HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCINCES AND HUMANITIES   

  SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND JOURNALISM

DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISNM AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS

THE EFFECT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON THE INTERCULCHURAL

COMMUNICATION: THE CASE OF HARAMAYA UNIVARCITY SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS

ALIDAN MOHAMED

ADVISOR: ABERA.M

HARAMAY UNIVARSITY 2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to thank the almighty God for helping me to successfully accomplish writing
this senior essay. Next, I would like to express my gratefulness to my advisor, Mr.Abera M. for
his successful guidance, valuable comments and patience while I was writing this senior essay.

My special thanks, deepest love and appreciation also goes to my family for their financial and
moral support throughout my study in the university.

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................................i
List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTRE ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 BACKGROUNDOF THE STUDY............................................................................................................1
1.3. STETMENT OF THE PROBLEM...........................................................................................................2
1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................................3
1.4.1. General Objective......................................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Specific Objectives......................................................................................................................3
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS.....................................................................................................................3
1.5. SIGNIFICANCES OF STUDY.................................................................................................................4
1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................................4
1.7. ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY.........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...............................................................................................................5
2.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................5
2.2. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?...........................................................................................................5
2.3. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION.....................................................................................................6
2.3.1 People.........................................................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Message......................................................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Channel.......................................................................................................................................7
2.3.4 Noise...........................................................................................................................................7
2.3.5. Feedback....................................................................................................................................7
2.4. INTERCULCHURAL COMMUNICATION..............................................................................................7
2.4.1. Culture and communication......................................................................................................7
2.4.1 Strategy for improving intercultural communication..................................................................8
2.4.2. Problem of Intercultural communication...................................................................................8
2.4.3. Stereotype.................................................................................................................................8
2.4.4. What is ethnocentrism?.............................................................................................................9

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CHAPTER THREE:.......................................................................................................................................10
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................................10
3.1. Methodological approach...............................................................................................................10
3.2. Tools of data collection...................................................................................................................10
3.3 Size and Sampling technique of the study.......................................................................................10
3.4 subject of the study.........................................................................................................................10
3.5 Data analysis and presentation........................................................................................................11
CHAPTRE FOUR..........................................................................................................................................12
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS........................................................................................................12
4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................18
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................................18
5.1. Summary.........................................................................................................................................18
5.2. RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................................................18
References.................................................................................................................................................20
APPENDIX A..............................................................................................................................................21
Appendix B................................................................................................................................................24
Interview questionnaire............................................................................................................................24

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List of Tables
Table 1 .Communication problem.............................................................................................................12
Table 2 .Effect of ethnocentrism................................................................................................................13
Table 3. Happening of ethnocentrism........................................................................................................14
Table 4. Degree of ethnocentrism influence..............................................................................................15
Table 5 .Minimizing ethnocentrism...........................................................................................................16

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CHAPTRE ONE

1. Introduction
In this chapter, background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, and
limitations of the study are included.

1.2 BACKGROUNDOF THE STUDY

Intercultural communication is one context of communication .The Oxford dictionary defines
communication as “it is process of giving information or of making emotion or idea known to
someone" (Oxforddictionary, 1995 p 99).

Even if the concept of communication is broad, scholars defined communication from different
angles and perspectives. But they have common ground for their definition. For example Harter
and Nelson (2003) define communication as "communication comes from the Latin word”
communicare". This means "to make common or to share” and it can be also defined
communication as process by which meaning between individuals through common of symbols,
signs or behaviors. Nelson Thompson gives definition for communication for present purpose is
“social interaction through messages’’ (1990).

Nelson (2003) defines intercultural Communication as “The exchange of information between

individuals who are inter-culturally. It is a communication between people who have different
between cultural background .Culture can be seen from different angles and it is defined
something that relate with the society. From the general concept of culture it is defined by Neil
Thornbson as "culture is a set of shared meaning “assumption the understandings which have
developed historically in a given of interest (2003).

Related with culture,Devito (2003) has defined intercultural communication "communication

between person who has different cultural Believe, view, or way of behaving” But when peoples
who have different culture, believes, values, and ways of behaving. But when people who have

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different cultural background and communicate each other, there is the existence of
communication problem.

Intercultural communication is the most complex and common context of communication.

Literally ethnocentrism "means a making judgment about another race and culture using the
standard of one’s own" (Oxford dictionary 1995 p155). That means the standard of races or
culture is own the hand of people own thinking. In that sense they have a thought that the only
good and valuable culture is their own. Generally ethnocentric perspective doesn't accept others
culture as a valuable and important.

The existence of ethnocentrism is one major factor that makes intercultural communication to be
complex. The communication expert Devito (203) also explains how much ethnocentrism is
danger for intercultural communication on counters as follows. Ethnocentrism is one of the
biggest obstacles to intercultural communication, in the tendency to see others under their
behaviors through your own culture filters, often as distortions of your own behaviors. It is
tendency to evaluate the views, believe and behaviors of your own culture as superior, as more
positive local and cultural then those of other culture "Devito (2003).

By considering the above fact the study is motivated to contact the research to identify the role of
ethnocentrism in intercultural communication.

1.3. STETMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Communication is the pillar of survival for one society. That is why scholars of communication
give especial attention for that study of ethnocentrism effect on human communication. And
when people come from different corner of the country into the one specific area, their
communication can be affected by their backgroundknowledge and perspective I.e. ethnocentric
behaviors mainly. Because of the culture what one of people love may be completely different
from others .They could behave that their culture is the only good, relevant and superior. That is
why accepting other cultures as relevant and important is become valuable .So it could have its
own effect on individuals who wish to interact inter-culturally.

Specially places like University where students learn languages, culture and background of
knowledge are different are highly affect area of ethnocentric views and then their existence,
proper learning and teaching process and living together would fall at risk. As Ethiopian context

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it is known that university is the main physical context where intercultural communication
occurs frequently. It is assumed that the attitude of ethnocentrism is seen among students since
the backgrounds of students are different, on the other hand positive interaction would have its
own contribution to create good learning environment and opportunity for the students. That is
why the study will take initiation to examine the effect of ethnocentrism on student’s
intercultural communication the case of Haramaya university sociology students.

1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The study aims to achieve the following general and specific objectives.

1.4.1. General Objective

 The general objective of the study is to examine the effects of ethnocentrism on
intercultural communication.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the study include:

 To identify the root cause of ethnocentric attitude among Haramaya University

department of sociology students.
 To describe how ethnocentrism affects intercultural communication.
 To distinguish ways of minimizing ethnocentrism attitude faced during intercultural
communication.

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study tries to answer the following basic research questions:

 How does ethnocentrism affect students’ interaction?

 Does ethnocentrism always inherent intercultural communication and interaction?
 What are ways of minimizing ethnocentrism in intercultural communicative context?

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1.5. SIGNIFICANCES OF STUDY
This study is mainly significant for institutions, especially for universities. And it may also
provide a general awareness about ethnocentrism and its effects on intercultural communication.

In addition the study,

 Could be an initiation point for further study.

 May help to create awareness about ethnocentrism and its effects on intercultural
communication.
 May give highlight about the cause of ethnocentrism.

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is conductedat Haramaya University to identify the effect of ethnocentrism on the student’s
intercultural communication and interaction.

According to the objective of the study the researcher selected students from sociology department.
The reason why the researcher included students from sociology department is to make the study
manageable.Also sociology student is interrelated with this study then the other departments as they
study about society and the researcher can access full three of ethnics.

1.7. ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY

This senior essay has five sections. The first chapter deals with the introduction, statement of the
problem, objectives and basic research questions. The second chapter deals with review of
related literature; the third chapter provides research methodology and the fourth and fifth
chapters present data analysis, conclusion and recommendation respectively.

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CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Introduction
THE study focus on the broaden concept of communication and one of its contexts, I.e.
intercultural communication. Primarily on the major intercultural problem is ethnocentrism. This
chapter includes concept and related literatures which have direct and indirect relation with the
topic of the study. The study will tries to review concepts and related previous studies.

2.2. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

Communication is a vast and ranges from taking to yourself mass communication in which you
talk to millions (Devito 2003 p 54).To know about communication let us see some scholars
definition of communication. Marsen (2006) take some definition from different scholar and put
chronologically.

1. Social interaction through messages.

2, A process thought which participates create and share information with one another in order to
reach mutual understanding.

3, An activity in which symbolic content is not nearly transmitted from one source to other. But
exchange between human agents, who interact with a shared situational and for discursive
context.

4, A process where people in groups using the tools provided by their culture, creative collection
representation of realty.

Communication is a process of exchanging ideas between individual and groups it is the process
of giving information or making emotion idea known to someone .It involve the exchange of
ideas. Meaning is exchanging between individual through a communication system of symbolic,
singular behaviors. Communication is the mechanism through which human relations exist and
develop.

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It is process by which meaning is exchanging between individuals through communication
system of symbols, singular behaviors, communication is the mechanism through which human
relation exist and develop .It is the process whereby one person tell anther something through the
written or spoken words. Call how and well known psychologist said communication is the
process by which one individual to modify the behavior of the individual’s communication.

It's transfer or conveying of meaning (Oxford dictionary p 125).

It is one affected other (claud Shannon)

It is the process transmitting feelings attitudes, factory’s believes and ideas between human
beings (Biruenu).It is the exchange of meaning between individuals through a common system of
symbols (I,A Richard).

It is the sum of the entire things one does one when he wants to create understanding in the mind
of anther. It involves a systematic and continues of felling, listening and understanding (Louis
Allen)

Message transmitted and the message received (Marsun 2006)

The generalized that, those scholars definition emphasize the social and cultural aspects of
communication. Another focus on behavioral and cognitive aspect (2 and 5)(Meson
2006).Another writes Allyn and Bacon(2001) define process of making sense out of the world
and sharing that sense with other through verbal and non verbal.

2.3. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

2.3.1 People
Obviously communication involve people "AL level of communication take place between and
among all types of senders, person are those who encode the message and act as the receivers.
Person is those who decide the message" (Gamble 1999]

2.3.2 Message
In any of communication except intra personal communication level,we send and receive both
verbal and nonverbal message. "Messages are context of a communication act” (Ibid)

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2.3.3 Channel
We send and receive messages with and through all our sends. In this time we use medium or
channel.

2.3.4 Noise
In the context of communication noise is similarity something and anything that interferes on
distorts of sending and receiving messages.

2.3.5. Feedback
Whenever there is a communication with one or more persons. We also receive information in
return. The verbal and nonverbal cues that we perceive and the reaction of our communication
function is Feedback (Ibide).It tell us how we are coming across.

2.4. INTERCULCHURAL COMMUNICATION

2.4.1. Culture and communication

Culture consists of the relative specialized life style of a group people. Their values, beliefs,
artifacts way of behaving and way of communicating.Included in a social groups “culture is
everything that members of that group have produced and developed their language. Ways of
thinking, art, religion and of course communicating theories. Style and attitudes (Devito, 2003)

Culture consist of system of knowledge, believe, values , customs, behaviors and artifact that are
equerries shared and use by its members during daily living (Gambel 1999). Culture is the
system of activity and discourse which have been codified by using and which reflect the
conversation practice of a group ( Marsen 2006).

Taking the above definitions as the base, let us see other scholar's definition and concept of
intercultural communication .According to Devito (2003) the term intercultural communication
refers to communication between person who have different cultural belief, values, or way of
behavior intercultural communication hence forth ICC tend to describe the relation between
members of different ethnic group and language interacting in an inter nation context

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2.4.1 Strategy for improving intercultural communication.
 Conduct, personal self-assessment one of first step to word improving your intercultural
communication is an honest assessment of your own communication style, belief.
 Practice supportive communication behaviors is supportive behaviors such as empathy
courage succession intercultural exchanges, defensive behaviors tend to hamper
effectiveness.
 Develop sensitivity toward diversity.
 Avoid stereotypes cultural generalization go only so far avoid making assumption about
another culture and get to know individuals for them self.
 Avoid ethnocentrism you may know your own cultural the best. But that familiarity does
not make your own culture superior to all others. You will more about the strength and
weakness of your own culture by learning or about others.
 Develop code of sensitivity. It means learning to use verbal and nonverbal
communication appropriate to the culture or CO culture norms of the individual with who
you are communicating.

2.4.2. Problem of Intercultural communication

There area of Intercultural communication is potentially a main field of difficulty and
complications at both theoretical and practical level (Thomson)

2.4.3. Stereotype
According to Thomsen (2003) one factor that we can identify which clearly has an important
bearing intercultural communication is that of stereotyping. And it has the effect of distorting
communication. Stereotyping is simply anther words of over generalization. The different
however is stereotyping characteristic of the group are not only over generalization to apply to
each member of the group, but they are also taken to have the exaggerated negative and positive
view. The value is then taken as arguments to support social or political relationships in regards
to members of those groups. Stereotyping limit our understanding of human behavior and
intercultural discourse. Because they limit view of human activity to just one or two salient
cementation and consider these to be whole pictures.

8
Furthermore they go on ideologically to use that limited view of individual and groups to justify
preferential or discriminatory treatment by other who hold greater political power (Ibid).

2.4.4. What is ethnocentrism?

Ethnocentrism is largest problems that occur during intercultural communication in the people
bring on ethnocentric perspective to the interaction. It is the belief that your own group or culture
as superior to all others is the key characteristic of field intercultural communication” (Gamble
1999). They are added that person who are ethnocentric experience great worry when interacting
with person from different cultures.

According to Harter [2003] lack of interaction with another culture fosters or promotes high level
of ethnocentrism.

When this scholars put lack of interaction as the factor to foster high level of ethnocentrism, as
the solution they put .this is to communicate effectively with people from norms maybe different
from your own.

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CHAPTER THREE:

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1. Methodological approach

The study aims at identifying the effect of ethnocentrism on intercultural communication in order
to get important results from this study. Quantitative and qualitative approaches have the main
purpose to determine whether predictive generalization of the study hold true. In general
questions like how much, how many, how often and to what extent is answered by quantitative
and qualitative approach.

3.2. Toolsof data collection

To gather primary data from the selected respondents interviews and questionnaires have been
used. The researcher felt that gathering the necessary through these tools would help him answer
the three basic research questions posed in chapter one.

3.3 Size and Sampling technique of the study

Sampling is a presentation of the mass population. And the sampling technique can bedetermined
by the purpose of the study .To accomplish the study stratified sampling was employed as It is
more appropriatefor such kind of study. The researcher categorized students by three study
divisionbased on their coming areas, basically Oromia, Amhara and Tigray regions.

The reason why the researcherselected these regions is by considering the number of population
on the study area from Oromia 10 students, Amhara 6 students and Tigray 4 students may take as
a sample in questionnaire. In general 20 students are as the sample of this study.

3.4 subject of the study

The target area of the study is Haramaya university students. The subject area limited because of
the quality of the research and to manage the resource and time.

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3.5 Data analysis and presentation
First the data gathered through interviews and questionnaires were categorized based on the
themes they belong to. Then the data gathered through interviews were analyzed qualitatively,
whereas data collected through questionnaires were put in tables and interpreted.

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CHAPTRE FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents data analysis and interpretation of the data collected from primary sources.
These sources helped the researcher to produce quantitative and qualitative data to explain the
essence of the study.

The data basically collected through questionnaires and interviews as basic data gathering tools.
Questionnaires were distributed to the respondents to achieve the objective of the study; the
researcher has focused on the following basic points as the basic data of the study.

 The effect of ethnocentrism.

 The problem of intercultural communication.
 The cause of ethnocentrism.
 The ways of minimizing ethnocentrism

Table 1 .Communication problem

Question Option No of respondent Percentage

Have you faced a communication problem Yes 11 55%

in the campus differently from other time?
No 9 45%

Total 20 100%

From the above table, more than half respondents have recognized as they face a communication
problem in the campus differently with other time. Respondents have tried to put situations what
the face, many of them mention the problem of language difference and miss understanding of
other culture.

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Similarly, an interviewee noted that,

We face the communication problem in our campus, differently from the other
time, there is numbers of language, deferent background , believe and view .In
this case some of the students is practice the ethnocentrism and stereotype on the
students .Because they are miss understanding the other culture and
language .Also our country population is who is have not deepest education
background they have not awareness to other language and improve the
communication problem.

Table 2 .Effect of ethnocentrism

Question Option Number of Percentage of

respondents respondents

Does ethnocentrism affect students’ Yes 17 85%

intercultural communication?
No 3 15%

Total 20 100%

According to the above table almost all respondents agreed upon the effect of the ethnocentrism
on student’s intercultural communication.

These respondents have tried to answer its effect as follow, they wants to communicate only with
peoples which they belongs acting to reject others culture. This perception may create negative
attitude toward others.

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In the same way the response from an interviewee also supports the above given idea as
follows:

Every level of communication ethnocentrism is affecting the student’s intercultural

communication. If the ethnocentrism is happen between student’s intercultural communications
they are not live together and can raise a conflict between students. Also ethnocentrism or
stereotype naturally negative attitude and it is the main effect of student’s intercultural
communication .Ethnocentrism has the
potential to lead to negative stereotypes, negative prejudice, and negative behaviors against
ethnic/minority group members.

Table 3.Happening of ethnocentrism

Question Option No of respondents percentage

Does ethnocentrism happen always if the

people interact different culturally? Yes 5 25%

No 15 75%

Total 20 100
%

The above table shows that ethnocentrism does not happen always when people interact different
culture.

The feedback of many respondents provides on table and they agreed on it.

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On the other hand when we discuss by interview, the respondents said that:

If the people interact different culturally ethnocentrism is not happen, this can if
one nation love the other culture, language, understand the other nation
background. Also if the government should work on the educate all of family about
the ethnocentrism as well as stereotype is a risk ethnocentrism is have not happen.
But if there is not awareness, make our culture and language supporter the other it
may happen.

Table 4.Degree of ethnocentrism influence

option No of respondents Percentage of

Question responde4nts
The degree of ethnocentrism Very high
affectsstudent’s intercultural 4 20%
communication? high
10 50%

medium 2 10%

Low 4 20%

Total 20 100%

Stand from the above table, the degree of effective ethnocentrism on students’ intercultural
communication is high.

This means all are agreed up on the influence of ethnocentrism on students intercultural
communications and the degree of influence average is high.

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Table 5 .Minimizing ethnocentrism

Question option Percentage of

No of respondents
respondents
Can we minimize ethnocentrism
through intercultural Yes 17 85%
communication?
No 3 15%

Total 20 100%

From the above table, it can be undersood the way of the opportunity to minimize
ethnocentrism because almost they are agreed happy on it.

The data gathered through an interview also goes in line with what has been mentioned
above:

The findings of the study suggest that additional attention should be given to
potential factors that may reduce ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism has the potential to
lead to negative stereotypes, negative prejudice, and negative behaviors against
ethnic group members. Therefore, intercultural communication a significant
contribution to the reduction of ethnocentrism.Intercommunication examining which
specific factors help reduces ethnocentrism.

This study focused on two likely potential factors related to ethnocentrism, and the results
indicated that both intercultural communication sensitivity and multiculturalism are significant
predictors of ethnocentrism. The major significance of this study is that it provides empirical

16
evidence that higher levels of intercultural communication sensitivity may lead to reduced
ethnocentrism. That ways are the following

 Being open minded

 Creating a culture of respecting others.
 Adopt the feeling of tolerance.
 Being aware of intercultural communication
 Being critical thinker
 Ability to accept natural difference and
 Know the effect of ethnocentrism

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CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter dealswith summary, general findings of the study which are presented and analyzed
on the previous chapters. Furthermore, as much as possible it points out relevant
recommendations.

5.1. Summary

When the study conducted, the researcher aimed to identify the problem of intercultural
communication accordance with effect of ethnocentrism. In order to achieve the stated objective,
the researcher employed the quantitative and qualitative approach. The primary data collection
tool where used such as questionnaire.

To select subject, the subject stratified sampling were used.

The researcher then comes up with the following findings.

 Major problem of intercultural communication are ethnocentrism and stereotype.

 University is viewed as the exact place which intercultural communication problem is a
rise.
 Culture, language religion, norm and etc of the groups are the causes of difference while
they interact intercultural.
 Effect of ethnocentrism on students’ intercultural communication is high.
 Knowing ethnocentrism or intercultural communication. Accepting natural difference and
respecting other culture are the best way of minimizing ethnocentrism.

5.2. RECOMMENDATION
By reminding of literature review findings on the research and based on the conclusion, the
researcher forward the following recommendations, so as to show the gate way of intercultural

18
communication problems. To minimize the effects of ethnocentrism and to develop intercultural
communication.

 Student should generate the experience of accepting others culture during intercultural
communication.
 Students should open minded and being a critical thinker at any time there are
intercultural communication.
 Universities like Haramaya University should be responsible for creating awareness
students how to like through difference.

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References
Allyn and Bacon [2001] , Professional communication skill

David Jary and Julice [200] Collins internet Linking sociology dictionary.

Gamble and Gambel [1999] communication works

Joseph A .Devito [2003}, Human communication .Hunter college of city University of New
York.

Lin, Y., & Rancer, A. S. (2003). Ethnocentrism, intercultural communication

McMillan oxford dictionary, 1995

McMillan oxford dictionary, 1995

Neil Tompson [2003], communication and language, a hand book of theory and practice
palgrave.

Pearson, Nelsona and Hetore [2003] Human communication.

Sky marsen [2006], communication studies. Palgrave foundation oxford advanced learners
dictionary[1995]

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APPENDIX A
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SIENCE AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND MUSS Communication

Dear respondents

This purpose of study is carried out the effect of ethnocentrism on Intercultural communication
communication by taking Haramaya University in case of sociology students.

Stand from this the questionnaire have designed to gather data for this study. This research
conduct as a partial fulfillment for the requirement of the first degree in journalism and mass
communication.

Please feel assured that your privacy and information you will give with confidentiality. Thank
you for your corporation.

A. Put your personal information

1. Sex male female

2. Region [where do you came from

a. Oromia b. Amhara C. Tigria

B. based on the introduction give answer for the following questions

1. Have you ever faced a communication problem in the campus differently from other time?

A. Yes B. No

If you answer is “yes” explain please

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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2. How do you evaluate your communication with people who have different culture?

_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the problem of communication with cultural difference?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________

4. Do you think ethnocentrism affect students’ intercultural communication?

A. Yes B.NO

5. Have you had experience of ethnocentrism attitude towards students’ intercultural

communication?

A. Yes B. no

If you answer “yes “explain in what way?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

6. Does ethnocentrism happens always if people interact different culture?

A. Yeas B. No

7. When does ethnocentrism affect student’s intercultural communication?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________

8. The degree to which ethnocentrism affects students’ intercultural communication is

A. Very high B high C,Medium D Low

9. From your prospective, what is the root cause of ethnocentrism?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

10. Can we minimize the ethnocentrism intercultural communication?

A “Yes “ B “No”

If your answer is “yes” list ways of minimize ethnocentrism.

______________________________________________________________________________

Appendix B

Interview questionnaire
Q1. How do you evaluate your communication with people who have different culture with you?

Q2. What is the problem of communication with culture difference?

Q3. When ethnocentrisms affect student intercultural communication?

Q4. From your perspective, what is the root cause of ethnocentrism?

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