wew.nature.com/scientificreports SCIENTIFIC REPORTS natureresearch =—_— OPEN Hydrodynamic flow of non- Newtonian power-law fluid past a moving wedge or a stretching sheet: a unified computational approach Ramesh B. Kudenatti= & Noor-E- Misbah ‘A unified mathematical equation that combines two different boundary-layer flows of viscous and incompressible Ostwald-de Waele fuidis derived and studied. The motion of the mainstream and the the power-law manner, ie, in terms ofthe power of the distance from the jet of similarity variabh equation subjected to the boundary conditions describing the flow is then solved using the Chebyshev collocation method. Further, these numerical results are then validated by determining the flow behaviour at far-field by performing asymptotics. The velocity ratio parameter effectively captures and distinguishes two boundary-layer flows. The boundary layer thickness for shear.thinning fluid is ‘thinner compared to corresponding parameters for shear-thickening fluids and is markedly separated by the Newtonian fluid. Further, the boundary-layer flow of the non-Newtonian fluid predicts an infinite Viscosity for shear-thinning fluid quite away fram the surface. The hydradynamics of the obtained resultsis explained thoroughly. Boundary layer low over a surface is one ofthe fundamental fluid dynamical problems in understanding the ser ‘dynamical properties such as the wall shear stress, drag etc. For example forthe fluid flow aver flat plate(Bla ‘sus fle), the wall shear stress is 0.336152. The same problem was then extended by Falkner-Skan by considering the flows over a wedge and gave a numerical solution for diferent pressure gradients. The same Blasivs problem later modified by Sakiadis' in which the flat plate isallowed to move or stretch along its own axis with sufficiently large Reynolds number in stil fluid, the calculated wall shear stress i 0.4696, Inthe above studies, ether the surface or the fluid i assumed to hea rest. However, there are industrial applications in which both surface and fluid are moving. This case apparently is significant in aerodynamics. This situation is extensively studied in the literature (Klemp & Acrisos" Riley & Weidman’ Sachdev ef al Kudenati eal, Fang’) in different aspect, Riley & Weidman’ have shown that there are multiple solutions to the problem when the wedge surface is con: sidered to move in the same or opposite direction to that of mainstream flows. On the other han, there are alsa ‘numerous papers that considered the Salcadis problem an the same is extended indifferent aspect, fr example, the boundary-layer flowed ta stretching shect in a stil dui finds variows applications in an extrusion of plastic sheets, paper production, polymer sheet extrusion, metal spinning, glass blowing, et, The boundary-layer flow inthe presence af magnetic field (Andersson etal Cortll Ishak et a's Prasad eta." Reddy’ etal." Turkyl: ‘mazogl“: Sharma etal"), porous medium (Cortell Mishra & Singh”; Singh eta), heat and mass transter (Afzal; Ishak ot al; Cortll"; Hayat eta; Kudenatt eta; Kudenatt & Jyothi"), nanoflud (Khan & Pop Turkyilmazoglur; Ziami etal” Othman etal; Dinarvand eta”), micro-polar fluid (Ishak eta") ete “The above mentioned hydrodynamic problems essentially show thatthe boundary-layer forms ether due to the stretching of surface or forms over the moving (or at rest) wedge surface, and the resulting mathematical Department of Mathematics, Bengaluru Central University, Cental College Campus, Bengaluru, 560 001, India. fe-mail-ramesh@bub.emet in SCIENTIFICREPORTS | (2020) 10:9445 | hp rg/10:1038/41598-020.66106-6,www. nature.com/scieni ficreports/ equation ook similar but their description of motion is entirely different Denoting U(x) andU,() the velocity ofthe mainstream and the wedge surace respectively, let he the rato ofthe wedge velocity tothe mainsteeam ‘locity, The paramcter° mathematically simplifies and unifics the above mentioned two boundary-layer How problems fore Oande = 1(see section? fr detail). In ther words the mathematical equation for ~ O that Fepresents the boundary lave low duc toa stretching surface whose solution is substantially diferent fom the boundary-layer flow over a constant wedge (© = 1) In this line of studies, Afzal" derived a new type of boundary-layer flow problem by modifying the similarity transformations that produce = into it and solved ssumerialy. Kudenat” revisited the same problem and soied it by uniformly vais convergent cries solution in therange of € [0, 0.5} Recenly, Karkera etal” extended itby including the magnetic eld and attempted the Hae wavelet based numerical technique and compared their esults with existing literature for various © ‘alues. In the present problem, a unified mathematical model is again derived for the hydrodynamic boundary-layer tow ofa power-law fluid (Ostwald De Wacle) over a wedge since the flow of non-Newtonian fig ha ample applications in chemical industries “There are numerous applications of power lw Huis in various manufacturing industries, Sewage Sludge, chins lay, - water emulsion, cosmetics, paints, synthetic lubriants,biologieal Mui, jam, elie, ete are some of the non: Newtonian uid (Schowalter" Bird etal", Andzesson & Irgens™ Shenoy & Mashelkae te). Fos these fuids, the viscosity or apparent viscosity esentally depends onthe shearing rat. Acrivos eta" theortcally analyzed the power lathid fooe and heat transfer over a surface considering various external surfaces Mitchka & Ulbrecht” and Anderson cal have meray presented the basic solutions forthe shes thickening and shear thinning power la ids, However, the soltions shown by these authors didnot match the mainstream propel Thistsue slater xed by Denier & Hew by modiying the similar olation ofthe boundary ayer Flow for shear-thinning and shear thickening fluid, Ishak sta considered the boundary-layer ove of poser law fil ever @ moving wedge for which the model shoves non-unigue solution structures Which are Similar to the Newtonian case The linear stability of Grtith eal shows thatthe stationary spiral instabilities observed experimentally can be exactly described by sheathing this. Griiths" has discussed the stability ofsheaethinning boundary-layer flow of Une power aw duds which the base ow is tained using theses larity transformations ofthe Pande! boundary layer equations for non-Newtonian fui, He Farther discusses that the wncoity ofthe power-law id remains unbounded for sheae-thinning fd which is unphysical. Denier Dabrowski have identified a non-unigue solution othe shear thickening an sheathing fai low inthe boundary-layer. They farther have shown asymptotically thatthe decaying of shearthinning solutions into the ‘mainstream is strongly algebraic Tn the present sludy, an attempt is made to predict the steady boundary-layer flow behaviour of a non-Newtonian power Iw fd over a stretching surface oe a moving wedge whose speed i approximated in terms ofthe power ofthe distance Irom the leading edge a the houndary layer. This work may be regoeded asan extension ofthe low problem encountered by Kudenatt o alas of non-Newtonian faid Known a Ostwald-de- Waele hid. Since the esultant equation is highly nonlinear, we employ the Chebyshev collocation smethod(CCM) for the computation of the pertinent resus The CCM isa powerful technique to predict ow bhaviour inthe boundary-layer There ate very few papers that use CCM in the context of boundary ayer, how eve. for nonlinear or mild nonlinear see” Organization of the paper is as fllows. We discus the formulation ofthe problem in section 2 and the self-similar solutions are computed with suitable smalarit transformations. The methodology applied to solve the low problem is discussed in detain section 3. To asses the nature ofthese obtained numerical solutions, wwe predict the los behaviour ofthe system asymptotically from a large distance away from the origin of the boundary layer section 4 know as afield behaviour. Section 5enuncite the resltsand the corresponding Iydrodyiamics is discussed in detal and brie eonclusion of the tay fs made in section 6, Formulation We study the laminar low ofa steady, incompressible non-Newtonian power-law fluid over a semi-infinite mow ing wedge or duc to a stretching sheet ina two-dimensional space, Let the streamwise coordinate along the wall bbe and normal to the wall be (refer Fig. | for detailed geometric representation) The flow is governed by the ‘two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation accompanied by continuity equation Vev=0 Oo) ae V=-Up tor @ where v=(u,») isthe velocity vector, isthe density of the fluid, pis the pressure, isthe deviatoric stress tensor. “The stress tensor for the power-law tui is depicted by the relation Her 6) wheres the second invariant ofthe stain-rate tensor and the constitutive viscosity relation is described by the Ostwaldle Waele power law model Bnd etal") wane “ ese 1 and m respectively denote the consistency index and the degree of non-Newtonian bebavior ofthe fluid (Denier & Dabrowski") The equations governing the model ae non-dimensionalized with appropriate dimensionless arabes SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6icreports/ ny ete =e? Figure 1. A schematic diageam representing boundary-layer formation in two distinct mathematical models under consideration, @ toobtain (6a) (ov) (6) where L,U are appropriate scale fctors for reference quantities to length and mainstream velocity respectively and 8 denotes boundary-layer thickness, The non-Newtonian viscosity pis referred to as an apparent viscosity yp Wherein 7) 7) rom (7) in terms of (5) we have (Cool ae} 20 - Eble + TJterlag ast) Ee = (7 Heol oer «) Farther, the dimensionless apparent Reynolds number forthe non-Newtonian Hid exhibits the form = a x @ Which reduces to the Newtonian fluid when 1 1. To this end, the two-dimensional boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian fluid is studied in which a single mathematical equation unifies two types of boundary-layer flows: overa moving wedge of an included angle x/3and due to nonlinear stretching ofthe surface. Inthe former cas, for the flow of mainstream fluid U = U(x) at high Reynolds number the viscosity effects are confined toa smal region near the immediate vicinity ofthe wal, Known asthe boundary-layer region (Yuan: Kudenatt) 10 the ater situation, the boundary-layer forms ina stil fail (U(x) = 0) due to stretching ofthe surface with large Reynolds number (Acheson These two flow problemshave been mathematically combined into single equa tion thai derived forthe frst time in the literature. Substituting (8) in (6) and making use ofthe fact that Refs large and using the other boundary layer approximations and retrieving back to original variables, we get ou, ov ae * ae (102) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6www. nature.com/scieni ou, de Lap, £9) or Ox "Oe pads" p OF (100) ‘The conditions appropriately describing the flow are 4 = Uo. z (aa) wa Ula) asz 00. (by The boundary conditions (11) infer that the velocity of the fluid over the wedge surface asymptotically approaches the freestream far away from the wedge. Here U(x) i the mainstream velocity and U, (xs the velocity With which the wedge or stretching sheet moving inthe boundary layer and approximating these velocities in a power-law manner Uy = Uys", us" «ay Wwheret],, Uand narearbitery constants. The above forms exhibit a self-similar solutions in the boundary-layer in the Ostwald-de Waele fluid (Schowalter). Further, from Bernoulli theorem for an incompressible flow of ‘non-Newtonian fluid over a moving wedge, we have with u = U on the edge ofthe boundary layer 0 for YU) (esl uid) U UE for moving mainstream. be : a) ay Fora still uid we have U(x) = 0 in (14) and otherwise (14) holds good for moving fluid. Aecordingly, we define a single unified set of similarity transformations ie 2) WS) gee), with n= Sag eee as) where A, q are unknowns to be determined and U, isa suitable reference velocity defined as User) = Urey + User) = (Uy, + Upp" (Kudenatti™), (4x, 2) is the normalized stream function and mis the sim- iit) warble Deming the scam unction such that teats continuty E(10) identically 26 96 wo (eae (as) with 2m — 1) wnt 1+ m= Dyna, + e toabtain highly nonlinear thin-onder diferent equation od norte +2 oat o wt are if = cs), “ppttiag ithe generalized pressure gradient parameter, parameter and the boundary conditions enclosing the system are 40) = 0, M0) 9) ‘We can enuncite the following cases depicted in Table | from (18) and (19) for different parameters afliated with the system. From the table, tis clear that the governing ystems (18) andl (19) unifies many physical models whieh are presented inthe literature. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the non-Newtonian fluid effects on the two-dimensional boundary layer flow for different Zand =. We note that © > Land < Ocases correspond respectively to wedge is moving faster and slower than mainstream velocity in opposite direction, while ¢ © (0.5, 1.0)and 5 cases are analogous as above but in the same direction. At this stage, its also to note that forn > Oandn <0 «cases correspond to accelerated and decelerated pressure gradient inthe boundary-layer while 1 = Oisthe Blasius flow of non- Newtonian fluid. The flow of Newtonian fluid (mt = 1) clearly demarcate the shear-thinning fluids (1 < 1) from the shear-thickening fluids (m1 > 1). We employ the Chebyshev collocation method(CCM) for solution ofthe system (18) and (19) in which CCM effectively captures the fractional powers (mi — 1), the details. of CCM are given below: where 3 the velocity ratio cand (co) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6www. nature.com/scient 1 [Bam lads 1 | Bs owe Alta et al Sache tal Var Sonor Kade a” © | Raenat = | Crane Vane Cannon Aa Kaa ay) m= (Power Tuld 1 steno Pops ak rat a fo 1 | Stair ea GD) w. | Geiser a Gr shearing 1 ra at 0 | Cora Howell eat rant) Table 1. Deduction of various cases of (18) and (19) to former investigatons Computational procedure In recent years the Chebyshev collocation methods are gaining wide popularity since the methods are robust and provide solutions which complements precisely the physical nature of the flow. While the CCM is well known, for linear or mildly nonlinear fluid mechanics problems, the application of CCM tothe problem in question is ‘onestandard. We stress thatthe problems involving non-Newtonian fluid, we have not observed hove to apply CCM. Thus briefing the details of CCM is definitely of interest in its oven right. We diseuss the methodology below. ‘Astandardi order nonlinear ordinary differential equation can be written in the form LL Avery" + OY 2m» ce oy Rim My = en) EX RAvtonroen ” eo where #, 2,8 and ¥’ are known continuous functions of 7 ina, b] and is supplied with necessary boundary conditions, Wit the help ofa suitable linear teausformation the interval a, bjcan be transformed t0[—U, 1) which isthe domain of Chebyshev polynomials F,(9) (Boyd) Then yy) and is derivatives havea truncated Chebyshev serio the form Ho) = $2 4,40) = en and My) = Sa Fy en = LaF 0) a where a and al are unknown Chebyshev coefclent of y(7) and its derivatives. Let denote the Chebyshev collocation points defined as seme where isa positive integer chosen at which the fee stream condition is satisfied, The above Eqs (21) and (22) havea matrix representation yon) = Fost @ with 300) = HX )s YOMs oo UT es) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6www. nature.com/scieni Fahy Fuany Fe) rip =| 7000 Fens > Faeny Few) Fey Feces 23) and ay 29) where’ denotes transpose ofthe quantities, Further it readily follows that ym =F ent. 7) Using the relation by cocficent matrix of 7 and its derivative (Sezer &e Kayak Dassccioug & Yasan") MIM 8) Equation (27) can he written as 9m = BF one's 09) si boat = bent yen 30) where Fm 0 ° oe 0 Nand ding) = 0 6 = FM) snd thes are evaluated at Chebyshev collocation points. Further simplifying sing (2), eM) y(q” = AF AYA F Mot en vwnrediag(NT) = M. Consequently the matrix form of (20) canbe weten LUT TT Mw + DEM, TMT MA + LL a, FMDF May = i where diag 25) = A acmpdiag( 24) = 2, (mp diag Aa) = RaOH = LF ye HN o> HOLM ‘More concisely (32) takes the form Wo V. @) The above equation represents a system of (4° + 1) nonlinear algebraic equations involving unknown Chebyshev coefficients. given by (26). Further, incorporating the boundary conditions, e obtain the modified sugmented matrix oo sshich on inversion gives (26), the required solution can be computed from (21)-On theater hand, to solve the Aeneqistion of he mods! conser ere (18) and 9) est tansorm the seine low dm, 22) eo[ 1 by using the following transformations a) = "2646) where ¢= 2% — 1 2 n ey where, isa large infty valu at which the boundary condition s mt Substation of (25) in (18) and (19) gives notlinear ordinary diferenial equation inthe interval[—1,1]for which the solution can be writen in terms ofthe truncated Chebyshev seriesas SCIENTIFICREPORTS | (2020) 10:9445 | hp rg/10:1038/41598-020.66106-6,www. nature.com/scieni PFO or F= FX = 6 where Xs the unknown coeficient vector of the Chebyshev polynomials. Following (22), (29), (30) and (31),we have the final matrix form as a) AF 7 (oi FER ae) + 27M) — ah TMNT MIX = —as°T ”) where fsa unit vector of order (1° + 1, 1). The challenges one confronts to solve (18) are the nonlinearity of the equation and further computation of "7 PX |"! when m # 1, We can overcome the latter concern by performing simple computational inear algebra, A close examination reveals that the matex which s obtained as a product form of2° FM is diagonalizable, Hence it can be writen in terms ofits eigenvalues Dand eigenvee- tonCas 006 inall the simulations and our scientific code essentially performs the diagonalization, Hence we can write the augmented matrix as we W = [m2 69" 'C"PF — ap? FMF M)) wd FM =0, 27 DME = tea 27 o ‘We modify Eq, (38) by plugging the row matrices (39) at frst, second and last row of (38) respectively. ‘herelore, we obtain the moi aigmented mates ofthe form r= 8 Since X is unknown, the left hand side of (37) represents the augmented form of non-linear algebraic equa- sions an this canbe handled by taking an intial approximation to X (nthe present computation X istaken asa ero vector of order (1° + 1, 1) chosen a the fest phase of computation) and updating tat each stage of cle lation for suicent 1” until a desired tolerance of 10 “is attained. We observed that the numberof terms required to achieve the desired results were diferent for eiferet m-Supposem = I we required a maximum of 3tcemsand form < 1suym = 0.6, San approximate of 27 terms wee sufcient to get the desired accuracy wheres form > Isaym = 1.2, 1 mumber of tems reguzed were 0 (refer to Fig. and Table? for deta) All the results provided below are tested for their convergence criteria, Solving Eq (40) for X, and hence retrieving to original domain by using (35) in (35) we can further compre the derivatives of (35) to obtain the velocity profiles Sd skin- fection coticient assist with the Ostwald de Waele los Figure also sraphasies the convergence ofthe CCM as the comptations are progresed with increasing the numberof term. At Fig. 2, the curve not Suliciently smooth although conditions ae clay satised, but Fig, 2c simulates the required smooth profile Table? also gives the coreesponding wall shear stes values teach values From the table it is observed that form = 0.6, the convergence occurs much before 4 terms inthe CCM, but to make able consistent its given ‘spto 40, On the ther hand, the CCM is also tested by fixing the numberof terms egal to 5D and decreasing the tolerance value to 10. The sults are indistinguishable in both cases, hence, we continued all our simulations withthe former analysis (a0) Large asymptotics Inorder to validate the presented numerical results achieved using CCM, we als perform asymptotic analysis for the system (18) and (19) when 9 °> with the objective of having an exact solution i terms of confluent hyper geometric functions. We follow the similar procedure given by (Sachdev et al's Kudenat et a) for Newtonian fluid mn = 1 that is|of(n) — | — Oa87) — co which gives the form SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6icreports/ 07 06} \ gy = os = s oat f° 03 ee) wT] @ Figure 2. Velocity profiles of shear thinning (~0,6, slid) and shear thickening (m—1.4, dashed) fui, st for different number of terms considered (a) = 10, (b) A"=20,(6) A =30,(d) = 40. 20 | 036005 Saisie [0.208 ES Toei [95 Table 2. Convergent wallshear stress values ("(0) obtained by Chebyshev collocation method for different 1 on) sen +n, + f Zondn an where y, i an arbitrary constant, (1) and its derivatives are assumed small, Note that y, ~ 0 from (19). The above form (11) isvalid forall mr and sand ¢(q) tends to zero away from the wedge surface, Substitution of (41) in (18) and (19) and upon linearizing, we have ane 9 ah + mtn + y™ 2 (1 + (2m = 1)n) @ (42) steeds goni—re seo « = 9H). 4=—t_ o oe (mm + 1) (44) it ea vores (bo Yoo . SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6icreports/ Wie has solution, fvafde-+ om m5) +ext{-J2 + m+ v9 34] 9) a, Jand.4(-,~- )ave the confluent hypergeometric function of second kind ion respectively and candle, are arbitrary constants (Abramowitz & Stegun'" and Andrews) The special functions Wand.” can be further transformed into the content hypergeometric function of fist kind using (a7) re ata + 5,8) ra +arg+ 6 (7) “Therefore, utilizing (47, (46) cam be rewritten in original variables (4) as ee Z a(1+ bay cq = ewan] OF) rela . Ve +) TG +4) b+ bates) - rasa) as) 9) where A = {2 Employing the frst condition (0) 2e in (48) gives L a= ho -29ra 4a 1= ll 2T + a) a ‘Tacliminate we utilize another ration Mas oD wag T0088 1 ov in (48) gives cy = 0. Thus the complete solution is rs) ag Hq) = ane — 1} | 20 1S) rin $1) 7 SE) meng 3 of 2 2h mm +), +020 vin fee 1 al 2 (2 mF roy Employing Kummer’ transformation, we arrive at SCIENTIFICREPORTS | (2020) 10:9445 | hp rg/10:1038/41598-020.66106-6,www. nature.com/scieni Figure 3. Velocity profiles forthe shear-thinning (m = 0.6) and shear-thickening (m = 1.4) boundary layer flow over a moving wedge(or stretching sheet for ¢ = 0.2and = — 0.8 with = 0.5 dematcated by velocity profiles for the Newtonian fluid flow (nr ~ 1.0) These results are obtained by asymptotic solution (53) felt DA, 3 2 12) m+ 029 aft DBL, er? 2 $2) FD, «) Form < 1 (hear-thinning ids) Denier & Dabrowski*have derived the asymptotic expresion ie 2m_), mas oy = (LS, ont (Seb + eo for ero-pressure gradient)» = O and © = 1. Ths form certainly predicts the far-field behaviog but wit larger domain, Nevertheless, the solution given by (53) is valid forall, nand cand effectively captures (54) asa special cease, The solution for /(n) and hence the velocity profil is given by (53). Some ofthe velocity profiles 6'(n) obtained from (53) are shown in Fig. 3 for different «and values, From Fig. tis noticed tht all the velocity shapes are decaying tothe mainstream flow asymptotically. This validates the assumption (41) that (7) in (52) tends to zer0 as > o0. The solution (53) takes smaller domain {osatisly the end condition which assures the exponential -type decay of the solutions. The expression (34) given by (Denier & Dabrowski") is valid form < Land decays tothe mainsteeam algebraically. However, the solution (63) is valid even form > 11m = I,m < Lasis larly seen in Fig 3 and forany , Fore = 1, itis further observed that the boundary layer thickness is found tobe decreasing for increasing rvalue. Thisisin agreement with those tgiven by Agarwal eal who have studied the boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian fluid overa thin nee. Numerical results and discussion Te velo ato purameter-(—,,-)mathonately combines wo diferent Boundary ayer Probl Two extreme casese = Dande = Lorreqpond to boundary lier low due to stretching surface and ove content wedge. Fr other ales ofc, boundary ayer flow over a moving wedge adits als of esas slotions tven for non Newtonian ui Whene > Tand 0 the mainsteam fowhasa slower and faster veloc than the wedge and both are moving in opposite directions. However when ¢< Lande > 0, both wedge and main. steam move inthe same direction. Whi fr © 0.5 wedge and manstcam bave the same speed in the sane direction and hence produce an exact solution oq) — # forall and m, at which the wall shear stress vanishes tnd hence demateates the sation structure Ths the locity rato signe the general boundary ayer lows psesing the horizontal locity pots that decay to te matostream ows asymptote The resent nals ‘ally rational and unigue which shedo some ight on the intresting Bow phenomena: Kadenet ace an ually val problem inthe ngee€ (0,03) orm = I(Newronian cas) Rather then studying the problem recall he gave an analytical solution forall orten thes numeri simulations obtained by CCM can be matched comparatively with ets obtained by Kunst" in cae of Newtonian fim = Lin (18), Table 3 compares varius results obtained bythe CCM, SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6www. nature.com/scient a | 04s jaa | 03490 a 0st 05152 jos [a3 [oases 036 a | 007540 =n ar | oma aT a4 | -aaaion nau Table 3. Comparison of wll-shear stress values,i"(0) obtained by Chebyshev collocation method for various strotching rte parameter « at pressure-gradient parameters for nv— 1 with those declared by Kudenstt With the analytical solution given by Kudenatti in tems of the wal shear stress. (0) for various and for ‘m= 1 (Newtonian case) An iterative scheme in CCM is used in which the velocity shapes and the weal shear Stress are determined, the numberof terms required to prdace these results then adjusted in response to the error tolerance fied forthe simlaton. The rests proce by the CCM agreed well with those given vin ana lytical oltionsin therange of © (0, 0.) Itsfurter noticed thatthe accuracy is found tobe beter for increas ing ¢ and 3. The @"(0) value becomes zero and changes its sign ate = 0.5 forall and’m. Wealso note that the convergent solution (0) obtained for certain parameters is used as an initil condition for consistency in the Simulations Table lso ensues that there exist velocity profile foreach value which s benign and stisis the boundary condition asymptotically ‘We nave stacy the broader structure ofthe boundary layer low over a moving wedge for various velocity eatia parameter and non-Newtonian index parameter m and are given in terms of the wall shear sess "(0 These results ae just analogous to those presented in Table form ~ 1. The varios (0) fr diferent m, presse a- dient and € [0 l]are given in Figs 4, Sand 6, These results are obtained bythe convergent CCM. Is imine ately clear that the wall shear stress (0) identically vanishes at © = 0.5 forall and’, thereby validating the trivial exact solution or) = ep-All (0) values are negative fore [0, 0.5) and became postive in the range £€ 0511 nother words for inereasing fom 0, 9(0) als increases. When e < 4, the wall shear sites values are higher for smaller while fore > 1, the trend is reversed whichis observed clay in the fguee he similar tend is observed for all and. Kakert eta. have shown, for Newtonian fluid, similar solution structure including the double solutions when the pressure gradient parameter nis negative In orderto realize the velocity profes in the two-dimensional boundary layer in the power-law ids, we have plotted the velocity shapes din Fig, 7 asa funetion of 9 for © = 0.2 and © = 0.8 and for shear-thinning and Shear thickening fluids Tis clearly see tat the velocity profiles satisfy the boundary conditions asymptotically 287 — 00. These shapes further confirm that the sheaethining Mud < Lakes the boundary layer thickness thinner compared tothe shear-thickening fd m > 1 These two cases are clealy separated bythe Newtonian fuidim = 1. The results are further confirmed by the asymptotic solution (53) that sre given in Fig, hough for ditfrent value values. Figures depicts the velocity profiles obtained bythe CCM for different € (0, 1}including twoextreme cases = = and © = for shear-thinning and sheae-tbickening fluids. these shapes have been simulated using the J. The quality rheological interpretation of the solution fr diffrent tested and for shea thinning fluid deviates slightly from the shear-thickening Hid, which is clessy sen in Fig. 8. Around = = 0.5, the curves criss-cross al) ~ 0.and the criss-cross is shifting towards the wedge surface for shea-thickening Hid ‘Yurusoy" has shown for © = O that exaely similar velocity shapes for shear thinning and shear thickening fluids wherein the velocity profiles approach the mainstream flow exponentially form < land for m > 1 the shape ae larger distance to approach the mainstcam. However, the CCM efectively captures these characer- istics ofthe profiles ina smaller domain as scenin the figure Fr two values of, some ofthe fui velocity curves have been reproduced in Fig 7 whens varied to study the Ostwald-de Waele id efets onthe houndary ier flow. These results are analogous to those peoduced in Fig 3 which ae form = 0.6, 1, 1-4. The solations for specific value of , say 0.2, the curves fr m = 0. and m ~ 1.2 crossing the Newtonian case m = 1a some 17 = 0.7 and the smile structure appears fore = 0.8 which is soon in the figure. Hovseve, the asymptotic sl tions are given by (53) in Fig. have no cross-over this maybe atibuted tothe exact solutions given in tems oF the content hypergeometric functions. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6www. nature.com/scieni Variation of wall shear stress (0) with velocity ratio parameter fr different pressure gradient parameters for shear-thinning fluid (m = 038) Lo. m=10 gO) Figures. Variation of wall sear stress @"(0) with velocity ratio parameter for different pressure gradient parameters for Newtonian fluid (rm = 1.0). 05 € 1.0 igure 6. Variation of wall shear stress (0) with velocity ratio parameter for diferent pressure gradient parameters for shear thickening uid ( — 1.2) Figure 9 represents the viscosity pele for oth shear thinning and shea thickening fluid. The viscosity modification ofa generalized Ostwald-de Waele Nui is defined as pn) = on? "Fora Newtonian fui, i form = 1, p= 1.a constant viscosity predicted which obvious. Two representative values of, say © = 0 and 2 = 1 are chosen and fora favorable pressure gradient parameter n = . From Fig. 9, ican be rea observed that, forthe shear thinning fluids (nt ~ 0.6 ands ~ 0.8), theres quite large vncoity within the con- finement ofthe boundary layer region. Ths is considered to be unphystal forthe power-law fluids. An SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6www. nature.com/scieni 06: m= 08 on) 0.8 for shear-thinning (rt = 0.8, solid), Newtonian (» dashed) power-law fluid for pressure gradient parameter n igure 7. Velocity profiles fo dash-dotted) and shear-thickening (»t 10 08 ss 0.6. S04 0.2 0.0- 0 2 4 6 Figure 8. Velocity profiles for some representative values of € [0, I]forsheae-thinning (m = 0.6, solid) and shear-thickening (m = 1-4, dashed) power la fluid for pressure gradient parameter = 0.5. enhancement in viscosity istilllarger for € = O compared to = Lease. On the other hand, fr shes fluids (m1 = 1.2 and m = 1.4), a finite viseosity is predicted which approaches to zero as > co. This clearly shows the viscosity effects ae completely neglected when an inviscid flow is approached. We noticed, although not shown here, that for the increasing pressure gradient, the viscosity on the surface (j() is found to be decreasing for shear-thinning fluids. It is also noticed thatthe viscosity increases unboundedly away from the wedge surface a the pressure gradient increases. While the nature of (0) and the viscosity has a reverse trend for the shear-thickening fluids Conclusions “The present work deals with the hydsodynamic flow'a non-Newtonian posser-law fluid (Ostwald-de Waele fluid) riodel pasta moving wedge ora stretching sheet in a unified manner. The wedge/sheet is assumed to move! stretched with a velocity varying as the power of the distance from the leading edge ofthe boundary-layer along. with the ficestream, With the help of suitable similarity transformations, the governing patil differential eqs tion system was then reduced to the non-linear ordinary differential equation and then solved numerically by Chebyshev collocation technique. The application ofthe collocation method forthe problem under consideration is first ofits kind hence we propose an asymptotic solution which isin validation with these numerical result, The model was discussed fr the shear-thinning and shear-thickening power-law fluids, and a comparison was made ‘with the Nevstonisn solutions. Results for the skin friction coeficient, velocity profiles as wells viscosity profiles ace presented for different values ofthe governing parameters tis noticed thatthe wall-shear stress increases with an increase in , the velocity ratio parameter and decrease in the power-law index m. Further, the boundary-layer thickness for shear-thinning fluids is small in conspatison with that of shear-thickening power-law fluids for a given set of parameters. Physically, the flow form < 1 isalways adhered tothe wedge sur- face thereby making the tlow benign whereas form > 1, the flove i convected towards the mainstream, Its also shown that with the increase in shearing stresses, the viscosity of the shear-thinning power-law fluids m <1 SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6ntificreports/ 5.0. () HOD) 25: 00. (oli ine) and Figure9. Viscosity profiles 2) = m|gt(0)" versus or 1 (dashedline for (a) shear-thinning fluids and (b)shear-thickening fluids. increases unboundedly in the confinement ofthe boundary layer whereas it is allways finite and approaches 2210 a8 — oe for shear thickening fluids Reveived: 27 January 2020; Accepted: $ April 2020; Published online: 10 June 2020 References 1. Saki, BC. Boundarylayer Behavior on axisymmetric love AICHE 7, 228( 1961) 2. Klemp]. Acrvos, A.A method or integrating the boundary yer equations thraugh region of ever low | lid Meck 53, Try-Ds(197). 4 Reg N.& Wiedman, PD. 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Sr A Math Ps BES ‘5 Acknowledgements Authors are grateful tothe SERB (Science and Engineering Research Technology Board), New Delhi, India for providing financial assistance under Core Research Grant (CRG/2019/004806) to carry out our work. Authors thank the esteem reviewers for their educative critical comments which improved the manuscript Author contributions BK. has modelled the problem, writen the introduction and mathematical formulation, N.M. has numerically simulated important restlts and writen the discussion ofthe results. N.M. also has performed the asymptotic, Both have finalized the manuscript Competing interests ‘The authors declare no competing interests SCIENTIFIC REPORTS) (2020) 1:90445 [hepa org/t01038)241598-020-66106-6www. nature.com/scieni jicreports/ Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addreseed to RK. 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