω1 - ω2) t + ¾ cos (2ω1 + ω2) t ]
+ α3 A3 [ 2¾ cos ω1t + ¾ cos (2ω3 – ω1) t + ¾ cos (2ω2 + ω1) t ] + …….

0 ω2-ω1 ω1 ω2 2ω1 2ω2 3ω1 3ω2 ω

2ω1-ω2 2ω2-ω1 ω 2 +ω 1 2ω1+ω2 2ω2+ω1
3rd order
intermodulation

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 16

3rd Order Intercept Point
Discarding the dc terms, harmonics, and components at ω1±ω2
we obtain the following “intermodulation products”:
If two sinewave A1 is not equal to A2, A3 should be replaced with 𝐴12 A2

at
and the spectral components are:

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 17

3rd Order Intercept
Po (dB) intercept point 4 𝛼1
𝑉𝐼𝑃 =
3 𝛼3
P1o 1 2 2 𝛼1
0 𝑃3𝑖 = 𝑃𝐼𝑃,𝑖 = 𝑉𝐼𝑃 =
2 3 𝛼3

=3
-10

Slop
1
o p=
Sl

-20

-30
Pin (dBm)
-30 -20 -10 0 P3in
P1in

Definition of IP3 (for power quantities)

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 18

Second Harmonic Distortion
1
For single ton input the quadratic term was α2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔0 𝑡
2
This term shows the second harmonic (2𝜔0 ) distortion:
1
𝑉𝐷 = 𝛼2 𝐴2 Distortion voltage
2
1 2
𝑉𝐷 2 2 𝛼 𝐴
𝐷= =
𝑉1 𝛼1 𝐴
1 𝛼2
𝐷= 𝐴 Relative Harmonic Distortion
2 𝛼1

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 19

 Dynamic Range Pout [dBm]

P3out
There are two definition for 30 1dB

dynamic range P1out

0
a) Linear Dynamic Range
𝑃1𝑑𝐵
𝐷𝑅𝐿 = -30
𝑁𝑜
𝑃1𝑑𝐵 : The output power at -60 DRl
1dB comression point DRf
𝑁𝑜 : The noise power at the output -90
𝑁𝑜
P1in P3in
b) Spurious-free dynamic range -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 Pi [dBm]
𝑃𝜔1
𝐷𝑅𝑓 = IMR (dB)
𝑃2𝜔1−𝜔2 𝑃2𝜔1 = 𝑁𝑜
2 −𝜔2

3 ω1 ω2
𝑃𝐼𝑃
𝐷𝑅𝑓 = 2ω1-ω2 2ω2-ω1
3rd order
𝑁0 intermodulation

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 20

 Intermodulatin Distortion Ratio
3 3
4
𝛼3 𝐴 3 𝛼3 2
𝐼𝑀𝑅 = = 𝐴 IMR (dB)
𝛼1 𝐴 4 𝛼1
Examle:
ω1 ω2
A receiver has F =6dB (=4), 𝑃1𝑑𝐵,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 25dBm, 2ω1-ω2 2ω2-ω1
𝐺 = 40dB = 104 , 𝑃𝐼𝑃,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 35dBm, 𝑇𝑎 = 150 ͦ K, 3rd order
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10dB, 𝐵 = 100MHz, 𝑘 = 1,38x10−23 intermodulation
Find "Linear" and "Spurious Free" Ranges

𝑁𝑜 = 𝐺𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝐴 + 𝐹 − 1 𝑇0 + 𝑇0 = 104 1,38 × 10−23 150 + 4 × 290

= 1,8 × 10−8 𝑊 = −47,4 dBm
𝐷𝑅𝐿 = 𝑃1dB − 𝑁𝑜 = 25 + 47,4 = 72 dB (The unit is dBm-dBm → dB)
2/3
𝑃𝐼𝑃 2
𝐷𝑅𝑓 = 𝐷𝑅𝑓 𝑑𝐵 = 35 + 47,4 − 10 = 48,3 dB
𝑁𝑜 (𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡) 3

Microwave Lecture notes Avni Morgul 21