Professional Documents
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A. Introduction
Distance measurement is generally regarded as the most fundamental of all surveying
observations. In traditional ground surveys, even though many angles may be read, the length of at least
one line must be measured to supplement the angles in locating points. In plane surveying, the distance
between two points means the horizontal distance. If the points are at different elevations, the distance
is the horizontal length between vertical lines at the points.
B. Distance by Tachymetry
- It is based on the optical geometry of the instruments employed and is an indirect method
of measurement
- A transit or a theodolite is used to determine subtended intervals and angles on a graduated
rod or scale from which distances are computed by trigonometry.
- Subtense bar method is a convenient and practical device used for quick and accurate
measurement of horizontal distances.
o Please watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23XzRaU-cHQ
- Stadia Method - This method provides a rapid means of determining horizontal distances. It
was introduced in 1771 by James Watt of Scotland and was at that time referred to as a
micrometer for measuring distances
o (Please watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oon5ayl9DYs
C. Distance by Graphical and Mathematical Method
- Unknown distances may he determined through their relationship with known distances
geometrically. These methods are widely employed in plane table surveys, and in
triangulation work.
F. Distance by Pacing
- Pacing consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance. A pace is
defined as the length of a step-in walking. It may be measured from heel to heel or from toe
to toe.
Please watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BtW_wdTrLU,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VW3Mt_DgJw
(Credits: www.jerrymahun.com)
A 45 - m course, AB, on level ground was paced by a surveyor for the purpose of
determining his pace factor. The number of paces for each trial taken are shown in the
accompanying tabulation
NO. OF
TRIAL LINE TAPED DIST MEAN
PACES
1 AB 50
2 BA 53
3 AB 51
45.0 52
4 BA 53
5 AB 52
6 BA 53
a. Determine his pace factor.
b) If the surveyor then took 771,770,768,770,772, and 769 paces
in walking an unknown distance CD, what is the length of the line?
c) Assuming that the taped length of line CD is 667.0.m, determine the relative precision of
the measurement performed.
Solution:
Mean = 𝑺𝒖𝒎
𝒏
= = 770 paces (mean number of paces to walk line CD)
RP = 𝑻𝑫𝑻𝑫𝑷𝑫 = .
.
.
= . 𝒎
÷
. 𝒎
.
.
= say (relative precision of the
measurement) Ans.
The accepted precision for measuring distance by pacing usually varies from 1/200 or better.
Performance Task No. 1:
Fieldwork No. 1 Pacing
(See attached Fieldwork Procedure or Check MS Teams files)
Submission: May 17, 2021
G. Distance by Taping
- The use of a graduated tape is probably the most common method of measuring or laying
out horizontal distances.
- Taping consists of stretching a calibrated tape between two points and reading the distance
indicated in the tape. It is a form of direct measurement which is widely used in the
construction of buildings, dams, bridges, canals and many other, engineering as well non-
engineering activities.
o Please watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMr9-SvoYVs
Steel Tape - also known as surveyor’s tape, is made of a ribbon of steel 0.5 to 1.0 cm in
width, and weighs 0.8 to 1.5 kg per 30 meters.
Fiberglass tape - This tape is made by weaving fiber glass in a longitudinal and
transverse pattern. They are strong and flexible and will not shrink or stretch
Other Types of Tapes – Metallic Tape, Non- Metallic Tape, Invar Tape, Lovar Tape,
Wires, Builders Tape, Phosphor-Bronze Tape, Nylon Coated Steel Tape
Basic Steps in Taping
2. Laying out a known or required or specified distance given the starting point
marking
1. Lining in,
2. Applying tension,
3. Plumbing,
4. Marking tape lengths,
5. Reading the tape, and
6. Recording the distance
Errors in Taping
1. Instrumental errors. A tape may differ in actual length from its nominal graduated
length because of a defect in manufacture or repair, or as a result of kinks.
2. Natural errors. The horizontal distance between end graduations of a tape varies
because of the effects of temperature, wind, and weight of the tape itself.
3. Personal errors. Tape persons setting pins, reading the tape, or manipulating the
equipment.
The most common types of taping errors are discussed in the subsections that follow.
They stem from instrumental, natural, and personal sources. Some types produce systematic
errors, others produce random errors.
Corrections in Taping
“When measuring with tape too long, add; tape too short, subtract. Do the
reverse when laying out.”
too long – when the tape length is greater than the standardized length
too short – when the tape length is lesser than the standardized length
o Incorrect length of a tape can be one of the most important errors. It is systematic.
Tape manufacturers do not guarantee steel tapes to be exactly their graduated
nominal length—for example, 100.00m. Also, imperfections may be due to wear,
worn, kinked or may be improperly repaired. Standardization procedure can be
performed on various types of tapes with additional cost to the end user. The true
length is obtained by comparing it with a standard tape or distance, in a specific
temperature, pull (tension) and support.
o The absolute value for the correction per tape length (Corr) is determined from the
difference between the true actual length of tape or actual length of tape (TL) and
the nominal length of tape (NL) or:
Corr = TL – NL
NOMINAL
LENGTH
- Correspondingly, corrected distances which are measured of laid out with a tape
that is too long or too short can be determined from the following equations:
Ci = Corr (𝐌𝐋
𝐍𝐋
)
CL = ML ± Ci
The length of a line AB measured with a 50m tape is 465.285m. When the tape is
compared with a standardized tape it is found to be 0.016m too long in almost the same
condition of support, tension, and temperature that existed during measurement of the line.
Determine the correct length of the line.
Given:
NL = 50m (nominal or indicated length of the tape)
ML= 465.285m (measured length of line AB)
Corr = 0.016m, too long (correction per tape length)
Solution:
Ci = Corr (𝑴𝑳
𝑵𝑳
)
= 0.016 ( . 𝒎 𝒎)
Ci = 0.149m, too long
(Total correction to be applied to the measured length of line AB)
CL = ML ± Ci
= 465.285 + 0.149m
(+, too long and measuring procedure)
CL = 465.434m (correct line of AB)
Sample Calculation 2 (Measurements with Tape)
A rectangular lot was measured using a 50m tape which was found to be 0.025m
too short. If the recorded length and width of the lot are 180.455m and 127.062m respectively,
determine the following:
a. Actual dimensions of the lot
b. Error in area introduced due to erroneous length of tape
Given:
NL = 50m (nominal length of tape used)
Corr= 0.025m, too short (correction per tape length)
W = 127.062m (measured width of lot)
L = 180.455m (measured length of lot)
Solution:
Ci = Corr ( 𝑴𝑳
𝑵𝑳
) 180.455m
= 0.025 ( . 𝒎 𝒎)
Ci = 0.064m, too long
(Total correction to be applied to the measured width of the lot)
CL = ML ± Ci
= 127.062m - 0.064m
(-, too short and measuring procedure)
CL = 126.998m (correct width of the lot)
for length of the lot:
Ci = Corr ( 𝑴𝑳
𝑵𝑳
)
= 0.02( .
𝒎
𝒎
)
Area = L x W
= 180.455m x 127.062m
= 22,928.973 sq.m
A building 38m x 45m is to be laid out with a 50m long measuring tape. If during
standardization the tape is found to be only 49.950m. Determine the following:
a. Dimensions to be laid out, using this tape, in order that the building shall have the desired
length and width
b. Using the same tape what should be the length of the diagonals?
45m
Given:
NL = 50m
Width = 38m
Length = 45m 38m
Solution:
a. Determining the desired dimensions
Corr = TL – NL
= 49.950m – 50m
= 0.05m, too short (correction per tape length )
For the width of the lot
Ci = Corr ( )
= 0.05 ( 𝒎𝒎)
Ci = 0.038m, too short
(Total correction to be applied to the measured width of the lot)
CL = ML ± Ci
= 38m + 0.038m
(+, too short and laying out procedure)
CL = 38.038 m (correct width to be laid out)
For the length of the lot
Ci = Corr ( 𝑴𝑳
𝑵𝑳
)
= 0.05 ( 𝒎)𝒎
D2 = CL (width) 2 + CL (length) 2
D = √38.038𝒎 + 45.045𝒎
45.045m
38.038m D
Learning Tasks No. 2: Problems Sets in Measurement of Horizontal Distance
Submission May 17, 2022
Solve the following problems. Write your solutions on the space provided and encircle your
final answer. After finalizing your answer and solution, took an image using your
smartphones, cameras or scanners and upload it thru MS Teams under the designated
Learning Tasks.
Problem 1: A surveyor counted 50, 52, 53, 51, 53 and 51 paces in walking along a 45-m course
laid out on a concrete pavement. He then took 768, 771, 772, 770, 769 and 770 paces in
walking an unknown distance XY. Determine:
a. The pace factor of the surveyor
b. The paced distance of XY
Problem 2: A line measured with a 30m steel tape was recorded as 325.70m. If the tape is
found to be 30.05m long during standardization. Determine the correct length of the line.
Problem 3: A rectangular building 250m by 130m is to be laid out with a 30m long measuring
tape. If during standardization the tape is found to be 30.03m. Determine the correct length
and width to be laid out.
Performance Tasks 2:
Fieldwork No. 2 Determining Area Using Tape
(See attached Fieldwork Procedure or Check MS Teams files)
Submission: May 17, 2022