Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

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Journal of Hazardous Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhazmat

Review

Critical review of perovskite-based materials in advanced oxidation system

for wastewater treatment: Design, applications and mechanisms
Naipeng Lin, Yishu Gong, Ruotong Wang, Yin Wang *, Xiaodong Zhang *
School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Editor: Baiyang Chen Perovskite has been widely concerned in the field of modern environmental catalysis due to its low price, high
stability, excellent catalytic activity, diverse structure and strong conversion adaptability. In recent years, people
Keywords: have been working on the coupling of perovskite catalysts and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on the
Perovskite removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. In this review, we classified perovskites of different designs and
Advanced oxidation technology
summarized the application and basic reaction mechanisms of each perovskite in different AOPs. This review
Organic pollutants
helps scientists selecting and designing more effective perovskite catalysts for AOPs by summarizing the appli­
Reaction Mechanisms
cations and reaction mechanisms of perovskite in AOPs. At the end of the review, the challenges and future
directions of perovskite in removing organic pollutants from wastewater are discussed.

1. Introduction
In the past decades, many environmental problems have emerged
and need to be resolved, especially polluted wastewater, toxic air pol­
lutants and solid wastes. Among them, organic contaminants in waste­
water were particularly concerned. Various trace organic pollutants,
such as antibiotics, endocrine disruptors, drug by-products and toxins
have been detected in wastewater (Ahmaruzzaman, 2021; Cai et al.,
2021).
Numerous water treatment technologies have been developed, such
as adsorption (Wang et al., 2021a), flocculation, and biological methods
to treat these organics (Suresh et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2021; Yadav et al.,
2021). Nevertheless, these techniques are inefficient and energy inten­
sive. As an efficient water treatment technology, general chemical
oxidation methods can rapidly oxidate and completely degrade the
organic pollutants. However, the low reagent utilization, high cost,
serious secondary pollution and other disadvantages limited the appli­
cation of chemical methods (Xie et al., 2021). In this context, advanced
oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed to efficiently remove
organic pollution in wastewater by generating highly reactive oxygen
species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and sulfate radicals
(SO4•− ) (Chen et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2021; Suresh et al.,
2021). As clean and efficient methods, AOPs have been widely used in
the treatment of organic wastewater.
According to different methods of generating free radicals, AOPs can
be classified into several categories. Various AOPs have been developed
in recent years that differ in the methods to generate ROS and the types
of these species. Photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, acoustic catalysis and
Fenton catalysis are the most commonly used technologies, which
directly or indirectly lead to the formation of ROS (Divyapriya et al.,
2021; Ma et al., 2021). Recently, sulfate radical (SO4•− ) based tech­
nologies (SR-AOPs), activating persulfates (PS, S2O82− ) or perox­
ymonosulfate oxidizers (PMS, HSO5− ) have attracted attention in the
field of environmental catalysis due to many advantages in addition to
the technology based on hydroxyl radical (•OH) (Lai et al., 2021; Xie
et al., 2021).
Perovskite is a kind of material with similar crystal structure as
calcium titanate (CaTiO3) (Assirey, 2019). Perovskites belong to the
ternary family of crystalline structures and have the simple chemical
structure ABX3, where A is the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and rare
earth metal ions with a larger radius; B is the transition metal with a
smaller radius; and X is an oxygen group or halogen (Das and Kandi­
malla, 2017; Manos et al., 2020). As shown in Fig. 1(a), the exploration
of perovskites in pollutants degradation has increased rapidly in the past
decade, which can be indicated from the steady increase in the number
of scientific publications involving perovskite.
So far, some researchers have published valuable reviews for pe­
rovskites. However, some articles only emphasized the properties,
characteristics, preparation and modification methods of perovskites
but without their application and mechanism on AOPs (Artini, 2017; Bin

* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: 625xiaogui@163.com (Y. Wang), fatzhxd@126.com (X. Zhang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127637
Received 29 August 2021; Received in revised form 14 October 2021; Accepted 26 October 2021
Available online 1 November 2021
0304-3894/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
N. Lin et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

Adnan et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019a; Yang and Guo, 2018). Other
reviews focused on AOPs such as photocatalysis (Long et al., 2020; Wei
et al., 2021), Fenton and SR-AOPs (Chen et al., 2021; Luo et al., 2021;
Manos et al., 2020), but the catalysts used were not limited to perov­
skites. As far as we know, there is almost no review that comprehen­
sively summarized the design of perovskites and their application,
catalytic performance and reaction mechanism in different AOPs.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide a systematic summary and
evaluation with the rapid increase in the number of studies on
perovskite-based AOPs.
As shown in Fig. 1(b), this paper provides a comprehensive review
focuses on the application of perovskite with different AOPs in the latest
6 years. The reaction mechanism of perovskite used in AOPs is also
considered. Finally, some constructive suggestions are put forward to
promote the feasibility and industrialization of perovskite as a catalyst
for wastewater treatment. It will accelerate the development of more

Fig. 1. (a) Number of papers abstracted by the database Web of Science for topic topic keywords “perovskite and degradation” (b) Some representative work on
perovskite application in advanced oxidation in recent years: photocatalytic (Dhanalakshmi et al., 2016), SR-AOPs (Lu et al., 2018; Su et al., 2017; Zhang et al.,
2021), microwave catalytic oxidation (Wang et al., 2019b) and electrocatalytic oxidation (Chen et al., 2020b).

2
N. Lin et al.
environmental friendly and efficient AOPs based on perovskites for the
purification of organic wastewater.
2. Structure and synthesis of perovskite catalysts
Perovskites has a variety of crystalline structure, from cubic with
high symmetry to triclinic with low symmetry (Moure and Peña, 2015).
Perovskite materials were previously prepared by the solid-state re­
actions at high temperature. However, most of the materials obtained
were impure and heterogeneous due to repeated grinding and heating of
metal oxides or corresponding salts before calcination (Assirey, 2019).
In order to obtain pure materials with controllable particle size and
higher surface area, several improved synthesis methods, including the
sol-gel method, Pechini method, and electrospinning technique et al.,
have been reported (Das and Kandimalla, 2017; Garba et al., 2020).
2.1. Crystal structure of perovskite catalysts
Fig. 2 shows the ball and stick model of the ABX3 perovskite unit cell,
where A, B and X are cations, divalent metals and oxygen, respectively.
The 3D model in Fig. 2(b) shows that cation A is located and coordinated
in the center of the cell (Assirey, 2019; Manos et al., 2020). To evaluate
the stability of perovskite, Goldschmidt et al. proposed the concept of
tolerance factor, the calculation formula is given in Eq. (1),
(RA + RX )
t = √̅̅̅
2(RB + RX )
where RA, RB, and RX are the ionic radii of A, B and X (Arya et al., 2020).
An ideal (cubic) perovskite structure can be formed under the con­
dition of t is close to 1 (in the range between 0.90 and 1.10). If the radius
of A is smaller than the ideal value, t will become smaller than 1 and
causes lattice distortion of the octahedron (Moure and Peña, 2015).
Orthorhombic (GdFeO3) or rhombohedral (LaAlO3) structures are
formed when tolerance factor ranges between 0.7 and 0.9. For t < 0.7
(Kong et al., 2019), different structures with similar ionic radii are
formed. When tolerance factor values are more than 1, tetragonal
structure will be formed (Arya et al., 2020).
Fig. 2. (a) Ball-stick model of cubic ABX3 perovskite structure where A is the cation, B is divalent metal and X is oxygen. (b) 3D extension of the structure.
Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637
2.2. Synthesis of perovskite catalysts
Some of the most commonly used techniques are reviewed below.
The simplified flow chart of various perovskite preparation methods is
shown in Fig. 3.
Sol-gel method is one of the most convenient and effective methods
for preparing perovskite nanoparticles, which is usually applied in the
preparation of aluminum-based, titanium-based and complex perov­
skites and suitable for the formation of nanosized materials (Huan et al.,
2019; R. Solís et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018).
Pechini method, also known as polymerization precursor method or
mixed liquid method, achieves excellent stoichiometric control, repro­
ducibility and uniformity. The principle of this method is the conden­
sation reaction involving COOH and OH groups by heating a solution
containing carboxylic acid and ethylene glycol to form a polyester
"resin" (Taran et al., 2016).
The principle of hydrothermal synthesis is to react the precursor in a
high temperature and high pressure aqueous solution. This method does
not requires calcination to obtain crystalline powder (Wermuth et al.,
2019).
Microwave is a fresh chemical synthesis method that has emerged in
recent years. Microwave radiation can effectively replace the heat
source in the process of perovskite synthesis. The method saves a lot of
time and energy in comparison with other methods of perovskite syn­
thesis (Jamali et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2017).
(1)
3. Simple perovskites
3.1. Introduction and classification
Simple perovskites are those with only one element in the A and B
sites. Therefore, we will focus on perovskites with a fixed metal in po­
sition B and different elements in position A in part 3.2, while part 3.3
focus on perovskites with B-site cation design. Summary of synthesis
methods and properties of simple perovskites is listed in Table 1.
3.2. A-site cation design
It has been reported that although A-site cation has no catalytic
3
N. Lin et al.
Fig. 3. Schematic representations of representative synthesis methods for perovskite oxide catalysts. (a) Sol-gel method. (b) Hydrothermal synthesis. (c) Micro­
wave synthesis.
activity in the perovskite-type catalysts, it will affect the chemical state
of the B-site cations and/or generates non-stoichiometric oxygen. For
example, Li et al. successfully added excessive La to LaMnO3+δ lattice
and synthetized La1.15MnO3+δ with more oxygen vacancies and higher
Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio.These characteristics significantly enhanced the abil­
ity of perovskite to activate PMS for Rh B degradation (Li et al., 2020).
Different A-site cations will lead to different catalyst performance in
the case of the same B-site cation. Hammouda et al. designed four kinds
of perovskites with the molecular formula ACoO3 (A = Sr, La, Ba, Ce) as
heterogeneous catalysts. Among them, LaCoO3 and SrCoO3 exhibited
better activity both in the reaction rate and stability of phenol removal
by SR-AOPs (Hammouda et al., 2017a).
3.3. B-site cation design
Various divalent metal ions including Co2+, Fe2+ and Mn2+ are often
used in the B site of simple perovskite structure to construct highly
efficient catalysts (Manos et al., 2020). In this section, we list three
common B-site perovskites as well as other simple B-site cation
perovskites.
3.3.1. Co-based perovskites
Transition metals are one of the most common materials in AOPs
applications because they are cheap and easy to obtain. Cobalt ion is
considered to be the most effective activator for the formation of SO4•− .
However, the subsequent treatment of cobalt ions in homogeneous
catalysis is a problem that needs to be considered (R. Solís et al., 2017).
As a consequence, cobalt-containing heterogeneous catalysts with high
4
Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637
stability are expected to overcome the disadvantages of homogeneous
cobalt ions (Guo et al., 2020).
Liang et al. found that the catalytic activity could be adjusted by
producing cation defects of LaCoO3-δ perovskite. B-site cation defict
promoted the catalytic performance of bisphenol A (Liang et al., 2021).
The excellent catalytic activity caused by the cation defect at B site could
be attributed to the enhanced charge transfer and surface reaction rate,
abundant Co (II) site, surface hydroxyl groups and OVs. In addition,
metal leaching was more severe under extremely acidic conditions,
resulting in massive loss of active cobalt sites. Therefore, neutral pH
value is favorable to maintain high catalytic performance of catalyst.
Pang et al. studied the effects of different preparation methods on the
degradation of 2-phenyl-5-sulfobenzimidazole acid (PBSA) by LaCoO3
perovskite oxide activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The results
showed that the catalyst prepared by phydrothermal method with sili­
con added exhibited the best activity with the lowest cobalt ion leaching
(Pang et al., 2016). Solís et al. reported the activity of LaCoO3 perovskite
in activating potassium monopersulfate (MPS) for the degradation of
herbicides (pyrachamine, tambotrione, trisulone, and oxalate) (R. Solís
et al., 2017). LaCoO3 showed a high activity and acceptable cobalt
leaching under neutral or alkaline pH.
3.3.2. Fe-based perovskites
Although cobalt-based perovskites exhibit excellent activity in
removing organic pollutants in wastewater, it is necessary to develop a
more stable and cleaner catalyst because of the cobalt ion leaching and
secondary contamination. Another option that scientists have been
guided to is iron-based perovskite catalysts.
 N. Lin et al.
Table 1
Summary of synthesis methods and properties of simple perovskites.
Classification Catalyst Preparation method Synthesis parameters Crystal structure Particle size (nm) BET (m2 g− 1) Pore volume (m3 g− 1) Pore diameter (nm) Ref

A-site BaCoO3 Sol-gel Drying: 100 ℃, overnight Hexagonal 17.2 1.53 0.001 8.03 (Hammouda et al., 2017a)
CeCoO3 Calcination: 700 ℃, 7 h Cubic 7.8 24.39 0.073 11.93
LaCoO3 Cubic 5.3 8.54 0.012 5.72
SrCoO3 Monoclinic 10.4 2.46 0.003 8.49
NaNbO3 Sol-gel Calcined in air Orthorhombic ~30 17.466 – – (Huan et al., 2019)
KNbO3 Orthorhombic 200–500 7.368 – –
CoTiO3 Facile Pechini method Drying:700 ℃, 2 days Orthorhombic 45.8 2.30 9.7 (Safari et al., 2020)
CuTiO3 Calcination:600 ℃, 4 h 29.1 3.58 19.5
NiTiO3 32.2 16.87 31.1
B-site Co-based LaCoO3 Sol-gel Drying:100 ℃,overnight Rhombohedral 18 13.73 0.0752 24.20 (Guo et al., 2020)
Calcination: 600 ℃,7 h
LaCoO3 Sol-gel Calcination: 700 ℃,7 h Rhombohedral 100–200 15.20 (R.Solís et al., 2017)
LaCo0.9O3-δ Sol-gel Drying:250 ℃,8 h Rhombohedral 30–50 8.2 0.044 (Liang et al., 2021)
Calcination: 900 ℃,3 h
Fe-based LaFeO3 Sol-gel Dried under vacuum Orthorhombic 20 27.4 0.244 35.6 (Rao et al., 2018)
Calcination: 500 ℃, 4 h
EuFeO3 One-step microwave route Microwave: 1200 W, 30 min 60–80 (Tang et al., 2017)
5

BiFeO3 Sol-gel Drying:70 ℃, 2 days; Orthorhombic 860 9.82 10–50 (Wang et al., 2020a)
Calcination: 600 ℃, 2 h
LaFeO3 Sol-gel Drying: 90 ℃ Orthorhombic 20.5 9.3 0.03 11.9 (Zhang et al., 2018)
Calcination: 750 ℃, 4 h
Mn-based CaMnO3 Sol-gel Drying:80 ℃, overnight Cubic 20–300 7.5 (Wang et al., 2020b)
Calcination: 900 ℃, 3 h
LaMnO3 Biotemplate method Drying:80 ℃, overnight Cubic 15 30.3 0.136 23 (Wang et al., 2019a)
Calcination: 700 ℃, 3 h
LaMnO3 Nanocasting Calcination: 700 ℃, 8 h 17.58 119.6 0.33 7.70 (Afzal et al., 2017)
Others BaSnO3 Chemical route Heating:1040 ℃, 6 h Cubic 200–400 (Sahmi et al., 2018)
LaNiO3 Sol-gel Drying:110 ℃, overnight Cubic 100 9.81 (Gao et al., 2019)
Calcination: 300 ℃, 1 h; 700 ℃, 5 h
PbTiO3 Hydrothermal method Heating:160 ℃, 8 h Tetragonal 23.8 66.34 0.438 26.43 (Amiri et al., 2020)
Drying: 50 ℃

Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

Calcination: 800 ℃, 2 h
SrSnO3 Modified pechini method Heating: 973 K, 4 h Orthorhombic 450–2000 29.1 4 (Teixeira et al., 2019)
N. Lin et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

Table 2
Summary of simple perovskites for photocatalysis of organic pollutants.
Catalyst Organics Reaction conditions Degradation TOC Main Active Ion Ref.
(Amount) (Concentration) Removal active sites leaching
pH Temperature Oxidant Irradiation
species
concentration time

NiTiO3(0.4 g⋅L− 1) MB (5 mg⋅L− 1) 8 120 min, 88.64% O2⋅− ,⋅ Gd3+, (Safari et al.,
Xenon OH, h+ Gd2+ 2020)
lamp
(300 W)
LaFeO3 (1 g⋅L− 1) Rh B (0.02 mM) 180 min, 77.8% O2⋅− ,⋅ Fe3+, (
18 W high OH Fe4+, Wiranwetchayan
visible La3+ et al., 2019)
lamp
LaFeO3 (1 g⋅L− 1) Rh B (10− 5
M) 25 ℃ 6 h, 150 W > 90% 4-CP O2⋅− , (Ismael and
Xe lamp 55% h+ Wark, 2019)
LaFeO3 (3 g⋅L− 1) Phenol 4 H2O2, 10 ml/ 4 h, 100 W 92% 72.2% O2⋅− , (Arif et al., 2019)
(50 mg⋅L− 1) L LED light h+
CaBiO3 Ciprofloxacin 90 min, 90.5% O2⋅− ,⋅ Bi3+, (Rokesh et al.,
(0.3 g⋅L− 1) (10 ppm) 100 W OH Bi5+ 2020)
Tetracycline ABET 68.6%
(30 ppm) Sunlite
solar
simulator,

Iron-based perovskites with the general formula AFeO3 exhibit a
wide range of ferro-, piezo-, and pyro-electrical properties, making them
suitable as magneto-optical, electrode, structural, sensors and refractory
materials (Ismael and Wark, 2019). The perovskites have been employed
as a catalyst in advanced oxidation technology and exhibited a high
degradation activity.
Lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO3) has attracted widely research interest
owing to its unique optical and electric properties, structural flexibility
and suitable band gap structure (Ismael and Wark, 2019; Rao et al.,
2019). A novel hydrogenated LaFeO3 was fabricated and firstly used as
photocatalyst in the application of visible-light photocatalytic decom­
position of organic contaminant. The hydrogenated LaFeO3 was
considered to be durable, and these photocatalysts were recycled for five
times without obvious decrease of the catalytic ability (Shi et al., 2020).
Tang et al. synthesized the nanoparticulate EuFeO3 by a
microwave-assisted route without calcination. Photocatalytic experi­
ment showed that nano-EuFeO3 had high visible-light activity for the
degradation of MO (Tang et al., 2017). Taran et al. compared the cata­
lytic behavior of LaBO3 (B = Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) and the outstanding
stability and activity of LaFeO3 was revealed (Taran et al., 2016).
3.3.3. Mn-based perovskites
Another important simple perovskite is manganese-based perov­
skites. Similar to iron, manganese is also a cheap, environmental
friendly and naturally abundant transition metal. In addition, these two
metals exist in a multivalent state, and have great potential in various
advanced oxidation processes, especially persulfate activation (Wang
et al., 2020b).
Afzal et al. synthesized mesoporous nano-cast perovskites (NC-
LaMnO3 and NC-LaFeO3) through nano-casting technology and applied
them in the catalytic ozonation of 2-chlorophenol for the first time
(Afzal et al., 2017). During the oxidation process, electrons transferred
from surface Mn3+ and induced ozone to decompose into ROS, while
lattice oxygen reduced Mn4+ to Mn3+ and created OVs. Therefore, the
electrostatic balance and redox between Mn3+/Mn4+ and O2-/O2 played
a key role in the catalytic process. The existence of Mn4+ could lead to
the generation of OVs while the coexistence of Mn4+ and Mn3+ could
facilitate the electron transfer, reduce the recombination of electrons
and holes and promote the reduction of oxygen. A facile technique by
using casein as biotemplate was developed for the fabrication of porous
LaMnO3 perovskite. The obtained porous LaMnO3 perovskite had higher
surface Mn4+/Mn3+ ratio in comparison to the bulk perovskite, which
could decrease the recombination of photo-generated carriers, provided
more reaction sites and enhanced mass transfer (Wang et al., 2019a).
3.3.4. Other simple perovskites
In addition to cobalt, iron, and manganese, many metal cations are
introduced into the B site of perovskite and play an important role in the
advanced oxidation process of organic pollutants, such as Ni (Palas
et al., 2018), Nb (Wermuth et al., 2019), Cu (Palas et al., 2017) and Ti
(Amiri et al., 2020; Li et al., 2016). These perovskites show excellent
efficiency and stability in AOPs, depending on the structure and acti­
vation mechanism. LaNiO3 is the most efficient catalyst toward OFX
degradation with OVs-dependent PMS activation mechanism among
LaBO3 perovskites (B = Fe, Zn, Mn, and Ni) (Gao et al., 2019). The cubic
SrTiO3 perovskite has a wide range of application potential. A facile
method for the synthesis of well-arrayed cubic SrTiO3 triangular prisms
had been reported (Li et al., 2016). The prepared SrTiO3 triangular
prisms contained highly crystalline single crystals with highly exposed
(101) side facets and (111) end facets. The photocatalytic study showed
that the SrTiO3 triangular prisms exhibited better photocatalytic per­
formances than SrTiO3 nanocubes.
3.4. Applications and mechanisms based on AOPs
According to the different reaction medium, advanced oxidation
processes can be divided into homogeneous processes and heteroge­
neous processes. Advanced oxidation processes based on perovskite can
be classified as heterogeneous processes. It can be subdivided into
energy-using (light or microwave radiation, electrical energy) and non-
energy-related (O3, H2O2 and persulfate activation). Therefore, this re­
view divides the application of simple perovskite in advanced oxidation
into three categories: (I) photocatalysis, which uses a combination of
ultraviolet or visible light and solid catalyst (Huan et al., 2019); (II)
perovskite catalyst catalyzes oxidation by activating persulfate to
generate sulfate radicals (Guo et al., 2020); (III) the other catalytic
methods, including ozone catalysis (Zhang et al., 2018), electrocatalysis
(Sahmi et al., 2018) and wet catalytic oxidation (Garcia-Muñoz et al.,
2019; Palas et al., 2018; Taran et al., 2016), etc. To reflect the appli­
cations and mechanisms of various simple perovskites in different
advanced oxidation processes, the relevant published work is summa­
rized in Table 2 and Table 3.
3.4.1. Photocatalysis
In the literature, photocatalytic oxidation has been applied to the
treatment of wastewater and has been proven to effectively degrade
organic pollutants, such as Rh B (Huan et al., 2019), methylparaben
(Orak et al., 2017), and pharmaceutical wastewater including doxoru­
bicin (Dumitru et al., 2019), ciprofloxacin (Rokesh et al., 2020), and

6
 N. Lin et al.
Table 3
Summary of simple perovskites for Fenton catalysis, persulfate activation and other AOPs of organic pollutants.
Degradation Catalyst (Amount) Organics Reaction conditions Degradation TOC Main active Active Ion leaching (mg⋅L− 1) Ref.
method (Concentration) species sites
pH Temperature Oxidant
concentration

Fenton catalysis KNbO3 (0.8 g/L) DPS (0.16 mol⋅L− 1) 60 ℃ 0.16 mol⋅L− 1
77.1% ⋅OH (Marchena et al.,
NaNbO3 (0.8 g/L) (H2O2) 55.4% 2016.)
LiNbO3 (0.8 g/L) 55.1%
Persulfate BaCoO3 (0.2 g/L) Phenol (20 mg⋅L− 1) 7 25 ℃ 10− 4 mol⋅L− 1
84% 32% SO4•− , •OH Co2+, negligible (Hammouda et al.,
activation CeCoO3 (0.2 g/L) (PMS) 80% 35% Co3+ 2017a)
LaCoO3 (0.2 g/L) 95% 65%
SrCoO3 (0.2 g/L) 100% 68%
1
LaMnO3 (0.2 g/L) Rh B (20 ppm) 3 35 ℃ 0.8 g⋅L− (PMS) 86% SO4•− ,• Mn3+, 4.25 mg⋅L− 1
(Li et al., 2020)
La1.15MnO3+δ (0.2 g/ 100% OH,1O2 Mn4+ 0.01 mg⋅L− 1

L)
LaCoO3 (0.05 g/L) CBZ (21.16 μmol/L) 6 0.5 mmol⋅L− 1 100% SO4•− , •OH Co2+, 0.089 mg⋅L− 1
(Guo et al., 2020)
(PMS) Co3+
LaCoO3 (500 mg/L) PBSA (5.0 mg/L) 7.3 5.0 mmol/L (PMS) 100% SO4•− , •OH Co2+, La:5.36 mg⋅L− 1 (Pang et al., 2016)
Co3+ Co:2.69 mg⋅L− 1
LaCoO3 (0.5 g⋅L− 1) Herbicides (1 mg/L) 7 20 ℃ 10− 4 mol⋅L− 1 > 90% SO4•− , •OH < 0.2 mg⋅L− 1 (R.Solís et al., 2017)
7

(PMS)
− 1
LaFeO3 (1.0 g⋅L ) Rh B (20 mg/L) 8.0 3.552 mM (PMS) 99.1% SO4•− , •OH < 5% (Meng et al., 2020)
LaFeO3 (0.1 g⋅L− 1) Diclofena 7.0 0.5 mM (PMS) 100% SO4•− , •OH Fe2+, Negligible (Rao et al., 2018)
(0.025 mM) Fe3+
BiFeO3 (0.5 g⋅L− 1) BPAF (5 mg/L) 25 ℃ 0.25 mM (PMS) 94.7% 50.5% SO4•− ,• Fe2+, (Wang et al., 2020a)
OH,1O2 Fe3+
CaMnO3 (0.75 g⋅L− 1) Phenol (50 mg⋅L− 1) 10 3 mM (PMS) 100% 94% SO4•− ,• Mn3+, < 0.1 mg/L (Wang et al., 2020b)
OH,1O2 Mn4+
− 1
LaNiO3 OFX 7 25 ℃ 0.5 g⋅L (PMS) 93% • OH,1O2 Ni2+ (Gao et al., 2019)
(0.2 g⋅L− 1) (10 mg⋅L− 1)
Other AOPs LaCoO3 (0.5 g⋅L− 1) BZA (10 mg/L) 6.4 Room 2 mg/L (O3) 100% 65% O2− ,•OH Co2+, (Zhang et al., 2018)
temperature Co3+
LaMnO3 (0.3 g⋅L− 1) 2-chlorophenol 5.56 25 ℃ 20 mg/L (O3) 100% 80% • OH Mn3+, 0.1 mg⋅L− 1
(Afzal et al., 2017)
(50 mg/L) Mn4+

Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

− 1
LaFeO3 (0.3 g⋅L ) 68%
LaFeO3 (5 g⋅L− 1) Phenol (0.1 mol/L) 3 30 ℃ 0.7 mol/L (H2O2) 100% 36% Fe2+, 5.2 mg⋅L− 1
(Taran et al., 2016)
Fe3+
LaFeO3 (0.5 g⋅L− 1) BZA (10 mg/L) 6.4 Room 2 mg/L (O3) 100% 65% O2− , •OH Fe2+, (Zhang et al., 2018)
temperature Fe3+
LaFeO3 (0.5 g⋅L− 1) 4-chlorophenol 125 mg/L (H2O2) 100% 85% 2 mg/L (Garcia-Muñoz et al.,
(25 mg/L) 2019)
N. Lin et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

Fig. 4. (a) Effect of various scavengers on the visible-light photocatalytic activity of LaFeO3 towards the degradation of phenol. (b) Proposed mechanism of visible
light induced photocatalytic removal of phenol by LaFeO3 nanocrystalline (Arif et al., 2019).

Fig. 5. Proposed mechanism of PMS activation with LaCoO3 (Guo et al., 2020).

salicylic acid (Yadav et al., 2018), etc. In addition, simple
perovskite-type catalysts (BiFeO3, LaFeO3, LaCuO3, and BaTiO3) are
often used for water treatments because of their high catalytic potential
and almost no considerable hazardous effect on the environment (Palas
et al., 2017; Yadav et al., 2018).
In last 6 years, researchers have done a lot of work on photocatalysis
based on simple perovskite. For example, BiFeO3 was tested as photo­
catalyst to degrade doxorubicin (DOX), a well-known anti-cancer drug.
The comparative results of photolysis and photocatalytic degradation of
DOX under UV irradiation showed that BiFeO3 had strong photocatalytic
activity for the degradation and mineralization of DOX in water. The
application of BiFeO3-based photocatalysis could increase the degrada­
tion efficiency of DOX from 41% to 79% (Dumitru et al., 2019).
Another simple perovskite are frequently studied is LaFeO3. Arif
et al. used citric acid as a sacrificial agent to synthesize LaFeO3 by the gel
combustion method, and studied the performance of adsorption/pho­
todegradation of phenol in pharmaceutical wastewater. Experimental
results showed that LaFeO3 nanocrystalline exhibited an exceptional
photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation under the optimal con­
dition (Arif et al., 2019).

8
N. Lin et al.
The photocatalytic mechanism of LaFeO3 nanocrystals was deter­
mined by free radical capture experiments. The results indicated that
holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (•O2-) were the main reaction species
in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol (Fig. 4(a)). The photo­
catalytic mechanism of phenol removal was shown in Fig. 4(b). Firstly,
the absorption of photon energy by LeFeO3 nanocrystals caused electron
excitation from VB to CB and left holes at VB (Eq. (2)) (Jamali et al.,
2017; Shi et al., 2020). Although the valence band of LaFeO3 was rela­
tively low to generate enough hydroxyl radicals (•OH) for phenol
degradation, the photogenerated holes on VB with high oxidative po­
tential would oxidize phenol directly (Eq. (3)). The experiment pointed
that O2 was important for electrons-hole separation (Jamali et al.,
2017). Due to the theoretically more negative conduction band (CB) of
LaFeO3, the photogenerated electrons could reduce the molecular oxy­
gen into superoxide radicals (Eq. (4)). In addition, the superoxide rad­
icals would react with H2O and H+ to form⋅HO2− and H2O2 (Eqs. (5, 6)),
which were used to degrade phenol (Eq. (7)).
( )
LaFeO3 + hv→LaFeO3 e−CB + h+ VB (2)
h+
VB + phenol→CO2 + H2 O (3)
e−CB + O2 →⋅O−2 (4)
⋅O−2 + H2 O→⋅HO−2 + OH − (5)
O−2 + H + + e−CB →H2 O2 (6)
OH + O−2 + HO−2 + phenol→CO2 + H2 O (7)
3.4.2. Persulfate activation
Advanced oxidation processes based on sulfate radical has received
more and more attention over the past few years. Sulfate radical (SO4•− )
possesses a higher redox potential and longer lifetime (2.5–3.1 V, ~40
µs) as compared with hydroxyl radical (1.8–2.7 V, ~1µs), which allows
SO4•− radicals to have greater mass transfer capacity and longer
pollutant contact time (Hammouda et al., 2017a; Liu et al., 2021).
Combining transition metals, such as Co2+, Fe2+ and Mn2+, with PMS
to generate SO4•− have been reported as an efficient water purification
method (Guo et al., 2020; Liang et al., 2021). Cobalt-containing mate­
rials exhibit an outstanding catalytic ability in PMS activation and have
been extensively studied. The presence of OVs and cobalt oxygen bonds
in LaCoO3 provide more reaction sites for PMS activation (Pang et al.,
2016). For example, Liang et al. fabricated LaCoO3− δ with A or B
cationic defects to decompose BPA by activating PMS (Liang et al.,
2021). In addition to hydroxyl radicals, sulfate and singlet oxygen also
played a role in reaction. The Co (II) sites, hydroxyl and OVs on the
catalyst surface were main active sites for PMS activation. The B-cati­
on-deficient LaCo0.9O3-δ exhibited excellent catalytic activity due to its
high charge transfer capacity, abundant Co (II) sites, surface hydroxyl
and OVs.
Although Cobalt (II) can effectively activate PMS to generate active
oxygen, it isn’t the best choice due to its potential environmental
pollution. As the second most abundant element on the earth, iron is not
considered to pose a potential risk to human health or ecological system.
LaFeO3 had been reported to show excellent performance in activating
PMS and degrading DCF. The main contribution of PMS to DCF degra­
dation was attributed to the promotion of Fe (III) and HSO5- and Fe3+-
Fe2+-Fe3+ redox cycles (Rao et al., 2019). In addition to iron-based pe­
rovskites, manganese-based and other perovskites, such as LaNiO3, also
exhibit high catalytic activity and stability (Gao et al., 2019; Wang et al.,
2020a, 2020b). The oxygen defect is proven to be one of the key pa­
rameters determining the activation efficiency of PMS. Oxygen defects
on the surface of the perovskite will reduce the activation energy, thus
promoting the self-decomposition of PMS to generate more 1O2.
Taking LaCoO3 and CBZ as examples, Guo et al. put forward the
9
Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637
activation mechanism of LaCoO3 to PMS, as shown in Fig. 5 (Guo et al.,
2020). Due to the electrostatic interaction, PMS was firstly adsorbed on
the surface of LaCoO3 perovskite, and then LaCoO3 activated the PMS by
single electron transfer process to generate active species. (Eqs. (8) -
(14)). Co(III) on the surface of LaCoO3 was reduced to Co (II) by PMS
while HSO5- was oxidized to SO5⋅-. The resulted SO5⋅- was further
reduced by Co (II) to SO4⋅-. Meanwhile, the Co (II) on the catalyst surface
could interact with -OH and HSO5- to form a Co (II) - (OH) OSO3-
complex (Eq. (11)).
Co3+ + HSO−5 →Co2+ + ⋅ SO5− + H + (8)
Co2+ + ⋅ SO5− + H + →Co2+ + − OH + SO⋅−4 (9)
2Co2+ + 2⋅ SO5− + 2H2 O→2Co2+ + 2 ⋅OH + O2 + 2SO⋅−4 + 2H + (10)
Co2+ + OH + HSO−5 →Co2+ + (OH)OSO−3 + OH − (11)
Co2+ + (OH)OSO−3 →Co3+ + − OH + SO⋅−4 (12)
Co2+ + HSO−5 + V ⋅⋅o →Co3+ + SO⋅−4 + H + + Oxo (13)
SO⋅−4 + H2 O→SO2−4 + ⋅OH + H + (14)
/
SO⋅−4 ⋅OH + CBZ→CO2 + H2 O (15)
Where V ⋅⋅0 noted a doubly charged oxygen vacancy and Ox0 was the ox­
ygen ion in oxygen vacancy. Finally, the generated SO4⋅- were reacted
with H2O to produce⋅OH. The generated ROS could react with CBZ to
achieve the purpose of mineralizing pollutants, as described in Eqs. (14)
and (15).
3.4.3. Other AOPs
In addition to photocatalysis and persulfate activation, perovskites
also exhibit excellent activity in other advanced oxidation technologies,
such as catalytic ozonation (Zhang et al., 2018), catalytic wet peroxide
oxidation (Garcia-Muñoz et al., 2019; Palas et al., 2018; Taran et al.,
2016), piezo-catalyst (Amiri et al., 2020) and so on (Dükkancı, 2018;
Sahmi et al., 2018).
Ozonation shows good degradability to emerging pollutants in
wastewater, but bromate inhibition in catalytic ozonation process is still
a challenge. Zhang et al. used perovskite as catalyst and showed good
performance in simultaneous degradation of benzotriazole (BZA) and
elimination of bromate during catalytic ozonation (Zhang et al., 2018).
It was found that hydroxyl radicals were the dominant active oxygen
species, which led to high catalytic activity (Afzal et al., 2017).
Wet air oxidation is an effective AOP which usually applied for the
treatment refractory organic wastewater. Since wet air oxidation is
performed under high temperatures and pressures results high equip­
ment and operating costs. The use of appropriate catalysts can reduce
the requirements of reaction conditions and significantly improve the
oxidation efficiency, make catalytic wet oxidation a large-scale indus­
trial application technology (Palas et al., 2018). Researchers examined
the catalytic performance of perovskite oxides LaBO3 (B = Cu, Fe, Co, Ni,
Mn) for wet peroxide oxidation of phenol (Taran et al., 2016). Studies
had showed that the catalytic activity was only observed in Fe-based and
Cu-based perovskites, LaCuO3 demonstrated higher catalytic activity
than LaFeO3 while LaFeO3 was more stable to the leaching of active
ingredients.
Piezoelectric catalysis has been proposed as an effective strategy to
solve wastewater pollution. Amiri et al. studied the piezoelectric cata­
lytic performance of PbTiO3 perovskite synthesized by hydrothermal
method. The results showed that the ROS generated by the ultrasonic
vibration of PbTiO3, including⋅O2-,⋅OH and h+, played a dominant role
in the piezoelectric purification of organic pollutants. These ROS
resulted the degradation of 69.7% of acid red 143 and 96.05% of acid
N. Lin et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

black (Amiri et al., 2020).
4. Composite perovskite
4.1. Introduction and properties
Generally speaking, perovskite can be ion-doped at A and/or B-site
under the premise of maintaining structural stability, and the
substituted ions can be used as redox pairs to promote electron transfer.
In addition, oxygen vacancies will also be formed as extra reaction sites
to capture free electrons, delaying the electron-hole recombination rate
to produce more ROS. In conclusion, element doping is an effective
method to improve perovskite performance (Chen et al., 2020b). Apart
from these advantages, perovskite composites showed synergy and
interfacial effects among various components (for example,
Sr3.2La0.8Fe1.5Co1.5O10-δ (Oliva et al., 2017), BiFeO3 @GdFeO3 (Sub­
ramanian et al., 2019)), which provide more flexibility for catalyst
design. Particularly, heterostructure in perovskites has been proved
great advantages in regulating conductivity and oxygen deficiency (Zhu
et al., 2020).

Table 4
Summary of synthesis methods and properties of composite perovskites.
Modification Catalyst Synthesis Crystal Particle size BET Pore Pore Ref.
method parameters structure surface volume diameter
area (m3 g− 1) (nm)
(m2 g− 1)
Substitution La0.5Sr0.5CuO3 Drying:120 ℃,14 h; Monoclinic 3.79 (Kumar et al.,
of A-site Calcination:750 ℃,5 h 2020)
La0.4Sr1.05MnO4− δ Calcination:900 ℃, 6 h Octahedral 100 18.838 (Zhu et al., 2020)
Sr3.2La0.8Fe1.5Co1.5O10-δ Calcination:900 ℃,10 h Tetragonal 100–8000 1.38 18–28.4 (Oliva et al., 2017)
La1− xTixFeO3 Calcination:600 ℃,2 h; Orthorhombic 20 5 (Garcia-Muñoz
800 ℃, 2 h et al., 2020b)
La0.7Mg0.3FeO3 Drying:120 ℃, 8 h; Orthorhombic 24.71 16.1968 (Vijayaraghavan
Calcination:800 ℃, 2 h et al., 2020)
Sr0.85Ce0.15FeO3-δ Self-ignition:220 ℃; Cubic 132 25 0.04 (Tummino et al.,
Calcination:1000 ℃,5 h 2017)
La1− xTixFeO3 Calcination:60 ℃, 2 h; Orthorhombic 35 5 (Garcia-Muñoz
800 ℃, 2 h et al., 2020c)
Substitution LaAl1− xCuxO3 Heating:180 ℃, 12 h; Pseudocubic 18.453 1–100 (Chen et al.,
of B-site Calcination:800 ℃, 2 h 2020c)
Sr2FeCuO6 Drying:100 ℃, 12 h; Monoclinic 27 3.705 0.005 (Hammouda et al.,
Calcination:700 ℃, 5 h 2019)
LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 Calcination:600 ℃, 4 h Orthorhombic 63.8 25.6 0.14 (Wang et al.,
2019b)
La0.5Ba0.5Co0.8Mn0.2O3-δ Drying:110 ℃, overnight; Cubic 500–1000 0.86 0.004 (Wang et al.,
Calcination:900 ℃, 5 h 2020h)
LaCu0.5Mn0.5O3 Drying:110 ℃, 16 h; Orthorhombic 185–194 0.102 30–40 (del Álamo et al.,
Calcination:700 ℃,5 h 2020)
LaNi0.75W0.25O3 Calcination:680 ℃ Orthorhombic 10–50 38 3.5 (Xu et al., 2016b)
SrCo0.8Ti0.2O3-δ Combust: 250 ℃, 5 h Cubic 1–20 0.5 (Miao et al., 2017)
Calcination:1000 ℃, 6 h
Sr2NiMoO6 Heat treatment: 900 ℃ Tetragonal 20–50 31.7 7 (Xu et al., 2016a)
Metal oxide LaFeO3/Al2O3 Drying: 105 ℃, overnight; Orthorhombic 30–40 105.6 0.34 9.4 (Wu et al., 2019)
supported Calcination:700 ℃
LaFeO3-La2O3 Combusted:250 ◦ C,5 h; Orthorhombic 50–80 8.62 (Li et al., 2018)
Calcination:800 ℃,6 h
CeO2-LaMO3 Drying: 100 ℃, 24 h; Orthorhombic 20.6 13.4867 0.004853 10.978 (Hammouda et al.,
Calcination:700 ℃, 5 h 2017b)
Others Pd NPs/KNbO3 Drying: 80 ℃; Orthorhombic 560–634 11.78 (Raja et al., 2019)
Calcination:900 ℃, 12 h
Ag/LaTiO3 Heating: 180 ◦ C, 24 h; Orthorhombic 4.03 40.3 (Shawky et al.,
Drying: 100 ℃, 24 h 2020)
g-C3N4/ LaCoO3 Drying: 80 ℃, overnight; Rhombohedral 32.8 0.12 14.6 (Zhang et al.,
Calcination:350–550 ℃, 2 h 2019b)
LaCu0.5Co0.5O3- Drying: 100 ℃, 12 h; Rhombohedral 18.8 0.16 1.4–5.6 (Wang et al.,
MMT0.2/CNx Calcination:600 ℃, 4 h 2020a)
Al2O3/LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 Impregnation: 12 h; Rhombohedral 85 34.3 0.067 3.83 (Wang et al.,
@CM Calcination:600 ℃, 4 h 2020c)
Pb-BiFeO3/rGO MW treat: 190 ℃, 300 W, Rhombohedra 10000–15000 84.2 0.5 3.3 (Li et al., 2017)
30 min;
Drying: 70 ℃, 2 h
NaNbO3/g-C3N4 Heating: 150 ℃, 4 h; Orthorhombic 40–50 8.34 0.047 (Zhang et al.,
Drying: 105 ℃; 2020a)
Calcination:550 ℃, 4 h
SrCo0.6Ti0.4O3-δ Combusting: 250 ℃, 5 h; Cubic 10 22.1 (Zhu et al., 2018)
@CoOOH Calcination: 1000 ℃, 6 h;
Hydrothermal treatment
Ce/LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 @CS Age: 6 h; 60–100 30.2 0.075 3.83 (Wang et al.,
Impregnation: 4 h; 2020d)
Calcination:600 ℃, 4 h
LaFe0.5Cu0.5O3-CA Calcination:600 ℃, 3 h Rhombohedral 50–70 86.74 0.35 30.33 (Wang et al.,
2018b)

10
N. Lin et al.
4.2. Classification and design
4.2.1. Substitution of A-site
Perovskites allow partial substitution of the cation A with another
cation to form a compound with the general formula AA’BO6 (Chen
et al., 2018). It is generally believed that the catalytic performance of
perovskite is only determined by the B-site metal ion while A-site ion is
inert for catalytic reactions. However, the A-position cation may influ­
ence the electronic structure of the B-position cation, thereby indirectly
affecting the catalytic behavior (Miao et al., 2019). It has been proved
that A-site element has a considerable influence on the lattice parame­
ters, cell volume and binding energy of perovskite (Chen et al., 2020b).
Miao et al. reported that the catalytic activity of LaMnO3 on waste­
water was significantly improved by A-site doping of Sr2+ (Miao et al.,
2019). Compared with LaMnO3, the strontium ion doping significantly
enhanced the formation rate of 1O2. Yu et al. chosen the double perov­
skite La2NiMnO6 with narrow-Eg for the photocatalytic degradation of
TC, and replaced La3+ in La2NiMnO6 with Sr2+ to introduce OVs and
improve EVB (Yu et al., 2019). The highest EVB, most amount of OVs,
longest lifetime and fastest photogenerated carrier transmission speed
were observed in La1.9Sr0.1NiMnO6. In perovskite, varying the ratio of
cations or doping cations with different valence states could change the
electronic structure, which dictated the activity of material (Verduzco
et al., 2018). In order to improve the conductivity and activity of
LaCoO3, Chen et al. prepared Sr0.3La0.7Mn0.4Co0.6O3-δ by properly
substituting Sr at A-site and Mn at B-site (Chen et al., 2020b). The for­
mation of oxygen vacancies by ion doping trapped electrons to impede
the recombination of the electron-hole pair and prolong the existence
time of hole, thus generated more⋅OH.
4.2.2. Substitution of B-site
The catalytic performance of perovskite is mainly related to the
choice of B-site cation due to the affection to electron transfer ability in
redox reactions (Wang et al., 2020h). The partial substitution of B-site
elements can accelerate the electron transfer between redox pairs of the
B-site cations with different valences, and further enhance the catalytic
activity. Therefore, reasonable adjustment of the B site in the perovskite
will promote the development of high-performance catalysts by intro­
ducing oxygen vacancies and accelerating the redox pairing of multi­
valent metal sites.
Lanthanum-based perovskites are often used in the construction of B-
site doped perovskites. Chen et al. synthesized a new type of spherical
Cu-doped LaAlO3 perovskite and used it as a PMS activator to degrade
four drugs, including thiamphenicol (TAP), ibuprofen (IBF), paraceta­
mol (PR) and diclofenac sodium (DCF) (Chen et al., 2020c). The results
indicated that the synergistic action of electron transfer and oxygen
defect was responsible for ROS production. The catalyst generated large
amounts of⋅OH, SO4⋅- and 1O2 by promoting electron transfer efficiency
of Cu ion redox cycle and providing a large number of oxygen defects.
These reactive oxygen species played a key role in effectively degrading
pharmaceuticals, the removal rate was more than 95% within 30 min.
LaFeO3 is one of the most studied perovskites for photocatalysis because
of its high stability, suitable band gap width and visible light response
(Jamali et al., 2017). In addition, the flexible structure of perovskite
allows the introduction of different ionic species. Attempts have been
made by researchers to improve the photocatalytic activity of LaFeO3 by
B-site doping of different metal ions. Dhiman et al. synthesized
LaMn0.2M0.2Fe0.6O3 perovskites by substituting Fe in LaFeO3 with
different metal ions (where M = Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+).
Except for chromium ion, the substitution of other metal ions showed
enhanced photocatalytic performance of dye degradation. The increased
photocatalytic capacity could be attributed to defects and smaller band
gap values caused by metal ion substitution. (Dhiman et al., 2017). Pan
et al. fabricated a defective Cu-substituted LaCuxFe1− xO3-δ by adjusting
the Cu substitution ratio by citric acid complex method (Pan et al.,
2020). DFT calculation proved that the presence of electron-rich region
11
Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637
around Cu played an important role in the generation of •OH and the
electron transport. The existence of OVs enhanced the oxidation ca­
pacity of Fe and the reduction capacity of Cu, further improved the ef­
ficiency of electron transfer. For advanced oxidation reactions based on
persulfate, the redox cycle between Fe and Cu, along with surface hy­
droxyl group, were involved in the activation of PMS (Wang et al.,
2019b).
4.2.3. Metal oxide supported perovskites
So far, the cationic doping at A or B site of perovskite oxide is the
most commonly used modification strategy to enhance the catalytic
activity, but this may be limited by the low solubility of certain metal
elements in material processing. In addition, the perovskites used in
most AOPs are usually a bulk powder with a relatively low surface area,
because the perovskite particles tend to pack closely, which limites the
catalytic activity of the perovskite. In order to solve this problem, the
introduction of carriers in the design of perovskite oxides is an effective
strategy. The physicochemical properties and catalytic performances of
the catalyst are closely related to the type and properties of the carrier
used, including large surface area, large oxygen mobility and conduc­
tivity (Wu et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019a, 2019b,2019c).
Al2O3 have been widely used as catalyst carrier due to its high sta­
bility and large specific surface area (Wu et al., 2019). Zhang et al.
loaded LaCoO3 on Al2O3 and investigated the activation performance of
PMS by degrading ATZ. The composite catalyst showed acceptable ATZ
degradation rate after repeated cycle experiments (Zhang et al., 2019a).
Hollow fibre membranes with submicron pores, larger surface areas and
outstanding mechanical properties are becoming a promising micro­
reactor in industrial applications. Al2O3 is also widely used to prepare
hollow fiber carriers due to its unique properties. Researchers synthe­
sized Ag-La0.8Ca0.2Fe0.95O3-δ/Al2O3 composite hollow fibres and
exhibited high catalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue
(Han et al., 2019). Compared with powder catalysts, hollow fibres
possessed higher significance to the industry applications.
For perovskite materials, the improvement of photocatalytic per­
formance can be achieved by forming heterojunctions between carriers
and perovskite. Due to its excellent characteristics, TiO2 maintains
excellent photocatalytic performance. However, its wider band gap
value limites its application (Soltanabadi et al., 2018). One method to
overcome the problem is preparing a heterojunction photocatalyst by
coupling TiO2 with another narrow bandgap semiconductor used as a
visible light photosensitizer (Garcia-Muñoz et al., 2020a). Chen et al.
synthesized LaNiO3/TiO2 composite photocatalysts by in-situ sol-gel
method (Chen et al., 2020a). The synthetic photocatalyst extended light
absorption range to visible region while performed higher photo­
catalytic ability than TiO2 and LaNiO3 in degradation of antibiotic cip­
rofloxacin. The enhancement of catalytic performance was mainly due
to the formation of S-scheme heterostructure, which increased the sep­
aration rate of electron-hole pair.
In addition to Al2O3 and TiO2, various metal oxides, such as La2O3 (Li
et al., 2018), ZrO2, CeO2 (Hammouda et al., 2017b), etc., are also used as
supporters for perovskite-type oxides. The summary information is lis­
ted in Table 4.
4.2.4. Other supported perovskites
In addition to metal oxides, perovskite can also be compounded with
many other materials to achieve the purpose of changing properties,
including single-atom noble metals (Chu et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2019;
Raja et al., 2019; Zhang and Liu, 2019), carbon-based materials (Li et al.,
2017; Wang et al., 2020a; Zhang et al., 2019b), silicon carbide (Gar­
cia-Munoz et al., 2020d), et al.
Silver nanoparticles can be used as co-catalyst to promote free
radical formation and improve the bactericidal ability (Nanaji et al.,
2019; Sánchez et al., 2020). Chu et al. reported that silver-doped
perovskite (Ag-La0.8Ca0.2Fe0.94O3-δ)/PMS system was efficient in
removal of phenol, methylene blue and rhodamine 6 G. Silver
 Table 5
Summary of composite perovskites for photocatalysis and microwave catalysis of organic pollutants.

N. Lin et al.
Degradation Catalyst (Amount) Organics Reaction conditions Degradation TOC Main active Active Activity order Ref.
method (Concentration) species sites
Oxidant Irradiation time
concentration

Photocatalysis La1.9Sr0.1NiMnO6 TC 90 min, 350 W Xe 100% 83.9% ⋅OH, h+ La1.9Sr0.1NiMnO6 > (Yu et al., 2019)
(1 g/L) (10 mg/L) lamp La1.95Sr0.05NiMnO6 >
LaSrNiMnO6 >
La1.875Sr0.125NiMnO6
BiFeO3-GdFeO3 MB 9 h, natural sunlight 98% e-, h+ BiFeO3-GdFeO3 (Subramanian et al.,
(1 g/L) (10 mg/L) >BiFeO3 2019)
>GdFeO3
Sr0.85Ce0.15FeO3-δ Orange II(>85%), Rh 7 h, 1500 W Xenon > 90% ⋅OH,⋅O2- Sr0.85Ce0.15FeO3-δ (Tummino et al.,
(0.75 g/L) B(>95) lamp >SrFeO3 2017)
3+
LaNd0.1Fe0.9O3 SO 2 ml/L(H2O2) 400 W Hg lamp 97% ⋅OH Nd LaNd0.1Fe0.9O3 (Dhiman and
(0.5 g/L) (15 mg/L), RBY >LaNd0.08Fe0.92O3 Singhal, 2019)
(60 mg/L) >LaNd0.06Fe0.94O3
>LaNd0.04Fe0.96O3
>LaNd0.02Fe0.98O3
LaMn0.2Zn0.2Fe0.6O3 SO 2 ml/L(H2O2) 30 min, 400 W > 90% ⋅OH, h+ LaMn0.2Zn0.2Fe0.6O3 > LaMn0.2Cu0.2Fe0.6O3 (Dhiman et al.,
(0.2 g/L) (15 mg/L), RBY mercury lamp > LaMn0.2Ni0.2Fe0.6O3 > LaMn0.2Co0.2Fe0.6O3 2017)
(60 mg/L) > LaMn0.2Fe0.8O3 >
LaMn0.2Cr0.2Fe0.6O3
LaFeO3 @TiO2 Myclobutanil 240 min, 1700 W 100% 100% ⋅OH,⋅O2- Fe2+, 5.0-LFO/TiO2 > (Garcia-Muñoz et al.,
(1.0 g/L) (20 mg/L) Xenon arc lamp Fe3+ 2.5-LFO/TiO2 > 2020a)
7.5-LFO/TiO2 >
12.5-LFO/TiO2 >
LFO >
25LFO/TiO2
LaNiO3/TiO2 MO 300 W 100% ⋅OH,⋅O2- LaNiO3/TiO2 > LaNiO3 > TiO2 (Chen et al., 2020a)
(2.0 g/L) (10 mg/L) high-pressure Hg
12

lamp
W-BaTiO3 TC 100 mM H2O2 180 min, UV lamp 80% ⋅OH 5%W-BaTiO3 > 10%W-BaTiO3 > 15%W-BaTiO3 > 20%W- (Demircivi and
(0.2 g/L) (20 mg/L) BaTiO3 Simsek, 2019)
LaFeO3/g-C3N4 BB 60 min, 300 W 100% ⋅OH,⋅O2- LaFeO3-4/g-C3N4 > LaFeO3-10/g-C3N4 > LaFeO3-2/g-C3N4 (Wu et al., 2018)
(0.3 g/L) (25 mg/L) Xenon lamp > LaFeO3
LaFeO3/β-SiC 4-CP 125 mg/L 360 min, UV-A 100% 90% ⋅OH Fe2+, 10%-LaFeO3/β-SiC> 20%-LaFeO3/β-SiC> 5%-LaFeO3/ (Garcia-Munoz et al.,
(25 mg/L) (H2O2) irradiation Fe3+ β-SiC 2020d)
Microwave LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 SA 30 min, 480 W MW 85.8% ⋅O2-,⋅OH Co2+, LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 (Wang et al., 2019b)
catalysis (6 g/L) (5 mg/L) irradiation Co3+, >LaCo0.7Cu0.3O3
Cu1+, >LaCoO3
Cu2+ >LaCo0.3Cu0.7O3
>LaCuO3
LaCu0.5Co0.5O3- BPA 1.4 ml/L H2O2 14 min, 500 W MW 98.7% 72.4% ⋅OH,⋅O2-, Co2+, LaCu0.5Co0.5O3-MMT0.2/CN0.075 > LaCu0.5Co0.5O3- (Wang et al., 2020a)
MMT0.2/CNx (50 mg/L) irradiation h+ Co3+, MMT0.2/CN0.125 > LaCu0.5Co0.5O3-MMT0.2/CN0.025
(9.5 g/L) Cu1+,

Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

Cu2+
Al2O3/LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 SA 2 ml/L H2O2 5 min, 480 W MW 88.7% 64.2% ⋅OH, h+ Co2+, Al2O3/LaCo0.5Cu0.3O3 @CM>MgO/LaCo0.5Cu0.3O3 (Wang et al., 2020c)
@CM (10 mg/L) irradiation Co3+, @CM> LaCo0.5Cu0.3O3 @CM> LaCo0.5Cu0.3O3
(6.0 g/L) Cu1+,
Cu2+
Pb-BiFeO3/rGO PFOA 44 mg/L H2O2 5 min, 300 W MW 95% 50% ⋅OH Fe2+, Pb-BiFeO3/rGO> Pb-BiFeO3 > BiFeO3 (Li et al., 2017)
(1.0 g/L) (50 mg/L) irradiation Fe3+
Ce/LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 SA(10 mg/L) 2 ml/L H2O2 5 min, 480 W MW 93.8% 68.9% ⋅OH, h+ Cu1+, 10Ce/LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 @CS> 5Ce/LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 (Wang et al., 2020d)
@CS irradiation Cu2+, @CS> 15Ce/LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 @CS> LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 @CS
(6.0 g/L) Co2+,
Co3+,
Ce3+,
Ce4+
LaFe0.5Cu0.5O3-CA FB 8 min, 500 W MW 83.4% 82.54% ⋅OH,⋅O2-, Fe2+, LaFe0.5Cu0.5O3-CA > LaFe0.5Mn0.5O3-CA > LaFe0.5Cu0.5O3 (Wang et al., 2018b)
(0.4 g/L) (160 mg/L) irradiation h+ Fe3+, > LaFe0.5Mn0.5O3
Cu1+,
Cu2+
 Table 6

N. Lin et al.
Summary of simple perovskites for Fenton catalysis, persulfate activation and other AOPs of organic pollutants.
Degradation Catalyst (Amount) Organics Reaction conditions Degradation TOC Active Active Ion leaching Activity order Ref.
method (Concentration) species sites
pH Temperature Oxidant
concentration
1
Fenton La1− xTixFeO3 4-CP 25 ℃ 125 mg⋅L− 100% 75% Fe2+, < 0.001 mg/L La1− xTixFeO3 (Garcia-Muñoz
catalysis (0.5 g⋅L− 1) (25 mg⋅L− 1) Fe3+, >LaFeO3 et al., 2020c)
Ti3+,
Ti4+
3
LaCu0.8Mn0.2O3 Paracetamol 25 ℃ 13.8 × 10− 90% 54% Mn3+, Cu:0.38% LaCu0.8Mn0.2O3 (Carrasco-Díaz
(0.25 g⋅L− 1) (50 mg⋅L− 1) mol/L Mn4, Mn:0.11% >LaCu0.5Mn0.5O3 et al., 2016)
Cu1+, >LaCu0.5Ti0.5O3
Cu2+ >LaCu0.4Ti0.6O3
>LaCu0.2Ti0.8O3
LaAl0.95Cu0.05O3 2-CP 6.8 10 mM 100% 62% ⋅OH Cu1+, Cu:0.523 mg/L LaAl0.9Cu0.1O3 (Wang et al.,
(1 g⋅L− 1) (25 mg⋅L− 1) Cu2+ >LaAl0.95Cu0.05O3 2018a)
>LaAl0.98Cu0.02O3
>LaAl0.99Cu0.01O3
>LaAlO3
LaCu0.5Fe0.5O3-δ BPA 6 12 mM 92.1% 59.3% ⋅OH Fe2+, La:0.321 mg/L, LaCu0.5Fe0.5O3-δ (Pan et al.,
(1 g⋅L− 1) (20 mg⋅L− 1) Fe3+, Cu:0.248 mg/L >LaCu0.4Fe0.6O3-δ 2020)
Cu1+, >LaCu0.3Fe0.7O3-δ
Cu2+ >LaCu0.2Fe0.8O3-δ
>LaCu0.1Fe0.9O3-δ >LaFeO3-δ
1
LaFeO3-La2O3 MO 3 30 ℃ 0.198 M 100% O2,⋅ Fe2+, L1.15FO> (Li et al., 2018)
(0.5 g⋅L− 1) (5 ppm) OH Fe3+ LFO>
La2O3
1
Persulfate La0.4Sr0.6MnO3-δ Phenol 25 ℃ 6.5 mM 100% 70.12% O2 Mn3+, Mn:1.11 ppm La0.4Sr0.6MnO3-δ (Miao et al.,
activation (0.2 g⋅L− 1) (20 ppm) Mn4+ La:8.91 ppm >LaMnO3 2019)
13

1 1
La0.4Sr1.05MnO4− δ Phenol 25 ℃ 2 g⋅L− 100% O2, Mn3+, Mn:3.197 mg/L La0.4Sr1.05MnO4− δ (Zhu et al.,
(0.2 g⋅L− 1) (20 ppm) SO4⋅-,⋅ Mn4+ Sr:4.043 mg/L >La0.4Sr1.6MnO4− δ 2020)
OH >La0.4Sr0.6MnO4− δ
1
La0.5Sr0.5FeO3 2,4-D 4.65 1 mM 100% 45% O2, Fe2+, 0.15 mg/L La0.5Sr0.5FeO3 (Cheng et al.,
(0.6 g⋅L− 1) (10 mg⋅L− 1) SO4⋅- Fe3+ >LaFeO3 2020)
1
LaAl1− xCuxO3 TAP 7 0.8 mM 97.4% 71.4% O2, Cu1+, Cu:< 1.0 mg/L LaAl0.8Cu0.2O3 (Chen et al.,
(0.25 g⋅L− 1) (5 mg⋅L− 1) SO4⋅-, Cu2+ >LaAlO3 2020c)
OH
LaFe0.8Cu0.2O3-δ ATZ 10 0.5 mM 100% 52% SO4⋅- Fe2+, Cu:4.3 mg/L LaFe0.5Cu0.5O3-δ (Wang et al.,
(0.5 g⋅L− 1) (23 μM) Fe3+, >LaFe0.6Cu0.4O3-δ 2019b)
Cu1+, >LaFe0.7Cu0.3O3-δ
Cu2+ >LaFe0.8Cu0.2O3-δ
>LaFe0.9Cu0.1O3-δ
>LaFeO3-δ

Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

1 1
La0.5Ba0.5Co0.8Mn0.2O3- Phenol 6.5 25 ℃ 1 g⋅L− 100% O2 Mn3+, Co2+:0.81 mg/L La0.5Ba0.5Co0.8Mn0.2O3-δ > (Wang et al.,
δ (25 mg⋅L− 1) Mn4, Mn4+:0.14 mg/L La0.5Ba0.5Co0.5Mn0.5O3-δ > 2020h)
− 1
(0.1 g⋅L ) Co2+, La0.5Ba0.5Co0.2Mn0.8O3-δ
Co3+
1
LaCo0.4Cu0.6O3 Phenol 25 ℃ 0.2 g⋅L− 99% 30% SO4⋅-,⋅ Co2+, Co2+:1.37 mg/L LaCo0.4Cu0.6O3 > (Lu et al., 2018)
(0.1 g⋅L− 1) (20 mg⋅L− 1) OH Co3+, LaCoO3
Cu1+,
Cu2+
Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ Phenol 8 6.5 mM 100% 24.3% SO4⋅-,⋅ Co2+, Co2+:0.75 mg/L Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (Duan et al.,
(0.1 g⋅L− 1) (20 mg⋅L− 1) OH Co3+ >Co3O4 2018)
− 1
PrBaCo2O5+δ Phenol 7 25 ℃ 2 g⋅L 100% 88.6% SO4⋅-,⋅ Co2+, 2+
Co :1.7 mg/L PrBaCo2O5+δ (Su et al., 2017)
(0.1 g⋅L− 1) (20 mg⋅L− 1) OH Co3+ >Co3O4
1
LaCo0.5Mn0.5O3+δ Phenol 6.7 25 ℃ 2 g⋅L− 100% 67% SO4⋅- Mn3+, Co2+:4.07 mg/L LaCoO3 > (Miao et al.,
(0.1 g⋅L− 1) (20 mg⋅L− 1) Mn4, LaCo0.5Mn0.5O3+δ 2018)
> LaCo0.7Mn0.3O3+δ
(continued on next page)
 N. Lin et al.
Table 6 (continued )
Degradation Catalyst (Amount) Organics Reaction conditions Degradation TOC Active Active Ion leaching Activity order Ref.
method (Concentration) species sites
pH Temperature Oxidant
concentration

Co2+, > LaCo0.3Mn0.7O3+δ

Co3+ > LaMnO3
La2CoMnO6− δ ATZ room 1 mM 73% 21% SO4⋅-,⋅ Mn3+, La2CoMnO6− δ (Luo et al.,
(0.1 g⋅L− 1) (10 μM) temperature OH Mn4, >CoFe2O4 > 2019)
Co2+, Co3O4 >MnO2
Co3+
SrCo0.8Ti0.2O3− δ Phenol 9 25 ℃ 2 g/L 100% 82% SO4⋅-,⋅ Co2+, Co2+:3.1–5.4 mg/L SrCo0.8Ti0.2O3− δ (Miao et al.,
(0.1 g⋅L− 1) (20 mg⋅L− 1) OH Co3+ > SrCo0.9Ti0.1O3− δ 2017)
> SrCo0.6Ti0.4O3− δ
> SrCo0.4Ti0.6O3− δ
Sr2CoFeO6 BPF 3 55 ℃ 0.1 mM 72.35% 67% SO4⋅- Co:0.59 mg/L, Sr2CoFeO3 > SrCoO3 (Hammouda
(0.3 g⋅L− 1) (20 mg⋅L− 1) Fe:0.48 mg/L > SrFeO3 et al., 2018)
LaCoO3/Al2O3 ATZ 6.8 100 mg/L 78.8% 30.8% SO4⋅-,⋅ Co2+, Co:0.001 mg/L, LaCoO3 (Zhang et al.,
(0.1 g⋅L− 1) (5 mg⋅L− 1) OH Co3+ > 23 wt% LaCoO3/Al2O3 2019a)
LaFeO3/Al2O3 AO7 (20 mg⋅L− 1) 3 0.5 mM 86.2% 56.5% SO4⋅-,⋅ La:5.13 mg/L, LaFeO3/Al2O3 (Wu et al.,
(0.1 g⋅L− 1) OH Fe:0.007 mg/L > LaFeO3 2019)
> LaFeO3/CeO2
> LaFeO3/SiO2
> LaFeO3/TiO2
Ag-La0.8Ca0.2Fe0.94O3-δ MB (10 mg/L) 5.5 0.24 g/L 90% SO4⋅-,⋅ Fe2+, Ag-La0.8Ca0.2Fe0.94O3-δ (Chu et al.,
(1 g/L) OH Fe3+ > LaCaFeO3-δ > Fe3O4 2018)
14

> LaFeO3
Other AOPs La0.5Sr0.5CuO3 Acrylic acid 3 65 ℃ 150 mg/L 86.79% 71.57% ⋅OH Cu1+, 1.56 mg/L La0.5Sr0.5CuO3 (Kumar et al.,
(0.6 g⋅L− 1) (100 mg/L) Cu2+ >La0.5Sr0.5FeO3 2020)
>La0.5Sr0.5NiO3
1
SrxLa1− xMnyCo1− yO3-δ AN 7 35 ℃ AN:98.23% O2,⋅ SrxLa1− xMnyCo1− yO3-δ (Chen et al.,
(200 mg/L), MO MO:99.61% O2-,⋅OH >LaCoO3 2020b)
(20 mg/L)
1
Me0.25Sr0.25Co0.5O Orange II 20 ℃ 89% O2,⋅ Co2+, Mg0.25Sr0.25Co0.5O (Chen et al.,
(1 g/L) (20 mg/L) OH Co3+ >Ba0.25Sr0.25Co0.5O 2018)
>SrCo0.5O
>Ca0.25Sr0.25Co0.5O
LnFe0.8Co0.2O3 (0.02 g/ 2-HBA 3–4 100 ℃ 1.2 ml/L 85% ⋅OH Fe2+, PrFe0.8Co0.2O3 (Gupta and
L) (100 ppm) Fe3+ >LaFe0.8Co0.2O3 Rakesh, 2019)
>LaFeO3

Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

>PrFeO3
Sr2FeCuO6 (0.2 g/L) Cotinine 3 25 ℃ 93% ⋅OH Fe2+, < 0.001 mg/L Sr2FeCuO6 (Hammouda
(34 mg/L) Fe3+, > SrFeO6 et al., 2019)
Cu1+, > SrCuO6
Cu2+
1
Mn2O3/LaMnO3-δ OA (50 mg/L) 6.8 25 ℃ 100% 95% O2,⋅ Mn3+, < 0.2 mg/L Mn2O3/LaMnO3-δ > Mn2O3 (Wang et al.,
(0.2 g/L) O2-,⋅OH Mn4 2019e)
g-C3N4/ LaCoO3 BZA (10 mg/L) H2O2 62.3% ⋅O2-,⋅ Co2+, g-C3N4/ LaCoO3 > LaCoO3 (Zhang et al.,
(0.25 g/L) OH Co3+ 2019b)
N. Lin et al.
Fig. 6. (a) Cube shaped CaCu3Ti4O12 obtained in molten salt NaF. (b) High yield and uniform polyhedron morphology of CaCu3Ti4O12 obtained in molten salt NaCl.
(c) Cube shaped CaCu3Ti4O12 prepared in molten salt NaBr. (d) Nanorods of CaCu3Ti4O12 obtained in molten salt LiC. (e) Octahedron shaped CaCu3Ti4O12 fabricated
in molten salt KCl. (f) EDS spectrum of (e) (Hailili et al., 2018).
incorporation greatly improved the catalytic activity of pollutants due to
the decreased ion leaching and increased number of OVs in perovskite,
which enhanced the PMS activation (Chu et al., 2018). Ma et al. also
chosen Ag-La0.8Ca0.2Fe0.94O3-δ as a catalyst to degrade dyes by hetero­
geneous activation of peroxymonosulfate because it has the ability to
remove organic pollutants efficiently and stably (Ma et al., 2019). The
catalytic performance of Ag-La0.8Ca0.2Fe0.94O3-δ hollow fibre membrane
was examined by the degradation of MB and the removal rate was up to
90% compared with powdered catalyst.
Carbon-based materials such as g-C3N4 (CN) (Wu et al., 2018; Zhang
et al., 2019b, 2020a), grapheme (Li et al., 2017) and carbon micro­
spheres (Wang et al., 2020c) are often used as effective carriers for pe­
rovskites. Graphitic carbon nitride is a widely used carbon-based
material. Some organic-inorganic compounds or metals can be incor­
porated or inserted into the matrix and provide a convenient way to
fine-tune the structure and properties of CN. It has been found that
functional atoms or functional groups on the CN substrate or surface can
greatly improve the performance. Since CN has the inter-layer structural
packing and interplanar stacking of the aromatic rings, the loss of active
sites is effectively reduced and more active sites are exposed by perov­
skite intercalated CN (Wang et al., 2020a). Zhang et al. fabricated
perovskite-type NaNbO3 nanorods modified g-C3N4 photocatalyst by
hydrothermal and thermal polymerization methods. The material with
the best composite ratio showed extremely high removal rate of oflox­
acin (OFL) under sunlight (Zhang et al., 2020a). Graphitic carbon nitride
had exhibited outstanding photoelectric and thermal properties. How­
ever, the photocatalytic efficiency was limited by high recombination
rate and low quantum efficiency of photogenerated electron-holes.
Constructing p-n heterojunction is one of the effective ways to solve
the problems. Researchers prepared a p-n heterojunction consisted of
LaFeO3 and g-C3N4 by quasi-polymeric calcination method. Results
indicated that the p-n heterostructured enhanced the absorption of
visible-light, and the charge carriers could be separated and migrated
more effectively via the interface effect of heterojunction (Wu et al.,
2018).
15
Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637
Graphene and graphene-derived materials are increasingly applied
in composite catalysts due to the unique mechanical, thermal, electronic
and chemical properties. Li et al. combined Pb-doped BiFeO3 nano­
particles onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to prepare a mixed-phase
nanocomposite (Pb-BiFeO3/rGO) via microwave-assisted hydrothermal
method. Compared with BiFeO3 and Pb-BiFeO3, Pb-BiFeO3/rGO showed
higher efficiency for PFOA degradation by H2O2 activation (Li et al.,
2017).
4.3. Applications and mechanisms based on AOPs
Perovskite-type materials can be designed by changing raw mate­
rials, doping elements or modifying synthesis methods. Compared with
simple perovskites, modified perovskites usually possess higher catalytic
ability and stability (Chen et al., 2020a; Demircivi and Simsek, 2019;
Tummino et al., 2017). In this review, the applications of composite
perovskite in advanced oxidation are divided into five categories: (I)
Photocatalysis, perovskite have been widely studied as a ferromagnetic
semiconductor with a narrow gradient (Cheng et al., 2020; Verduzco
et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2020); (II) Microwave-induced catalytic oxida­
tion (MICO) have been widely concerned due to its short reaction time,
low energy consumption and excellent degradation performance. Pe­
rovskites was selected as the key high-efficiency catalyst for this tech­
nology (Wang et al., 2019b, 2020b, 2020c); (III) Fenton process, the
doping or loading of perovskite has been tried and proved to affect the
activity and reusability of Fenton catalyst (Carrasco-Díaz et al., 2016;
Garcia-Muñoz et al., 2020c; Wang et al., 2018a); (IV) Persulfate acti­
vation ability was enhanced by modification of perovskite catalyst (Chu
et al., 2018; Miao et al., 2018); (V) Other catalytic methods, including
ozone catalysis (Wang et al., 2019e), electrocatalysis (Chen et al.,
2020b; Cruz del Álamo et al., 2021; Hammouda et al., 2019) and wet
catalytic oxidation (Gupta and Rakesh, 2019; Kumar et al., 2020) etc. To
reflect the application of various composite perovskites in different
advanced oxidation processes, a summary of published work is listed in
Table 5 and Table 6.
N. Lin et al.
Fig. 7. (a) Schematic illustration of photocatalytic mechanism with LaNiO3/TiO2 as catalyst under light irradiation. (b) Photocatalytic degradation of MO (10 mg/L)
by LaNiO3/TiO2, pure TiO2 and LaNiO3; and (c) Ciprofloxacin (10 mg/L) (Chen et al., 2020a).
4.3.1. Photocatalysis
In the process of photocatalysis, the excessive electronic band gap of
semiconductor oxide is one of the main factors hindering the effective
use of sunlight. Perovskite has flexible structures to overcome the dis­
advantages of low efficiency, instability and high electron hole recom­
bination rate. In addition, it has been realized that adjusting oxygen
vacancies by different synthetic methods might also be an effective way
to enhance photo efficiency, as these defects can capture photoinduced
chargers to accelerate electron-hole pairs separation (Yu et al., 2019). It
is found that point defects play the role of compound barrier in photo­
catalytic reaction. In LaFeO3 perovskites, it can be achieved by replacing
appropriate metal ions in the cationic sites. The doping of cation at the A
site of LaFeO3 will lead to the Fe multivalent state and the formation of
structural defects. Similarly, doping at the B site will cause charge
imbalance. The charge compensation can be achieved by increasing the
valence state of Fe and forming oxygen vacancies (Vijayaraghavan et al.,
2020). Hailili et al. developed a strategy for morphological tailoring by
combining the oxygen vacancies in the double perovskite CaCu3Ti4O12
structure. Changes in the raw materials salt led to different growth rates,
directions and reducing energy on particular surface, which produced
exposed polyhedrons with different morphologies and surface defects
(Fig. 6). The improvement of light efficiency could be attributed to the
abundance of oxygen vacancies, high charge transfer rate and the syn­
ergistic effect of active species on enhanced carrier separation (Hailili
16
Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637
et al., 2018). Doping of metal ions have been proved to be an effective
way to extend the light absorption edge of catalysts (Jiang et al., 2019;
Yue et al., 2021). Xu et al. synthesized LaNi0.75W0.25O3 nanoparticles via
the Pechini route. The optical experiments confirmed that perovskite
oxide could absorb the visible light at low energy (2.41 eV) (Xu et al.,
2016b).
In addition to ion doping and constructing oxygen vacancies, pur­
posefully linking impurity catalysts to perovskites is also a common
method to enhance photocatalytic performance (Honorio et al., 2020).
On the one hand, the heterojunction formed by combining two metal
oxides has a significant synergistic effect on sensing performance. A
hole-depletion layer is formed at the interfaces to increase the oxygen
absorption. On the other hand, heterojunctions can effectively hinder
the recombination of electron-hole pairs and improve the light utiliza­
tion (Zhang et al., 2020b).
Chen et al. reported a heterogeneous structure formed by a widely
used semiconductor TiO2 with LaNiO3 and proposed the mechanism of
synergistic interaction between the composites (Chen et al., 2020a). As
shown in the Fig. 7(a), electron hole pairs were stimulated and separated
under light irradiation, leading to the accumulation of charge carriers
and a certain contact potential difference. By forming an S-type heter­
ojunction, the CB electrons from TiO2 could transferred to LaNiO3 across
the contact surface spontaneously. Therefore, LaNiO3 lost electrons and
TiO2 gains electrons, resulted in the formation of internal electric field in
N. Lin et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

Fig. 8. (a) The catalytic performance of different perovskites to BPA. (b) Possible BPA degradation mechanism over LCCOM0.2/CN0.075 under MW irradiation (Wang
et al., 2020a).

Fig. 9. Mechanism diagram of the catalytic reaction of LaCu0.5Fe0.5O3-δ/H2O2 system (Pan et al., 2020).

17
N. Lin et al.
the direction of LaNiO3 to TiO2 was formed (Cui et al., 2020). Mean­
while, the band edge of LaNiO3 bent upward due to the lost of electrons
loss, while the band edge of TiO2 bent downward due to the accumu­
lation of electrons. The internal electric field, curved band edges and
coulomb interaction promoted the recombination of some electrons
(from CB of TiO2) and holes (from VB of LaNiO3) while suppressed the
recombination of electrons and holes from opposite sources (Zhang
et al., 2020b). Simultaneously, the formation of heterostructures would
hinder grain growth and particle aggregation, resulting in reduction of
particle size, thus shortening the transfer path of photogenerated elec­
trons from material inner to surface. Therefore, the combination of
heterostructures had remarkably enhanced the photocatalytic perfor­
mance of MO and ciprofloxacin (Fig. 7(b, c)).
4.3.2. Microwave catalysis
Microwave (MW) induced catalytic oxidation has received wide­
spread attention due to its reduced activation energies, increased reac­
tion rates and improved energy efficiency. These advantages mainly
come from the thermal effect and the nonthermal effect caused by the
interaction between microwave radiation and microwave absorbers
(Wang et al., 2021b). By generating “hot spots” or stimulating e--h+ pairs
on the surface of the catalyst, strong oxidizing hydroxyl radicals are
formed to achieve high-efficiency mineralization and degradation of
Fig. 10. Influences of different Al2O3 loadings on the (a) Degradation of ATZ. (b) Leaching of cobalt ions. (c) The possible reaction mechanism in the LaCoO3/Al2O3/
PMS system (Zhang et al., 2019a).
18
Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637
pollutants. Therefore, the key of this technology is to find appropriate
MW absorbing materials, such as metal oxides, activated carbon and
composite materials (Wang et al., 2019b). Perovskite-type oxides can be
used as effective catalysts for microwave catalysis due to their excellent
thermal stability and good redox performance (Wang et al., 2020d).
However, despite their excellent redox performance, the small surface
area and low oxygen capacity have become the main limitations in
improving catalytic performance (Wang et al., 2017, 2020c). Some re­
searchers tried to promote the surface area and the dispersity of active
component by loading perovskite on metal oxides. Our research group
prepared a series of layered composite catalysts LaCu0.5Co0.5O3-MMTx
(LCCOMx, x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) by montmorillonite (MMT) intercala­
tion of B-site double perovskite (Wang et al., 2020b). MMT had a unique
layered structure and perovskite was evenly distributed among the
layers to prevent the loss of active ingredient (Wang et al., 2022). The
material with a smaller size, better microwave absorption properties and
higher oxygen capacity yield surprising microwave catalytic activity.
Although this intercalation method could enhance the catalytic activity
of perovskite, there were disadvantages such as easy to loss active in­
gredients and insufficient exposure of active sites. So, we further pre­
pared a series of LCCOM0.2/CNx (x = 0.025, 0.075, 0.125) catalysts by
intercalation of perovskite with MMT and CN (C3N4) (Wang et al.,
2020a). The loss of active sites was effectively reduced and more active
N. Lin et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

sites were exposed by perovskite intercalated CN. Finally, the catalytic
activity of the material was significantly improved (Fig. 8(a)).
According to the experimental results, the possible mechanism of
microwave degradation was discussed. As shown in Fig. 8(b), LCCO
could form a large number of “hot spots” on surface and degrade part of
BPA after irradiated by microwaves (Eqs. (16, 17)) (Wang et al., 2020b).
Obviously, hot spots were not the decisive factor for high performance of
microwave catalysis. In addition to the thermoelectric effect of micro­
waves, another essential factor that accelerated the degradation of BPA
was surface active oxygen catalysts. A large amount of electrons and
holes were formed on the surface of catalyst by the valence trans­
formation of Co and Cu (Eqs. (19–22)). Holes could oxidize OH− to
generate⋅OH while electrons could react with adsorbed oxygen to
generate ⋅O2− . After that, the produced ⋅O2− would react with H2O to
generate⋅OH (Eqs. (23–25)) (Wang et al., 2018b). Therefore, these active
substances could mineralize BPA to H2O and CO2 (Eq. (26)). When LCCO
was supported by MMT and CN, its unique layered structure provided a
large amount of active sites and diffusion channels for BPA diffusion. In
addition, LCCO could be more evenly dispersed between the layers,
avoided the loss of active ingredients during the reaction (Wang et al.,
2020a).
LCCOM 0.2 + MW→LCCOM 0.2 (hot→spot)
LCCOM 0.2 (hot→spot) + BPA→degradation products
LCCOM 0.2 + MW→e−CB + h+
VB
in the crystal network, which improved the stability of catalyst by more
than two orders of magnitude.
The unique crystal structure of perovskite could form lattice defects
by metal doping and promote the generation of ROS, which provided an
effective way to realize the advanced oxidation process mediated by
OVs. Pan et al. prepared a LaCu0.5Fe0.5O3-δ catalyst rich in OVs and
exhibited high activity and stability to degrade BPA (Pan et al., 2020).
Based on the experimental results and DFT analysis, two possible gen­
eration mechanisms for •OH radical were proposed (Fig. 9). Firstly,
H2O2 was oxidized and reduced to •OH by the electron cycle of Cu and
Fe ions on the surface of perovskite. Secondly, the O-O bond of H2O2 was
uniformly cracked on the OVs to promote the formation of •OH.
4.3.4. Persulfate activation
Perovskites are expected to alternative conventional metal oxides as
a heterogeneous PMS activator (Chen et al., 2020c; Cheng et al., 2020).
Notably, the ABO3 structure can adjust the physicochemical and elec­
tronic properties of the catalytic sites by partially replacing the A and/or
B sites (A1− xA′ xB1− yB′ yO3-δ) (Wang et al., 2020h).
It has been reported that the coordination environment and elec­
tronic structure of B-site cations are affected by A-sites, thereby affecting
the catalytic performance indirectly (Cheng et al., 2020). Miao et al.
(16)
demonstrated that the catalytic performance to active PMS was sur­
prisingly boosted by doping the lanthanum of LaMnO3 with strontium,
(17)
which is generally believed catalytically inert (Miao et al., 2019).
(18) La0.4Sr0.6MnO3-δ exhibited higher activity, better stability with less ion
leaching compared with LaMnO3. The analysis of the experimental re­

4Co2+ + O2 →4Co3+ + 2O2− (19)
4Cu+ + O2 →4Cu2+ + 2O2− (20)
3Co3+ + 2O2− →3Co2+ + ⋅O−2 (21)
3Cu2+ + 2O2− →3Cu+ + ⋅O−2 (22)
h+ −
VB + OH →⋅OH (23)
e−CB + O2 →⋅O−2 (24)
2⋅O−2 + 2H2 O→2⋅OH + 2OH − + O2 (25)
/ instability of cobalt oxides will reduce the catalytic efficiency and cause
BPA + ⋅OH ⋅O−2 + h+ →degradation products (26)
4.3.3. Fenton catalysis
Fenton reaction has attracted extensive attention in the field of
catalysis due to its excellent performance, simple operation and envi­
ronmental protection. However, the application of Fenton is still limited
by the narrow working pH range (pH = 2.5–3.5), the mass production of
sludge and the constant loss of catalyst. In addition, although hetero­
geneous catalysts are more effective under neutral and acidic conditions,
industrial wastewater is formed under alkaline pH conditions in many
cases. Therefore, Fenton catalysts maintaining activity over a wide pH
range must be developed (Wang et al., 2018a). Perovskite has been used
as Fenton catalysts due to its high stability, structural flexibility and rich
properties (Li et al., 2018).
For example, Carrasco et al. prepared a series of doped perovskite
LaCu1− xMxO3 (M = Mn, Ti) by amorphous citrate decomposition and
tested the Fenton-like catalytic ability of paracetamol (Carrasco-Díaz
et al., 2016). Most paracetamol was eliminated by Fenton process and
the action of H2O2. Due to the competitive effection between organic
pollutants and H2O2 in the active center, the decomposition of H2O2 was
reduced. The decomposition value of paracetamol in the presence of
catalyst was close to 90%. Patricia et al. reported the application of
Ti-doped LaFeO3 perovskite as a heterogenized photo-Fenton catalyst in
water (Garcia-Muñoz et al., 2020c). La was partially replaced by Ti ions
sults showed that the enhanced performance of La0.4Sr0.6MnO3-δ was
attributed to the positive surface charge and a large number of defective
oxygen vacancies formed by Sr-doping. Cobalt-based perovskite have
become a popular choice of PMS activator due to various advantages.
The activation process of PMS mainly involves the redox cycle of Co2+
and Co3+ (Miao et al., 2018), which implies that the catalyst needs to
possess a strong redox ability. Luo et al. synthesized an ordered meso­
porous perovskite, La2CoMnO6− δ using a self-assembly method (Luo
et al., 2019). From the comparison results, the catalytic performance of
mesoporous La2CoMnO6-δ on persulfate activation and atrazine degra­
dation was better than bulk La2CoMnO6-δ and other conventional PMS
activators, such as α-MnO2, Co3O4 and CoFe2O4.
Although Co-based perovskite can effectively activate PMS, the
secondary pollution (Zhang et al., 2021). Therefore, the design of a
catalyst with stable structure and environmental protection is of great
importance. Zhang et al. successfully activated PMS by loading LaCoO3
on Al2O3 to degrade atrazine (Zhang et al., 2019a). The benefit of the
LaCoO3/Al2O3/PMS system had been proved by control experiments. It
was shown in Fig. 10 (a, b) that appropriate amount of Al2O3 doping
could greatly reduce the leaching of cobalt ions while maintaining high
catalytic activity.
According to the experimental results, the possible mechanism of the
removal of ATZ by LaCoO3/Al2O3-activated PMS was proposed in
Fig. 10 (c). Firstly, Co3+ could reduce PMS to generate SO5⋅− , which was
converted to SO4⋅− (Eqs. (27, 33)) (Lin et al., 2017). Moreover, Co2+
could be used as a Lewis site to form a large amount of CoOH+ on the
surface of LaCoO3/Al2O3 (Eq. (28)) (Zhang et al., 2021). This reaction
was a key step in activating PMS for CoOH+ could react with PMS to
generate SO4⋅− for the degradation of ATZ. During the reaction, CoOH+
was converted to CoO+ (Eq. (29)). Due to the strong acidity of PMS, the
pH of the solution would drop rapidly after the addition of PMS.
Therefore, CoO+ would be converted to Co3+ by a large amount of H+
(Eq. (30)) (Zhang et al., 2019a). In addition, La could also activate PMS
to generate SO4⋅− and SO5⋅− by Eqs. (31–33).
≡ Co3+ + HSO−5 → ≡ Co2+ + H + + SO⋅−5 (27)
≡ Co2+ + H2 O→ ≡ CoOH + + H + (28)

19
N. Lin et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (2022) 127637

Table 7
Summary of other perovskites for advanced oxidation degradation of organic pollutants.
Catalyst (Amount) Preparation method Organics (Concentration) Degradation Degradation (time) Main active Ref. (year)
method species
5
CsPbBrCl2/g-C3N4 Chemical synthetic strategy Eosin B (10− M) photocatalytic 94%(120 min) ⋅O2-,⋅OH, h+ (Paul et al.,
(0.5 g/L) 2019)
Ag-CsPbBr3/C3N4 Room-temperature antisolvent 7-ACA (10 g/L) photocatalytic 92.79%(140 min) ⋅OH, h +
(Zhao et al.,
(1 g/L) precipitation method 2019)
MAPbBr3 @PNE Surface growth method MaG (3.0 mg/L) photocatalytic 81%(105 min) ⋅O2-,⋅OH (Wang et al.,
(0.45 g/L) 2020g)
5
CsPb(Br1− xClx)3‑Au Hot-inject method Sudan Red III (2.7 *10− photocatalytic 71%(6 h) ⋅O2-,⋅OH (Feng et al.,
M) 2019)
CsPbX3 QDs (0.67 g/ Emulsion fabrication and demulsion MO (10 mg/L) photocatalytic 90%(80 min) ⋅O2-,⋅OH (Gao et al.,
L) method 2017)
CsPbBr3 QDs (1 g/L) Anti-solvent precipitation TC-HCl (10 mg/L), MO photocatalytic 76% TC-HCl, 70% MO ⋅O2- (Qian et al.,
(10 mg/L) (30 min) 2020)
Cs2AgBiBr6 Rh B (6.5 ppm) photocatalytic 98%(120 min) ⋅O2- (Zhang et al.,
2019c)

≡ CoOH + + HSO−5 → ≡ CoO+ + SO⋅−4 + H2 O
≡ CoO+ + 2H + → ≡ Co3+ + H2 O
≡ La3+ + HSO−5 → ≡ La4+ + OH − + SO⋅−4
≡ La4+ + HSO−5 → ≡ La3+ + SO⋅−5 + H +
2SO⋅−5 →2SO⋅−4 + O2
Furthermore, the oxygen vacancy might participate in the activation
of PMS by acting as a bridge in the transition between O2 and O2− (Lu
et al., 2018).
4.3.5. Other AOPs
In addition to above processes, perovskite also exhibits excellent
activity in other advanced oxidation technologies, such as catalytic wet
peroxide oxidation (Gupta and Rakesh, 2019; Kumar et al., 2020),
electrocatalytic oxidation (Chen et al., 2020b; Cruz del Álamo et al.,
2021; Hammouda et al., 2019), catalytic ozonation (Wang et al., 2019e;
Zhang et al., 2019b), and so on (Chen et al., 2018; Hammouda et al.,
2017b).
Among various AOPs, catalytic peroxidation process has received
extensive attention because of the ability of hydroxyl radicals to remove
organic pollutants efficiently and economically under mild condition
(Kumar et al., 2020). The study on the CWPO of 2-HBA aqueous solu­
tions on prepared perovskites (ie PrFe0.8Co0.2O3 and LaFe0.8Co0.2O3)
had shown a significant degradation of aromatic compounds under mild
reaction conditions. The 2-HBA removal efficiency achieved 85–90%
while the industrial effluent showed 82–85% under the most favourable
conditions. The reason for the increase in activity had been explained
that H2O2 were decomposed to generate⋅OH with the participation of
the active sites/substances present on the surface (Gupta and Rakesh,
2019).
Electrocatalytic oxidation technology have been widely studied for
its high treatment efficiency, no secondary pollution and wide applica­
bility (Chen et al., 2020b). Perovskites containing Cu, Mn and Fe ions
have been tested as electro-type catalysts (Cruz del Álamo et al., 2021).
Hammouda et al. synthetized single phase Sr2FeCuO6 double perovskite
by sol-gel method and used it as heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the
electrochemical oxidation of cotinine. (Hammouda et al., 2019). The
synergistic effect of the cuprous sites improved the catalytic perfor­
mance and led to the high stability.
5. Other perovskite materials
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have fascinated strong attention for
being a hopeful candidate for optoelectronic device applications. Due to
their tunable band gaps, high charge-carrier mobility, low defect den­
(29)
sity, and long diffusion length (Wang et al., 2020g), the photocatalysis
using MHP has been proven to efficiently degrade and mineralize
(30)
various organic pollutants. For example, Gao et al. reported the activity
(31) of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) for pho­
tocatalytic degradation of MO (Gao et al., 2017). Both CsPbBr3 and
(32) CsPbCl3 QDs showed high photocatalytic activity, which removed 90%
and 89% of MO within 100 min, respectively.
(33) Despite all the fascinating properties above, inorganic lead halide
perovskite suffered from certain disadvantages such as fast recombina­
tion of photogenerated charge carriers and inferior surface area, which
seriously hindered its catalytic activity (Paul et al., 2019). Zhao et al.
firstly synthesized Ag-CsPbBr3/CN composite with excellent photo­
catalytic activity by loading nano-silver on the surface of CsPbBr3/CN
(Zhao et al., 2019). In this composite system, the CsPbBr3 acted as an
electron mediator to promote the photogenerated electrons transfer
from CN to CsPbBr3 and CsPbBr3 to nano-Ag, thus enhanced the
degradation efficiency for 7-ACA.
Recently, QDs have become a choice for enhancing the photo­
catalytic activity due to their smaller size range and larger surface area
than traditional materials (Zhao et al., 2019). Qian et al. successfully
prepared CsPbBr3 QDs by anti-solvent precipitation method and applied
in the removal of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) and MO in
ethanol solution (Qian et al., 2020). 76% TC-HCl and 70% MO were
degraded within 30 min, which illustrated CsPbBr3 QDs could be used
as an effective photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants.
In addition, since most of the MHPs contain heavy metals (Pb), the
use of MHPs might potentially cause new environmental concerns.
Therefore, some new and efficient MHPs without heavy metals should
be developed for photocatalytic degradation. Summary of halide pe­
rovskites for advanced oxidation degradation of organic pollutants are
listed in Table 7.
Summary and outlooks
This review comprehensively introduces the design, applications and
mechanisms of perovskite in advanced oxidation system for organic
wastewater treatment. With the deepening of research on perovskites,
various perovskites with different elements have been developed and
used in the advanced oxidation process. However, the application of
simple perovskite often encounters problems such as low specific surface
area, easy agglomeration, and high metal ion leaching rate. The struc­
ture of perovskite enabled it to change the physical properties and cat­
alytic activity by ion doping or compounding with other materials. For
different advanced oxidation processes, such as photocatalysis or Fenton
catalysis, targeted adjustments can also be made to construct hetero­
junctions or incorporate highly active ions. Therefore, perovskite-type
catalysts are very promising in the removal of organic pollutants from

20
N. Lin et al.
water by AOPs. Based on current research, the following suggestions are
proposed for future direction:
(1) It is necessary to design perovskite catalysts with both stability
and high efficiency. Multi-element doping and loading are effective
means to improve the catalytic activity of perovskites. The synergistic
action of different metal ions will produce a large number of free radi­
cals. In addition, the morphology of the perovskite material can also
affect its catalytic performance. The morphology of quantum dots or
nanowires has higher catalytic activity.
(2) It is necessary to develop cheaper and more readily available
perovskite catalysts. Even though perovskites are more cost-effective
than most metal oxides, some of the materials used in composites are
still too expensive. For example, perovskites composited with graphene
and carbon nanotubes usually showed outstanding catalytic activity, but
the high cost had hindered their large-scale application. Therefore, in
practical applications, relatively inexpensive metal oxide or carbon
nitride will be preferred. Some auxiliary methods, such as the addition
of oxidants and combining multiple advanced oxidation technologies,
also have great prospects in improving catalyst activity and reducing
catalyst costs.
(3) It is necessary to explore the reaction mechanism of perovskite-
catalyzed AOPs and establish a reaction model. Perovskite applied in
AOPs usually faces problems such as solid-liquid mass transfer, pollutant
adsorption and ion conversion, which makes the establishment of its
model more complicated. Density functional theory (DFT) is a new and
reliable theory, suitable for establishing the reaction model of perovskite
materials in different AOPs, revealing the electron transfer and active
species interaction in the reaction process.
(4) It is necessary to evaluate the effect of degradation by-products
on biological toxicity. For example, the PS and PMS used in SR-AOPs
will produce a large amount of sulfate ions into water. How to elimi­
nate the negative effects of these sulfate ions is a problem should be
considered. For the perovskite catalyst itself, long-term stability and
recoverability of catalyst are problems need to be considered during the
construction of the catalyst.
(5) Different AOPs need to be combined with each other or with
other mature technologies to achieve effective treatment of actual
wastewater. There have been many reports on the laboratory research of
AOPs, but the application of AOPs in actual pollutant treatment still
faces huge challenges. For example, in actual wastewater, the types of
pollutants are diverse and the reaction conditions are complex, and
undesirable by-products and side reactions are likely to occur in the
actual water matrix. Therefore, the further development of a hybrid
process that combines AOPs with other technologies, and develop
perovskite materials suitable for natural water substrates and a wider
range of pollutants, is important for the promotion of AOPs in actual
environmental management.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
This work was sponsored financially by National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 42177269, 12175132, 21806107).
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