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PDF Mest2 U1 A2 Yaco Compress
PDF Mest2 U1 A2 Yaco Compress
Fstjmäsaj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl
pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf
Hlkmjm mf Jgustf
Jat`v`mjm 8. @mfkt`c`aja`ñk mf
prufhjs kl pjrjdàtr`ajs
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
@ktfktls7 mls
Alks`mfrjkml
Alks`mfrjk ml ij s`tuja`ñk
s`tuja`ñk mf ajmj prlhifdj,
prlhifdj, `km`aj quà t`pl mf prufhj fs (pjrjdàtr`aj l kl
pjrjdàtr`aj), fk ajmj ajsl gust`c`aj tu fifaa`ñk. Mf sfr kl pjrjdàtr`aj, fstjhifaf quà prufhj fs,
`mfkt`c`aj ils fifdfktls mf ij prufhj, rfji`zj ij prufhj s`ou`fkml ils pjsls hês`als pjrj iifojr j ijs
alkaius`lkfs pfrt`kfktfs.
Fkuka`jml :
Vkj fkaufstj mf k4?>1 fdpifjmls sfifaa`lkjmls
sfifaa`lkjmls ji jzjr, rfvfiñ quf fi 3:
3:%% mf fiils alks`ou`ñ
alks`ou`ñ
trjhjgl plr dfm`l mf ukj rfm mf alktjatls. Qf husaj jkji`zjr s` ij djylräj mf ils fd
fdpifjmls
pifjmls (dês
mfi 6>%) alks`oufk trjhjgl plr dfm`l mf ukj rfm mf alktjatls. Alk uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf
>.>:.
]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk
Kl pjrjdàtr`aj Ij usjrfdls plrquf ij m`str`hua`ñk mf ij plhija`ñk fs
mfsalkla`mj
mfsalkla`mj
^rufhj plr rfji`zjr
rfji`zjr Ij prufhj mf s`okls sf ut`i`zj pjrj prlhjr b`pñtfs`s slhrf
ukj dfm`jkj plhija`lkji.
^rufhj mf s`okls7 ^rufh
^ru fhjj fs
fstj
tjmä
mäst
st`a
`ajj kl pjpjrj
rjdà
dàtr
tr`a
`ajj pj
pjrj
rj `m`mfk
fkt`
t`c`
c`aj
ajr
r
m`cfrfka`js fktrf mls plhija`lkfs alk hjsf fk fi jkêi`s`s mf
mjtls kld`kjifs.
Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj :.
Bl 7^4>.6>
B:7 ^; >.6>
Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj
8.- κ 4>.>6 (ukj slij alij)
Wκ 4 :.3=6 ]jhij J l ]jhij J-8
∗ ∗
pq [ .6∟.6
k ?>1
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
lhtfk`
lhtfk`ml
ml cuf7
cuf7 ?8 mf ils fkafkaufs
ufstjm
tjmls
ls fvjiuj
fvjiujrlk
rlk dfglr
dfglr ji ajkm`m
ajkm`mjtl
jtl mfdñar
mfdñarjtj
jtj,, :>1 fvjiuj
fvjiujrlk
rlk dfglr
dfglr ji
rfpuhi`ajkl y 86 kl fkalktrjrlk m`cfrfka`j fktrf ils ajkm`mjtls. Qf husaj lhsfrvjr s` fx`stf ukj m`cfrfka`j
s`ok`c`ajt`vj, fktrf ils ajkm`mjtls, fk tàrd`kls mf ij lp`k`ñk p÷hi`aj jafraj mf su pliät`aj fxtfr`lr. Alk uk >.>6
mf s`ok`c`ajka`j
]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk
Kl pjrjdàtr`aj Ij usjrfdls plrquf ij m`str`hua`ñk
m`str`hua`ñk mf ij plhija`ñk
plhija`ñk fs mfsalkla`mj
mfsalkla`mj
rfji`zjr
^rufhj plr rfji`zjr Ij prufhj mf s`okls sf ut`i`zj pjrj prlhjr b`pñtfs`s slhrf ukj dfm`jkj
plhija`lkji.
^rufhj mf s`okls7 ^rufhjj fstjm
^rufh fstjmäst`a
äst`ajj kl pjrjd
pjrjdàtr`a
àtr`ajj pjrj `mfk
`mfkt`c`
t`c`ajr
ajr m`cfr
m`cfrfka`j
fka`jss fktr
fktrff mls
plhija`lkfs alk hjsf
hjsf fk fi jkêi`s`s mf mjtls kld`kjifs.
kld`kjifs.
Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj k 48>>∘86 4:?6
ι4 .6 k ι4 .6 x :?6 ι4 2?.6
.86 x :?6 ρ 4 3.3
ρ 4∗ .86
Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj
Alk hjsf fk fi k÷dfrl mf s`okls dês (x4?8) quf alrrfsplkmf ji k÷dfrl mf pfrslkjs quf fvjiujrlk aldl
dfglr ij pliät`aj fxtfr`lr mfi ajkm`mjtl mfdñarjtj
x ∘ ι] ∘2?.6
?8
Fstjmäst`al mf prufhj z 4¼ z 4¼ z 4∘8.16
ρ 3.3
]
M`str`hua`ñk mf prlhjh`i`mjm pjrj fi k÷dfrl mf s`okls dês fk ukj prufhj mf ils s`okls fk ij quf k 4:?6
Fk ijs tjhijs mf prlhjh`i`mjm klrdji fstêkmjr sf fkaufktrj quf fi êrfj fk ij alij, j ij `zqu`frmj mf z 4-8.16 fs
>.>>0=.
Aldl sf trjtj mf ukj prufhj mf mls alijs, fi vjilr-p 4 8(>.>>0=) 4 >.>:22 .
Alkaius`ñk
vjilr∘ p >.>:22 9 >.>6
sf rfabjzj Ο>
Aldl rfsuitjml mf fstf fstum`l sf fkaufktrj quf ils ajkm`mjtls m`c`frfk fk tàrd`kls mf ij lp`k`ñk p÷hi`aj
jafraj mf su pliät`aj fxtfr`lr.
U A@]J]@LK JklDà Yi 8>62 T
Fkuka`jml 1
Fi `korfsl dfm`jkl jkuji mf ils susar`ptlrfs mf ij rfv`stj Hjrrlk fs $:1: >>> (hjrrlks.djo.ald,
82 mf gui`l mf 8>>>). Quplkoj quf fk ukj dufstrj mf 1>> susar`ptlrfs j ]bf _jii Qtrfft Glurkji,
:36 susar`ptlrfs plsfjk uk `korfsl djylr quf $:1: >>> y :16 plsfjk uk `korfsl dfklr quf
$:1: >>>. ¼^ufmf alkaiu`r quf bjy m`cfrfka`j fktrf ils `korfsls dfm`jkls mf ils mls orupls mf
Qusar`ptlrfs< Vt`i`af uk k`vfi mf >.>6 mf s`ok`c`ajka`j.
]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
Dfm`jktf tjhij pjrj W4:.?1, sf ajiauij pjrj mls alijs fi vjilr-p48(:- >.0628) 4 >.>213.
Alkaius`ñk
Aldl fi vjilr-p≦ κ4>.>:, fktlkafs kl sf rfabjzj B>.
Fkuka`jml =
Fi mfpjrtjdfktl mf qufgjs mf DaCjrijkm @ksurjkaf Aldpjky `kclrdj quf fi alstl dfm`l pjrj trjd`tjr ukj qufgj fs
mf $3>. Vkj aldpjrja`ñk fk ij `kmustr`j mfdlstrñ quf fstj ajkt`mjm fs djylr quf fk ijs mfdês aldpjúäjs mf
sfourls, jsä quf ij aldpjúäj tldñ dfm`mjs pjrj rfmua`r ojstls. ^jrj fvjiujr fi fcfatl mf ijs dfm`mjs mf rfmuaa`ñk mf
ojstls, fi supfrv`slr mfi mfpjrtjdfktl mf qufgjs sfifaa`lkñ ukj dufstrj jifjtlr`j mf 83 qufgjs jtfkm`mjs fi dfs
pjsjml. Ij `kclrdja`ñk mf
mf ij dufstrj jpjrfaf j alkt`kuja`ñk.
alkt`kuja`ñk.
$=6 $=0 $38 $=> $=1 $3:
=2 61 3? 31 ?2 3=
=2 6= 6: 63 31 30
62 6: 62 60 63 6?
12 ?3 Qf husaj alkaiu`r quf fi alstl dfm`l mf jtfka`ñk mf ukj qufgj jblrj fs
dfklr j $3> alk uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>:
]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj Ij
Ij prufhj
mfs`oujimjm mf ijalij,
fs mf ukj pufs mfsfj
b`pñtfs`s mftfrd`kjr
jitfrkjt`vj s` ij
sfújij buhl ukj rfmuaa`ñk
rfo`ñk mf rfabjzlfkfkfiijalstl.
alij
`zqu`frmj mf ij m`str`hua`ñk
B > 7 ι ≦ $ 3> B : 7 ι 9 $ 3>
Fi k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j fs >.>:
Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj
Fi fstjmä
fstjmäst`al
st`al mf ij prufh
prufhjj fs ij m`str`hua`ñk
m`str`hua`ñk t plrquf rfsuitj
rfsuitj rjzlkjhif alkaiu`r
alkaiu`r quf ij m`st
m`str`hua
r`hua`ñk
`ñk mfi alstl plr
qufgj s`ouf ij m`str`hua`ñk
m`str`hua`ñk klrdji.
klrdji. Kl sf alklaf ij mfsv`ja`ñk
mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr mf ij plhija`ñk,
plhija`ñk, plr il quf fstj sf sust`tuyf
sust`tuyf
plr ij mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr
fstêkmjr mf ij dufstrj.
x½ ∘ ι
t 4
Fi vjilr mfi fstjmäst`al mf ij prufhj sf ajiauij plr dfm`l mf ij clrduij. s
∗ k
Fi alstl dfm`l plr qufgj mf ij dufstrj mf 83 lhsfrvja`lkfs fs mf $63.=8. Ij mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr mf fstj dufstrj fs
mf $:>.>=. J sust`tu`r
sust`tu`r fstls vjilrfs fk ij cñrduij
cñrduij mf t lhtfkfdls.
½ x ∘ ι 63,=8∘3>
t 4
s :>.>= 4 :.2:2
∗ k ∗ 8
833
Alkaius`ñk
Aldl fi -:.2:2 sf ilaji`zj fk ij rfo`ñk uh`ajmj j ij mfrfabj mfi vjilr ar`t`al mf -8.=26, ij B`pñtfs`s kuij kl sf
rfabjzj alk fi k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>:. Kl sf mfdlstrñ quf ijs dfm`mjs mf rfmuaa`ñk mf alstls bjyjk jgjml fi
alstl dfm`l plr qufgj j dfkls mf $3>.Fs mfa`r, ij m`cfrfka`j mf $1.62 ($63.68-$3>) fktrf ij dfm`j dufstrji y ij
dfm`j plhija`lkji pufmf mfhfrsf ji frrlr mf dufstrfl.
Fkuka`jml 6
Ij aldpjúäj O`hhs Hjhy mfsfj aldpjrjr fi judfktl mf pfsl mf hfhàs quf alksudfk su prlmuatl fk
aldpjrja`ñk alk fi prlmuatl mf su aldpft`mlr. Vkj dufstrj mf => hfhàs quf alksudfk ils prlmuatls O`hhs
rfvfiñ uk judfktl mf pfsl dfm`l mf ?.3 i`hrjs fk sus pr`dfrls trfs dfsfs mf v`mj, alk ukj mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr
mf ij plhija`ñk mf ij dufstrj mf 8.1 i`hrjs. Vkj dufstrj mf 66 hfhàs quf alksudfk ij djraj mfi aldpft`mlr
rfvfiñ uk judfktl dfm`l mf 2.: i`hrjs, alk ukj mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr mf ij plhija`ñk mf 8.0 i`hrjs. Alk uk k`vfi
mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>6, ¼fs pls`hif alkaiu`r quf ils hfhàs quf alksud`frlk ij djraj O`hhs ojkjrlk dfkls
pfsl<
]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk
^rufhj pjrjdàtr`aj Qf husaj fst`djr ils pjrêdftrls mf ukj plhija`ñk fk hjsf j ukj
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
^JQL
B>7 ι ≦:7
ιa
B:7 ι 9 ιa
^JQL 87
κ4>.>6
W t ( : ∘ κ )4W t ( :∘ >.>6 )4 W t ( >.06 ) W t ( >.06 )4:.36
^JQL 17
?.3 ∘2.:
W a 4
∗
8.0 W a 4∘>.013 W t ( >.013 )4:.61
8 8
8.1
+
=> 66
^JQL =
Alkaius`ñk
Aldl W a ajf fk ij X.J mf Bl Fktlkafs rfabjzjdls B:5 iufol sf pufmf alkaiu`r j uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf
>.>6 quf fx`stf fv`mfka`j fstjmäst`aj pjrj jc`rdjr quf ils hfhfs quf usjrlk ij djraj O`hhs kl ojkjk dfkls
pfsl.
U A@]J]@LK DsA:6 Yi 8>62 T
Fkuka`jml 3
]fdpfrjturj
6>¾A 3>¾A ?>¾A
1= 1> 81
8= 1: 82
13 1= 82
10 81 1>
18 8? 1:
^jrj fstum`jr fi fcfatl mf ij tfdpfrjturj fk fi rfkm`d`fktl mf uk prlafsl quäd`al, sf prlmugfrlk a`kal iltfs alk ajmj ukl
mf ils trfs trjtjd`fktls. Ils rfsuitjmls sf prfsfktjk j alkt`kuja`ñk. Mà ij tjhij pjrj fi jkêi`s`s mf vjr`jkzj. Vsf κ 4>.>6
pjrj prlhjr s` ij tfdpfrjturj
tfdpfrjturj jcfatj fi rfkm`d`fktl dfm
dfm`l
`l mfi prlafsl.
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
oikudfrjmlr4e-:5 tjdh`àk iijdjml orjmls mf i`hfrtjm fktrf trjtjd`fktls mlkmf e fs fi k÷dfrl mf trjtjd`fktls. Fk fstf ajsl
slk 1.
oikudfrjmlr41 ∘:48
oimfkld`kjmlr4kr ∘e 5 ]jdh`àk iijdjml orjmls mf i`hfrtjm mfktrl mf ils trjtjd`fktls mlkmf kr sfrê fi tltji mf fifdfktls fk
fi fxpfr`dfktl, fs mfa`r ij sudj mf ils tjdjúls mf ij dufstrj mf ajmj trjtjd`fktl. Fk fstf ajsl kr 4:6
oimfkld`kjmlr4kr ∘ e 4 :6-14:8
Alk uk κ 4.>6
K`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j
s`ok`c`ajka`j
C a 41.20
Sjilr fstjmäst`al7 Fi vjilr fstjmäst`al sf ajiauij j pjrt`r mf ils mjtls mf ij dufstrj hjsjml fk ijs clrduijs7
Cf Aujmrjml Dfm`l Qudj mf aujmrjmls
e
AD] QA] 8
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
e
QAF
ADF 4
k ] ∘ e QAF 4 √
4
( k ∘: ) s
g :
g g
8
½ g
R 11 80 82
^jrj lhtfkfr ij sudj mf aujmrjmls fktrf trjtjd`fktls QA], pr`dfrl sf lht`fkf ij dfm`j tltji, fs mfa`r ij dfm`j s`k
^jrj lhtfkfr ij sudj mf aujmrjmls mfktrl mf ils trjtjd`fktls l sudj mf aujmrjmls mfi frrlr QAF, bjrfdls usl tjktl mfi
tjdjúl mf dufstrj mf ajmj trjtjd`fktl aldl mf su vjr`jkzj.
^jrj lhtfkfr fi aujmrjml Dfm`l fktrf trjtjd`fktls AD] sf rfqu`frf QA] y mf ils orjmls mf i`hfrtjm fk fi kudfrjmlr (e-
:)
QA] ?>
AD]4 4 4 16
e ∘: ( 1 ∘: )
AD]416
^jrj lhtfkfr fi aujmrjml dfm`l mfktrl mf ils trjtjd`fktls l aujmrjml dfm`l mfi frrlr ADF sf rfqu`frf mfi QAF y mf ils
orjmls mf i`hfrtjm fk fi mfkld`kjmlr ( k] ∘ e )
QAF 8=>
ADF 4 4 48> ADF 48>
k ] ∘ e ( :6 ∘1 )
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
C
AD] 16
Cf 4 4 4:.?6 Cf 4:.?6
ADF 8>
]ldj mf mfa`s`ñk7 Qf aldpjrjk ils vjilrf mf Cf alktrj Ca mlkmf ij rfoij mf mfa`s`ñk fs7
Qf rfabjzj B > s` fi vjilr C f fs djylr ji vjilr C a s`fkml
C f4¼ :.?6¼ y C a 4¼ 1.20 ¼
Qf lhsfrvj quf7 Cf 9 Ca 5 ^lr il tjktl sfo÷k ij rfoij kl sf rfabjzj ij B >
Alkaius`ñk
Alk uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mfi 6 % kl bjy fv`mfka`j suc`a`fktf pjrj aldprlhjr quf fx`stj jioukj m`cfrfka`j fk fi
rfkm`d`fktl prldfm`l mfh`ml j ij tfdpfrjturj.
Fkuka`jml 2
Alk lhgftl mf mftfrd`kjr su fcfatl fk fi rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojiñk fk ils jutldñv`ifs mf
pjsjgfrls, sf prufhjk mls jm`t`vls pjrj ojsli`kj. Qf dufstrjk
d ufstrjk ils rfsuitjmls mf fstj prufhj fk :8 jutldñv`ifs5
fk ajmj
ajmj jutldñ
jutldñv`i
v`i sf prlhjr
prlhjrlk
lk ils mls jm`t`v
jm`t`vls.
ls. Vsf κ 4 >.>6
>.>6 pjrj
pjrj mftfrd
mftfrd`kj
`kjrr s` fx`stf
fx`stf uk
ukjj m`cfrf
m`cfrfka`
ka`jj
s`ok`c`ajt`vj fktrf fstls mls jm`t`vls.
Jm`t`vl Jm`t`vl
Jutldñv`i : 8 Jutldñv`i : 8
: 8 >. :8 :2. >6 ? :3 . :3 :?.8>
8 8 1. 63 8:. ?? 2 :2 . 66 :=.02
1 8 8. >1 88. 6? 0 8: . 2? 8>.>1
= : 0. :6 :?. >3 :> 8= . 81 8:.:6
6 8 :. 81 8:. 88 :: 81 . 8: 88.?2
3 8 =. ?? 81. 2 :8 86 . >8 81.?>
]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk
Fs ukj prufhj mf b`pñtfs`s quf kl rfqu`frf quf ij m`str`hua`ñk mf ij plhija`ñk sfj
Kl pjrjdàtr`aj ajrjatfr`zjmj plr a`frtls pjrêdftrls. slk ÷t`ifs aujkml kl sf audpif fi supufstl
mf klrdji`mjm y fi tjdjúl mf ij dufstrj fs pfqufúl
^rufhj plr rfji`zjr Ij ut`i`zjrfdls pjrj aldpjrjr mls dufstrjs rfija`lkjmjs, pjrj jkji`zjr mjtls
^rufhj mf ils rjkols alk lhtfk`mls dfm`jktf fi m`sfúl pjrfjml (aujkml fi `kvfst`ojmlr sfifaa`lkj pjrfs mf
s`okl mf _`ialxlk lhgf
lhgftl
tlss y uk
ukl
l mf aj
ajmj
mj pj
pjrr fk cl
clrd
rdjj ji
jifj
fjtl
tlr`
r`jj fs js
js`o
`okj
kjml
ml j uk
ukls
ls mf mlmlss
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
trjtjd`fktls)
^jsl 67 Jutldñv`i
Jm`t`vl M`cfrfka`j Sjilr Iuojr Xjkol
Jutldñv`i : 8 jhsliutl alk
s`okl
: 8>.:8 :2.>6 8.>? 8. >? 0 0
8 81.63 8:.?? :.?0 :. ?0 ? ?
1 88.>1 88.6? -.6= .6= 1 -1
= :0.:6 :?.>3 8.>0 8. >0 :> :>
6 8:.81 8:.88 . >: .>: : :
3 8=.?? 81.2 . 0? .0? = =
? :3.:3 :?.8> -: . > = :. >= 6 -6
2 :2.66 :=.02 1.6? 1. 6? :8 :8
0 8:.2? 8>.>1 :.2= :. 2= 2 2
:> 8=.81 8:.:6 1.>2 1. >2 :: ::
:: 81.8: 88.?2 . =1 .=1 8 8
:8 86.>8 81.?> :.18 :. 18 3 3
ι] 4>
∗ ∗
k ( k + : )( 8 k + : ) ( + )( 8 ( :8 ) + :)
:8 :8 :
ρ] 4 ↘ ρ] 4
3 3
Fstjmäst`aj @@
Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf
ρ] 486.=0
] ∘ ι] ?2∘>
z 4 1.>3
ρ] 86.=0
Alkaius`ñk
Aldl W pfrtfkfaf j rfo`ñk arät`aj fktlkafs sf rfabjzj ij b`pñtfs`s kuij y sf jafptj ij b`pñtfs`s jitfrkjt`vj. Fi
rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojiñk usjkml fi jm`t`vl : fs m`cfrfktf ji rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk
d`iijs plr ojiñk usjkml fi jm`t`vl
Fkuka`jml :8
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