Healthy

Higher
Density
Living
Issues Paper
MELISSA O’NEILL.
Centre for Population Health,
Western Sydney Local Health District

LUCY FOKKEMA
City of Parramatta
 Healthy Higher Density Issues Paper
As part of an ongoing strategic partnership, the Centre for Population
Health, Western Sydney Local Health District (WSLHD) and City of
Parramatta Council (Council) have jointly developed this issues paper,
outlining recent insights into the lived experience and attitudes of people
living in higher density in City of Parramatta local government area (LGA).

This research project has identified a number of issues of concern for

Council and WSLHD regarding the health impacts of higher density.
Many tools to address these issues already exist. These tools could be
better implemented and promoted to improve the health outcomes of
residents of higher density.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT:

Social Outcomes, City of Parramatta
LFokkema@cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au
(02) 9806 5473

Centre for Population Health, WSLHD

Melissa.oneill2@health.nsw.gov.au
(02) 9830 3603

December 2017

OTHER REPORTS IN THIS SERIES:

• Healthy Higher Density Living for kids.
• Healthy Higher Density Living Summary Survey Report

2 Healthy Higher Density Living

Issues paper 3
Introduction
City of Parramatta
is transforming.
Major urban renewal is
transforming the area from a
low scale, suburban centre
to a key centre of services,
infrastructure and employment
for Western Sydney. The
Greater Sydney Commission
has identified Parramatta
as the “Central River City,” a
“developing city, with health,
education, administration,
finance and business services
driving the economy.”1

1 https://www.greater.sydney/content/three-cities
2U dell T, Daley M, Johnson B, Tolley, R, Does density
matter? The role of density in creating walkable
neighbourhoods, Melbourne: National Heart
Foundation of Australia, 2014, accessed online
<https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/
uploads/publications/Heart_Foundation__Does_
density_matter_FINAL2014.pdf>

4 Healthy Higher Density Living

Our way of life is changing. Already, Parramatta
residents are more likely to be living closer together,
in higher density. Our essential infrastructure,
from sports fields to community centres to water
provision, is under significant pressure from
increased demand; and there are more people in
the streets, parks and public places of the City.
In response to the growing number of higher density
neighbourhoods throughout City of Parramatta,
WSLHD and Council have jointly undertaken the
Healthy Higher Density Living Project. The project
aims to build an evidence base of the health and
wellbeing impacts of living in higher density for local
residents in City of Parramatta LGA.

These trends will intensify. Parramatta’s population is
forecast to grow from over 245,000 people in 2017 to
397,000 people in 2036 (62% increase). A large share
of these people will be housed in higher density,
particularly in urban renewal areas.
Our community has consistently told us that
managing the impacts of growth is one of their
major priorities. Increased public transport and
pedestrian accessibility, improved facilities and
increased access to green space and recreation
opportunities are required to support development.
Current evidence identifies that higher density
neighbourhoods can improve health for residents
by increasing opportunities for physical activity,
social interaction and access to daily living needs.2
However, poorly designed and located apartments
can have a negative impact on residents’ health.
Purpose of this issues paper
The purpose of this issues paper is to provide a concise
overview of the health impacts of living in higher
density in City of Parramatta, and to consider a range of
options for minimising negative health impacts.

Definitions
Term Definition
Medium The following dwelling types were classified as medium density: apartment/flat
density (up to 3 storeys); duplex/semi-detached/villa; flat above shop.

The following dwelling types were classified as high density: apartment/flat (4 –

High density
9 storeys); apartment/flat (10 or more storeys).

The following dwelling type was classified as low density and screened out of the
Low density
survey: ‘separate house’.

“Living in Includes participants living in both medium and high density dwellings. Higher
higher density” density neighbourhoods can consist mainly of medium density dwellings.

Issues paper 5
How did we develop
this issues paper?
This issues paper draws on:
Literature review. A review of current academic WHO WILL USE THIS
literature was undertaken to provide a context for this
issues paper.
ISSUES PAPER?
Healthy Higher Density Living Survey. The pilot survey
This issues paper will assist
consisted of 27 questions, incorporating a range of social planners, land use
validated questions from a number of similar studies.
The survey was administered to 425 City of Parramatta planners, policymakers and
residents living in higher density in October to
November 2016, via the Our City Your Say online panel. other decision makers to have
Interviews with Council and WSLHD staff. Stakeholder an understanding of the issues
interviews were undertaken with staff from a number
of teams within Western Sydney Local Health District and evidence base regarding
and City of Parramatta Council. These informal
consultations revealed a number of key themes
higher density living in City of
regarding the health impacts and risks of higher Parramatta.
density living for residents in City of Parramatta.

6 Healthy Higher Density Living

Higher density living
in numbers
Contrary to popular assumptions, apartment living is
not just for young singles, couples without children,
empty nesters and people living alone. The 2016
Census data demonstrates that families with young
children are increasingly choosing to live in higher
density neighbourhoods due to the comparative
convenience, accessibility and affordability of these
areas. Our higher density neighbourhoods are home
to an increasingly diverse range of households.
In 2016, who lived in
higher density?
• 34% of City of Parramatta residents lived in high
density dwellings, including apartments in blocks of
three storeys and above, compared with 27% in 2011.
• 21% of residents lived in medium density dwellings,
including semi-detached, row, terrace, townhouses
and villa units, plus flats and apartments in blocks of
1 or 2 storeys, and flats attached to houses.
• Only 44% of residents lived in separate houses,
a significant decline from 52% in 2011.
• 29% of couples with children lived in high density,
compared with 55% living in separate houses.
• 42% of couple families with no children
live in high density.
• 52% of lone person households lived
in high density.
Parramatta is growing, and most of our
new residents will live in higher density…
• The number of dwellings in City of Parramatta is
forecast to grow from 87,005 in 2016 to 122,194 in 2026.
This is an additional 35,189 dwellings in 10 years.
• The majority of this growth will be high and medium
density dwellings, which will place significant
pressure on existing community resources and
infrastructure.
Where is high density growth happening
in Parramatta LGA?
• The majority of higher density growth in the City
will happen along the proposed route for the
Parramatta Light Rail (including Westmead, North
Parramatta, Parramatta CBD, Camellia, Telopea,
Carlingford) as well as Epping, Wentworth Point,
Sydney Olympic Park and Granville. Across these
growth areas, approximately 78,000 new dwellings
could be realised in the next 20 years, and most of
these will be higher density dwellings.
• Many of the areas that will undergo higher density
urban renewal are formerly industrial areas, such
as Rydalmere-Ermington-Melrose Park, Granville,
Carter Street in Lidcombe and Camellia. These
areas have very limited existing neighbourhood
infrastructure such as open space, libraries or
community centres.
Issues paper 7
Experiences of
higher density living
in Parramatta
The Healthy Higher Density Living Survey aimed to gain insight into the experiences of
residents living in higher density in City of Parramatta. In total, 425 residents responded
to the survey, and some of the key insights included:

Many respondents were dissatisfied with some aspect of their dwelling.

The major desired changes related to reduced noise, increased parking
and improved maintenance of the building.

Almost half of respondents identified that they would like some or more interaction
with people in their neighbourhoods. Respondents who lived in apartment buildings
up to three storeys were most likely to feel they had enough social interaction.
Respondents were more likely to run into people they knew close to their buildings,
near the entrance or in communal facilities.

The neighbourhood feature that most influenced respondents’ decisions to

live in higher density in their suburb was proximity to public transport.

Many respondents walked regularly, in particular to shops, around the

neighbourhood, to public transport and to parks/ovals/bushland.

Respondents identified public transport, parks/playgrounds/open spaces, and local

cafes/restaurants as the top three services and facilities that they used within their
neighbourhood in the last six months.

Almost half of respondents were considering relocating into a separate house in

the next five years, and only 20% of respondents wanted to stay in their current
apartment for the next five years. Many respondents wanted to relocate to larger
homes to accommodate growing families, or to purchase a home.

8 Healthy Higher Density Living

Issues paper 9
What are the
health impacts
of high density?
Neighbourhood density and housing types have an
impact on a range of health outcomes which affect
people of all ages.
Benefits of higher density
neighbourhoods done well
In their discussion paper, Does Density Matter?, the
Heart Foundation argues that many of the health
benefits of higher density neighbourhoods are
associated with the “six Ds”: density, design, diversity
(mixed land uses), destination accessibility and
demand management (parking policy), as well as
placemaking.1
The Heart Foundation states that “these features make
the biggest impact when they work together”(p.6).3
Well designed, located and planned higher density
neighbourhoods can have numerous and significant
benefits for individual residents and the community as
a whole, including:
• Providing a wider variety of housing types at
a range of price points, close to amenities.4
• Reducing traffic congestion and reducing vehicle
kilometres travelled, thereby also improving air
quality.4
• Increasing physical activity, as residents in
higher density are more likely to walk or cycle
to a broader range of destinations. In higher
density neighbourhoods, local shops, services
and transport is likely to be closer together, and
therefore easier and more attractive to walk to.4
• Reducing the footprint of cities by reducing
the amount of space required for each person,
improving the environmental sustainability and
efficiency of the city as a whole.4
3 https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/Heart_Foundation__Does_density_matter_FINAL2014.pdf
4 Giles-Corti B, Ryan R, Forster S. (2012). Increasing density in Australia: maximising the health benefits and minimising the harm. Report to the
National Heart Foundation of Australia, Melbourne.
5 https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Passive-smoking-SHS-Apartments-Achieving-smoke-free-Apartment-
living-on-line-kit-Final-as-at-30-8-11-30-August-2011.pdf
6 Heenan R. (2017). Healthy High Density for Kids. The effects of high-density housing on children’s health and development: a literature review
to inform policy development in Western Sydney.
10 Healthy Higher Density Living
Potential risks of higher
density housing
There are potential harms associated with living in
higher density housing, which depend on - where it
is located, how well it is designed and built, and who
lives there.
If not done well, high density housing can contribute to
a range of negative health impacts. A literature review
of these impacts has been completed by Giles-Corti
et al. (2012) and the report identifies the following
potential impacts: 4
Respiratory conditions
• Due to increased exposure to pollution related to
proximity to busy roads, high traffic density and
poor indoor air quality.2 In addition, a number of
scientific studies have measured significant levels
of tobacco smoke contaminants in the apartments
of non-smoking residents who live in a building
where other people smoke.5
Mental health conditions
• Crowding, noise, indoor air quality and light can
directly influence the mental health of residents.3
• The occurrence of disorderly behaviour in the
surrounding areas affects residents’ fear of crime
and their sense of wellbeing and control.3
• The floor on which people live may affect the
quality of the living environment and also limit
opportunities for social interactions. The Healthy
High Density for Kids literature review found that
poorer mental health in mothers was more marked
the higher the floor of residence.6
• The link between higher density dwellings and
poorer adult mental health has been supported
by subsequent reviews and may be related to a
paucity of social networks.3
Cardiovascular mortality
• Due to exposure to environmental stressors
such as, air pollution and traffic. Higher density
housing located on roads with heavy traffic may
increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Road traffic mortality
• Due to neighbourhood features that increase
the risk of pedestrian injuries, particularly for
children. These features include: high traffic
speeds and volumes, increased curb parking,
the absence of a park or play area near home
and the presence of crossings where there are
no traffic lights present.
Cancer mortality
• Due to an increased exposure to environmental
stressors e.g. air pollution. In addition to the
potential negative impacts of living in higher
density on lifestyle risk factors including physical
activity, smoking and fruit and vegetable intake.
Mortality
• A number of studies have found over-crowding
is positively associated with mortality. The
evidence between crowding and mortality was
consistent, regardless of whether crowding was
measured by persons per room or the number of
housing units per structure. However, there was
no association for population density.
However, higher density neighbourhoods that are
well located, planned and designed can deliver a
wide range of positive health benefits.

Issues paper 11
Characteristics of
healthy higher density
neighbourhoods
To plan and deliver healthy higher density neighbourhoods, policy makers
need to address three different domains simultaneously: the building, the
socioeconomic and cultural make up of residents, and the quality and amenity of
the neighbourhood as a whole.3

Figure 1: The domains which require simultaneous consideration to ensure healthy higher density neighbourhoods.

“Children are a kind of indicator species. If we can

build a successful city for children, we will have
a successful city for all people”
– Enrique Penalosa, Mayor of Bogota
12 Healthy Higher Density Living
To plan and deliver healthy higher density neighbourhoods, we need to work across
three domains at the same time:

The building including its location, • The social environment can be improved by:
construction, design, management • Designing developments to encourage opportunities
and maintenance. for selective rather than enforced interactions as this
ensures positive interactions that protect the mental
• Healthy higher density buildings are located health of residents.
with easy access to public transport, shops,
• Co-locating families on the same level, as this creates
social infrastructure, services and a hierarchy
a sense of community.
of public open space and away from roads
with heavy traffic.4 • Achieving higher densities through lower rise
development as it is optimal for families and
• Building design features include: older adults.
• Noise insulation • Adequate provision of social and affordable housing to
reduce housing stress and enable households to meet
• Breeze ways that optimise ventilation
basic living costs.4
• Designing balconies, windows and draw points
for air conditioners so they do not overlook The quality and amenity of the
roads with traffic neighbourhood.
• Use of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
• Factors that encourage active modes of transport
features to enhance territoriality and promote natural
and promote healthy higher density living by
surveillance
impacting on residents’ quality of life include:
• Providing opportunities for selective interactions
• The appearance and aesthetic appeal of the
between residents including children
neighbourhood.
• Co-locating families on the same levels, for example
• Diversity of land uses which create opportunities for
by locating three bedroom apartments on the same
interactions and contribute to a sense of community.
levels, where feasible
• Access to public transport services.
• Ensuring housing is large enough to accommodate
families will prevent overcrowding.4 • Access to services and recreational destinations
including; shops, schools, places of worship, healthcare
• Healthy higher density buildings often have
facilities, social and community facilities and public
a suitable level of governance to create a
open space.4
functional living environment which reduces fear
and influences real and perceived safety.4 • Overall, the needs of children, young people and
older people require special consideration to ensure
The socioeconomic and cultural additional negative health impacts are not experienced
by these population groups.4
make up of residents and the local
neighbourhood.4
• Low socioeconomic status is associated with
poor quality housing and poor general health and
mental health outcomes. The presence of crime,
vandalism and disorderly behaviour clusters
is amplified in high density areas.4

• The cultural context of the neighbourhood will

impact residents’ social interactions and their
social support.4

Issues paper 13
What are the health impacts
of high density in Parramatta?
A number of health-related questions were included
in the Healthy Higher Density Survey (2016).7 Results
indicate that the health status and behaviours of
respondents were mixed.
The good news:
• 69% of respondents rated their health during the
past 4 weeks as either excellent or very good
• Only 4% of respondents reported they smoke. In
comparison to the WSLHD population, 14.3% of the
WSLHD population aged 16 years were smoking in
2016.8
• The top destinations people walk to in a
usual week are:
• The shops (69%)
Of concern is:
• 65% of respondents felt stressed some of the
time in the past four weeks. A further 16% of
respondents reported they felt stressed either
most or all of the time. In comparison, in 2015, 9% of
the WSLHD population reported high and very high
levels of psychological distress.10
• Only 6% of respondents consumed the
recommended five serves of vegetables a day
and 31% consumed the recommended two serves
of fruit per day. In comparison, in 2016, 4% of the
population aged 16 years and over consumed the
recommended servings of vegetables and 43%
of the WSLHD population aged 16 years and over
consumed the recommended servings of fruit per
day.11

• Around the neighbourhood (65%) • 47% of respondents identified they would like
some or more interaction with people in their
• To public transport (63%)
neighbourhoods.
• To a park/oval/bushland (53%)
These results indicate that the majority of respondents
• 32% of respondents reported they walked to work, have excellent or very good self-rated health. Self-
which is significantly higher than the community as rated health is a strong and independent predicator
a whole where 4% walk to work.9 of subsequent illness and premature death.

• Only 1% of respondents reported they do not walk
anywhere in a usual week.
However, the results which identify behavioural risk
factors for chronic conditions are mixed. The good
news is, smoking rates are low and weekly incidental
walking levels are high. However, fruit and vegetable
consumption is very low and perceived levels of stress
are high.

7 Fokkema L, Wearne K, O’Neill M. (2017) Healthy Higher Density Living: Summary Survey Report. Available from:? .Please note, the results are
from a convenience sample and therefore may be biased.
8 http://www.healthstats.nsw.gov.au/Indicator/beh_smo_age/beh_smo_lhn_trend?filter1ValueId=18395&LocationType=Local Health
District&name=Smoking&code=smo
9 https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/journey-work-jtw-2011/resource/85258a6b-e7d1-46e1-bb2e-570f59e00db0
10http://www.healthstats.nsw.gov.au/Indicator/men_distr_age/men_distr_lhn_trend?filter1ValueId=18395&LocationType=Local Health
District&name=Mental health&code=men bod_dementhos
11 http://www.healthstats.nsw.gov.au/Indicator/beh_veg_statage/beh_veg_lhn_trend?filter1ValueId=18395&LocationType=Local Health
District&name=Nutrition&code=beh_veg mab_feed mum_folate beh_feed
14 Healthy Higher Density Living
To maximise the health outcomes for residents it is essential that the health
impacts of higher density housing are considered through councils planning
controls and internal policies. As indicated by the evidence, effective planning
of higher density housing can improve the health outcomes of residents.

Specific considerations which will positively impact the behavioural risk factors
assessed in this survey include:
• Ensuring fresh healthy food (fruit and vegetables) is affordable and accessible in higher
density neighbourhoods
• Ensuring access to; public transport, active transport opportunities, a variety of local
services, social infrastructure and recreational destinations, and a hierarchy of quality
green open space.
• Locating higher density developments away from busy roads, and ensuring
environmental stressors such as crowding, noise, poor indoor air quality and lighting
are considered during the design of buildings.

Issues paper 15
What impact has higher density
growth and development had
on Council and WSLHD service
provision?
In 2016, Western Sydney Local Health District (WSLHD) and Council conducted interviews with teams whose
operations have been affected by increased population density. The interviews have been summarised to
highlight the unique ways that higher density has had an impact on service provision for Council and WSLHD.
Council perspective
Impact
Neighbourhood level impacts
Pressure on existing
services and facilities
Construction
phase impacts
Equity of access
to facilities
Building level impacts
Reduced community
cohesion
16 Healthy Higher Density Living
Examples
• Increased use of community infrastructure
o Resulting in competition of space and crowding. Facilities effected include:
libraries, open space and community centres
• Increased maintenance costs
o Due to increased usage e.g. playgrounds
• The need to accommodate a more diverse range of needs
o Due to different languages, abilities, age groups, interests
• Public amenity of neighbourhoods are disturbed during construction
o Impacts on parking, footpaths and road access
• Temporary loss of facilities
o Impacts on community members and other services and facilities in the
short term
• Communal facilities within buildings vary
o Some offer private pools and gyms. If Council does not continue
to provide communal facilities/social infrastructure there will be
a reliance on private facilities
• Developers contributions favour their own site
o Rather than contributing to community level improvements.
• Challenge to ensure the opportunities offered by density are spread equitably
to neighbourhoods
o For example, “amazing precincts only within boundaries”
is an undesirable approach
• Lack of guidelines for designing quality communal spaces such as courtyards
and rooftops
o Spaces are poorly designed, maintained and used
• A lack of connection to communal spaces and your neighbours within buildings
o Results in less advocacy for resident needs, with Council, building
management or other stakeholders
Service delivery impacts
Pressure on Council • Growth and development has increased the volume and complexity of
resources development applications and the strategic planning required

WSLHD perspective
Impact Examples

Building level impacts

• Difficulty accessing clients

o Due to internal car park restrictions and complex security systems
Complex building
• Broken lifts and long staircases
access for home visits.
o Create difficulties for nurses and allied health professionals to negotiate with
heavy equipment e.g. laptops and therapy equipment

Service delivery impacts

• Limited parking for visitors or allocated parking for essential services around
Limited parking and within developments.
• Limited pick up and drop off zones for community buses

• More time needed to plan and conduct home visits

Increased time required
o Due to parking, access and increased traffic around higher density
for home visits
neighbourhoods

Inability to
• Difficulties conducting/completing home visits
conduct home visit
o Due to crowding creating a lack of privacy for the client
consultations

• A lack of opportunity for gross motor skill development

o Due to parents restricting children’s active play and increasing screen time
Unique health impacts • Limited exposure to language associated with different forms of play
on clients and program o Due to limited play options
delivery • Requests for program funding to teach parents how to be active with their
children
o Due to a lack of confidence in how to play sports

• The environmental health team has received an increase in complaints

relating to:
Increased
o Cigarette and cooking smoke drift between apartments
environmental health
o Pet droppings on balconies
complaints
o Hoarding and squalor in apartments
o Dumping of waste on the streets

Issues paper 17
What approaches could
Council and WSLHD consider
to minimise the negative
impacts of high density living
on people’s health?
Considering the pace and intensity of development across City of Parramatta, it is essential that Council,
WSLHD and their partners continue to advocate for healthy higher density neighbourhoods which improve
individual and community wellbeing. Minimising the negative impact of higher density living on residents
requires collaboration between key stakeholders across a number of potential approaches.
The recommended approaches are summarised below.

Approach Potential actions

Preventing, where • Continue to advocate for a mix of dwellings sizes and price points to support a
possible, the diverse range of households in higher density environments.
negative health • Continue to advocate for affordable housing when planning for higher density
impacts of living in environments.
higher density
• Ensuring new apartment buildings provide opportunities for voluntary social
interactions between residents.
• Ensuring apartment buildings are located within accessible walking distance
to a range of facilities and services e.g. public transport, parks/open space and
affordable, fresh food.
• Ensuring new apartments are built incorporating relevant safety considerations, e.g.
appropriate pedestrian crossings.
• Planning precincts and neighbourhoods with adequate access to open space, bike
and walking tracks, sports fields, childcare, community centres and other social
infrastructure that supports the community.

Continuing to • Continue to research the impacts of higher density living on 0 – 5 year olds.
research the health • Scope research to understand the health and wellbeing impacts of higher density on
impacts of higher residents in lower density.
density living
• Investigate opportunities to research the long-term health impacts of living in higher
density on residents.

Promote the use of • Make the extensive research into the health impacts of high density living readily
existing tools that available for relevant departments
promote positive • Promote the existing tools that support positive health outcomes in higher density
health outcomes in neighbourhoods by planners and developers, e.g. Healthy Urban Development
higher density Checklist, Heart Foundation’s Healthy Active by Design, Social and Health Impact
Assessments, Apartment Design Guides, etc.

18 Healthy Higher Density Living

Next steps
Council and WSLHD are taking a number of steps to
take the work of the Healthy Higher Density Living
project forward, including:
• Working to finalise the Draft Social Infrastructure
Strategy, which outlines City of Parramatta
Council’s long term direction for social
infrastructure provision to support our growing
communities and improve the quality of life, and
health of our residents.
• Ongoing advocacy and planning with key
stakeholders. Council and WSLHD are both key
stakeholders in the planning and development of
READING LIST
Local research:
• Fokkema L, Wearne K, O’Neill M. (2017) Healthy
Higher Density Living: Summary Survey Report.
• Heenan R. (2017). Healthy High Density for
Kids. The effects of high-density housing on
children’s health and development: a literature
review to inform policy development in
Western Sydney.
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS AND TOOLS
Local research:
• Government Architect New South Wales. (2017).
Better Placed. An integrated design policy for
the built environment of New South Wales.
Available from: www.governmentarchitect.nsw.
gov.au/thinking/integrated-design-policy
• The Committee for Sydney. (2016). Making
Great Places, Density Done Well discussion
paper. Available from: www.urbangrowth.nsw.
gov.au/assets/Living-Cities/CfS-Discussion-
Paper-Making-Great-Places-Density-Done-
Well.pdf
• Heart Foundation. (2017). Healthy
growth precincts in the City. Both organisations
advocate for the health and wellbeing of existing
and future residents in these precincts.
• Undertaking research into the health impacts of
higher density living on 0-5 year olds. WSLHD is
leading research into the health impacts of higher
density living on 0-5 year olds, including guidance
on healthy higher density living for children in City
of Parramatta.
Literature
• Giles-Corti B, Ryan R, Forster S. (2012).
Increasing density in Australia: maximising
the health benefits and minimising the harm.
Report to the National Heart Foundation of
Australia, Melbourne. Available from: www.
heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/
publications/Increasing-density-in-Australia-
Evidence-Review-2012-trevor.pdf
Active by Design. Available from: www.
healthyactivebydesign.com.au/
• NSW Government Planning & Environment.
(2015). Apartment Design Guide. Available
from: www.planning.nsw.gov.au/Policy-and-
Legislation/Housing/Apartment-Design-Guide
• NSW Commission for Children and
Young People. (2009). Built4kids: A good
practice guide to creating child-friendly
built environments. Available from:
http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/522228/
documents/NSWCCYP2009-Built4Kids.
pdf?t=1503784038100
Issues paper 19