syslemogf!stooderl!neaneguat!od!fferent!

al
nssystemsogord.my equat!ons
several
or!se
naturally !n
problems !rxolu.my
var!ables , each of whrh
dependent
!s a

f-
not!on
of
the same
s!ngle !ndependent
would
vrrable.ve deuote the !ndependent
and dependent var!ables
by
!t *G)
by
,
✗ 2A) , ×
} # . _
_ _ _

examjT.cl/*- 2xn-3Xzd#=-xn-2xzThs- Basy Iemof mst

l!neer equat!ons where der!vat!ve
onlar

of
the
funct!on ×. Iç depends on the

values × & ✗
of , _

Such
problems ar!se!nmawfuat.ua
phenomena .
For cons!der example the

c!ra!t
follow!ng
 → 1- Here C !s the
c-pacrt.ve
µ
/
-

L
Mr
R

L
!s

!s
the
the
res!stance
!nd!rtan -

constant> .

current Ict) & voltage

In th!s system

sat!sgythegallowmysystenoffmstordrdzfenentsa.mn
✓G)

equat!on

1¥ =
± VAI

G)
¥1 ICH
☒
✓
=
-2
-

Systemes of fmst
ordu
equat!ons are

!mportant not
only
because
they appear

al s oauyhrg hero rd ere quat ! o nmedmto f m stov. b r

!n nature but

canalanoysbetransgel
equat!ons

Example : Rewr!te the equat!on

u" + Zu 'ta = 0 *

nad!r
asasystemoff.rs/- equat!ons .
 Şt ×, = U & ×, = u
'

Then ×!-
Further ✗ ü=u" & gram * ve

hava

×!+2✗z+✗

{÷→jw→
!fweha-eanuthandndggaantrdequat!oym-!-ct.gg
1h
general

; - -

yy )
""

!tml-asystemoff!rstordrreg-at!onsbybtt.my
transform
ve can

"
!y!
"

×n=Ü
✗
n=y
✗ ✗
y
/ , 5- - -

, >

aomespoud!nysystemofforstordereqvat!o-sbeaow.es
Th!n the
 Ü=FGw-
✗İ = ✗~

✗ ! = ×
>

✗ !. ,
= ✗u

General

syslemof .rs/-orderequat!onshasthegarmx!- F,(t!n- ,xn )

✗ İ F!lth a) @ *)
= ✗
,
-
→

;
× ! = Fact ,
×
"
_ _
_
,
✗ a)

A solut!on of
the
system ** !n the

mterxal I : ✗ < 1- <

fco-s!stsognfunct!.us

×
, = A) , _ _ _
, xu -
_
¢ G)

drgferontrabh.!n
each
whn
funct!on !s

&
!ssat!sf!edat.dk
I
system ) +4 ☒*
po!nts on I.
 systenthuemayalsobeg.vn
In add!t!on to the
g!ven
n
m!tral cond!t!ons

the
sor
-

of

✗Kto) = ✗!
,
✗ Ito) =
x!
,
- - -
,
✗ ↳ =✗! ⇐c)
Then the
for same
to C- I.
system
* *) Together w!th ⇐ c) !s called

!n!t!ahxahueprobb.luonly
a-

th!s class wa
w!th dead w!th

syslemoff.rs/-orderl!ne--ar equat!ons
where each the fonct!ons Fı , E
of
-
>

ın ⑨ B) !s a
l!vor funct!on of the

var!ables
dependent A. → Xn .

@ *)
!expd!a!tdy
the
!s of form

× ! =
Rft) ×, +
pakt ✗at - - -
+ RINK +
g!t)

☒**)
:
ı

:
 ✗! İPNİHX ,
+
pn.CH/kt---+puuHXn-gnCt)

If each
of
the f-nd-!o-s.gr , → gn

the called
!s Zero ,
then systea.rs
called

nonhoaogeuas.Ex!stancekch!qoeues -heorem!.ly
otherw!se !t
homogeneous
!s
,

the funct!on P!js & g.!s ne

the !nterval 2 then there

cont!nuous !n ,

ex!sts a
un!que
solut!on of @ * A) !n I.

To dead w!th such

systemes ve

about
knowledge

l!neoradgeb-rawestartu.tk
need some bas!e

!ntroduc!ng matr!se

M
A mxn
matr!x A cons!sts
of nectanglr
 entr!es)
array of
members ( or

avangard r,

m rows & n
columns , that !s

( )
a" an - - -

an
Q" °
A- dün
-
"
- -

!. : !
Ama Qmz -
- -
dmn

!throw
So the
entry a!j !s !n the

&
yth column .

Wa use
the notat!on Ca!s) to

the matr!x whose

dende guerre entry
↳ a-
j

exam# [ 1)
o ~
2×3 metn! ×
2 0 -

µ:?) (! ;) (f)/
-
-123 ,
cnn.s!
7-
F- row vector
Squ!re
matr!x coµmnver-
•
lfmn-ntknABcdbdsqvoremto.!s
• An m ✗ 1 matr!x
( !s
called

veatoraud onotedbyxproport!esofmatr!.ae/td !t sn-

( column)

The 1--0 unxn

sum
of

metres A & B !s
def!ned as
the matr!x

obtamedbyadd!ngcomespmdmgent.rs
A. + D= Ca!j) + (b!j) = (a!j +b!j)

exanpl ( 5.) (3%2)=1225)

^ 23
+
~ 5 70

µuH!plrat!onbyasaaI
kt ✗ be a number

-1hm ✗ A = ✗ (
a-
ğ) = (✗ !a!ğ )
m-ltplyeaehe-try.ft.by
That !s ve

F¥
4)
"

2
(1 02
34 5) =
(
20

6 8 10

www.H!o-ottuomatnaeskat/t,Bbet-omatr!ces.If the

number of
columns of A B equal to
the number of nous
of B / then ne

can
degree them
product AB

AB then bkj
1£ C =
C!j
=
☒

6=1

!th and
entry
the !n the row
!e .

!sgouudbymult!plymgaaa.l!
yth column of
C

element
of the !th
the
of A
by aomespand.mg entry
row

of the gth column of and

B then
prodvats.ae/ample-
add!ng the
result!ng

=L: :)
2 C- 1) +1.2+0.1 = 0

3C -

1) +1.2+2-1 = 1

2. 0+1.3+0.4=3

proper-t!eslfA.rs mxn & B nxr

matr!x
Then C = AB !s a
mxr

assoc!atre
µ/t!plreat!on ☐ ACBC) _
G-B) C

← , d!str!but!on ACB + c) = AB+ AC

aommutat.nu
But !t !s not

general AB =/ BA
ldent!tymat.d!agonal
!r#Anxnsqvarematr!xwhose
terms are 1 &

off
-

d!agonal terms are

0 !s called

nxn!dend-rtymatrrx-anddno.teda.by I.

+ =

:( ;)
!!!.
a- •
' %!:)

s-t!sfyIA-AI-Agora.my
matr!x
Ident!ty

umvert!bkornons!ny.br
xnsqvorematr xA.lnxs elbeterm.ua/-Asquarematr x
!f
A

there
!s called
B another

matr!x B such that

AB = BA = I

If such B ex!sts , then !t !s un!que

a
and denoted A- !
by S .

' '
A A- = A- A = 7-

!nv!s!ble defa) #
•
A !s
!gf 0 .

!n-ot!hle!t sdsoadkdsmaybr.F-xanoIA.CI
not
If A !s

5)
(3-5)
'
then A- =

-1 2

% f)
"
A. A = =
7

systecnofl!neardgebra.zequ-talgebra!c
!.ms/tsetofnl!near equat!ons
var!ables
!n !n Xn , - - İn !s
g!ven by
 Qnı ×, + Qnz ✗ et -
-
+ annxn = ba

: : ①

9mA + dnz ✗ zt
-
- +
annxn =
bu

hane

b!soreg!venwmbvsandweaneasbedtofndx.!s
a!js &

- hak

satrsgythesystem.gs

Every l!hearsyslen.com
be seen

as a
matr!x equat!on

(savm)
Let A be the
coeff!c!ent
matr!x

( )
a. an - -

÷
# = ara arz -
-

azn

!
:
dumanı -

aun
 at E-
Ç:?) =L:?) /
b-

Then ⑨ ☐
equ!valent to sadece

the matr!x
equat!on

AE -_
b-
t.hn the
If b- =Ğ sysl-n.rs
called Otherw!se
homogeneous .

!t !s called uonhom.gov > .

equat!ons Aâ=Ö has

Homogeneous
always a solut!on E- Ö

AE-b-mayormaywtho-esoht.ms
However

.
!smvart!bkt.hn/tE=bhosalwaysasohtron(whafexerb!s
18 A

& th!s solut!on !s

vurgu .

lndead A B !nvart!ble
rg
rdag
then ve can
mult!ply b.tk >

Aâ=J A-
1
oy by

⇐ # b-
'
A = A-

IE =
A- b-
'

E- A- 1.b-

!nxrt!bkthenAI-o-hosmgm!tdynonysaht.sn
not
18 A B

ğ
& AE-b-e!thrhoswosaht.ro ,
or!tmoyhaxemfm!telymanysakt.vn
.

AE-b-hasmgm!tdymnysalt.mn
If
then !t ↳ the
gam
E. = Fas + g-
/
↳
apartr.br Solut!on
of
Solut!on of the +↳
monhomoganous dq-af.mn homogeneous
equat!on .

examµ#
zx , + ✗~ = 1

4×1 +2k = 3

(E) E) =L:)
ltk-suosaht.vn
 on the other hand

24 + ✗ !. = 1
4×+2×2=2

çt ✗ e- C- ✗n =
€

:(:) :[÷)
×

= +*
[ %)
keobtammgm!tdymayzoht!.us .