Introduction To Information and

Communication Technology
CS -114

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PROCESSING DATA
CHAPTER 4

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 DATA:
A data type or simply type is an attribute of data which tells the compiler or interpreter how the
programmer intends to use the data. Most programming languages support basic data types
of integer numbers (of varying sizes), floating numbers (which approximate real
numbers), characters and Booleans.

INFORMATION :
Combination of raw data into informative data

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• String Data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to
represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain
spaces and numbers. For example :"hamburger" and "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings. Even
"12345" could be considered a string

• Boolean data type representing the concepts of true or false

• Null is a special marker used in SQL to indicate that a data value does not exist in the DATABASE .

• An object is a data structure that contains data fields, like a record

• An array is a data structure for storing more than one data item that has a similar data type. The
items of an array are allocated at adjacent memory locations. These memory locations are
called elements of that array. The total number of elements in an array is called length. The details
of an array are accessed about its position. This reference is called index or subscript

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Number system Bits And Bytes

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 Text codes:

• EBCDIC-extended binary coded decimal interchange code , eight-bit code that define 256
symbols
• ASCII- American standard code for information interchange, eight-bit code for values from
0 to 127
• EXTENDED ASCII- from 128 to 255
• Unicode- Unicode worldwide character standard , 32bits to represent each letter

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How to process data

Decode them :

• 1235
• University!
• SQL 2.0

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The control unit
• traffic signal directing the flow of data through the CPU
• Instruction set is expressed in microcode
The arithmetic logic unit
• logical / mathematical operation
Machine cycles
series of steps
• Instruction cycle – fetching and decoding
• Execution cycle – executing and storing

Memory
• Nonvolatile memory
• Flash memory
• Volatile memory

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Factor affecting processing speed
• Registers
Amount of work computer can perform at a time
• 32-bit registers
• 64-bit registers

• Memory and computer power

RAM memory
Bus
Group of parallel wires
• Data bus
Electrical path
affect the speed at which data travels
• Address bus
Memory address
Bus standards
Cache memory

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