HUFANO JOHN LLOYD E,

BS, CRIM 3 – ALPHA

ACTIVITY III

Are you ready to mark and interpret/compute our chart displayed above? I guess you can do it. Get a
yellow pad paper and describe all the charts presented, as regards to your observation about their
tracing.

1. Explain why chart interpretation is the second most critical part of Polygraph Examination?
The examiner frequently interprets the chart and may code it according to a set process. A
process like this can be used to code a chart by someone other than the examiner. A computer
can also be used to understand charts.
2. Explain the role of chart markings in verifying the test result?
Letter charts are not only used to measure visual acuity, they are also used as targets for
subjective refraction. This is the main reason distance acuity is measured more often than near
acuity. At a long distance, accommodation is relaxed, so that the refraction can be more
accurate. At a longer test distance, the effect of small changes in the subject’s position is less
important and can be ignored.
3. What are the main points to consider when performing chart interpretation/
To interpret a graph or chart, read the title, look at the key, read the labels. Then study the
graph to understand what it shows. Read the title of the graph or chart. The title tells what
information is being displayed.
4. Describe other new technologies that help enhance lie detection accuracy?
Functional Brain Imaging

Over the past 15 years, the field of cognitive neuroscience has grown significantly. Cognitive
neuroscience combines the experimental strategies of cognitive psychology with various
techniques to actually examine how brain function supports mental activities. Leading this
research are two new techniques of functional brain imaging: positron emission tomography
(PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (see Buxton [2002] and Carson, Daube-
Witherspoon, and Herscovitch [1997] for comprehensive general reviews). Over the past 5
years, these techniques have

been used to study affective processes (see Davidson and Irwin, 1999), and there is a
burgeoning literature on the neural correlates of cognitive and affective processes that is
potentially relevant to psychophysiological detection of deception. Their use to study brain
activity associated with deception is only beginning.

PET uses a measure of local blood flow, which invariably accompanies changes in the cellular
activity of the brain of normal, awake humans and unanesthetized laboratory animals (for a
review, see Raichle, 1987). More recently it has been appreciated that these changes in blood
 flow are accompanied by much smaller changes in oxygen consumption (Fox and Raichle, 1986;
Fox et al., 1988). These changes lead to changes in the actual amount of oxygen remaining in
blood vessels at the site of brain activation (i.e., the supply of oxygen is not matched precisely
with the demand). Because MRI signal intensity is sensitive to the amount of oxygen carried by
hemoglobin (Ogawa et al., 1990), this change in blood oxygen content at the site of changes in
brain activity can be detected with MRI (Bandettini et al., 1992; Frahm et al., 1992; Kwong et al.,
1992; Ogawa et al., 1992). The detection of these blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals
with MRI has become known as functional magnetic resonance imaging or fMRI. Research with
fMRI is now providing increasingly detailed maps of human brain function.

5. Briefly compare the difference between the Utah style of computation and interpretation and
the commonly used deception?
Utah, began a study of the probable lie comparison question polygraph technique. Raskin and
his colleagues systematically refined the elements of polygraphy by determining what aspects of
the technique could be scientifically proven to increase validity and reliability (Raskin & Honts
2002). Their efforts culminated in the creation of what is known today as the Utah approach to
the Comparison Question Test (CQT), an empirically consistent and unified approach to
polygraphy.