SYLLABUS FOR THE 2023 BAR EXAMINATIONS

CIVIL LAW (20%): TORTS AND DAMAGES

NOTE: All Bar candidates should be guided that only laws, rules, issuances, and jurisprudence pertinent to the topics
in this syllabus as of June 30, 2022 are examinable materials within the coverage of the 2023 Bar Examinations.

VII. Torts and Damages

A. Principles
1. Abuse of Rights
2. Unjust Enrichment
3. Liability Without Fault
4. Acts Contrary to Law
5. Acts Contrary to Morals

B. Classification of Torts
1. Intentional
2. Negligent
3. Strict Liability

C. The Tortfeasor
1. Joint
2. Direct

D. Quasi-Delict vs. Culpa Contractual vs. Culpa Criminal

1. Nature of Liability

E. Proximate Cause
1. Concept
2. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance

F. Vicarious Liability

G. Res Ipsa Loquitur

H. Damnum Absque Injuria

I. Defenses

J. Negligence
1. Standard of Care
2. Presumptions of Negligence

K. Damages
1. Kinds of Damages
a) Actual and Compensatory Damages
b) Moral Damages
c) Nominal Damages
d) Temperate or Moderate Damages
e) Liquidated Damages
f) Exemplary or Corrective Damages
2. When Damages May be Recovered

L. Damages in Case of Death

M. Duty of Injured Party