Plex Number Ac Series-Parallel Circuits

Complex Numbers
E1 =a1 +jb1
where symbol j, known as an operator, indicates that component b1

is perpendicular to component a1 and that the two terms are not to
be treated like terms in any algebraic expression.
The vector written in this way is said to be written in ‘complex form’.

symbol j is used to indicate the counter-clockwise rotation of a vector
through 90o. It is assigned a value of √(-1)
j = 90o ccw rotation = √(−1)
j2 = 180o ccw rotation = [√(−1)]2 = −1;

j3 =270occw rotation= [√(−1)]3 =−√(−1) =− j
j4=360occw rotation=[√(−1)]4 =+1; j5=450o ccw rotation=[√(−1)]5= √(−1)=j
also to be noted as 1/j=j/j2=−j
Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata Steel

Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers using the Rectangular Form

Where:
Z - is the Complex Number representing
the Vector
x - is the Real part or the Active
component
y - is the Imaginary part or the Reactive
component
j - is defined by √-1

Complex Numbers
plot the complex no Z=6+j4 in the graph

Complex Numbers
plot the complex no Z=-7+j6 in the graph

Complex Numbers
plot the complex no Z=-2-j3 in the graph
Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

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Complex Numbers
plot the complex no Z=5-j6 in the graph

Complex Numbers using the Complex or s-plane
Four Quadrant Argand Diagram

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Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers can also have "zero" real or imaginary parts such
as: Z = 6 + j0 or Z = 0 + j4.
Example No1
Two vectors are defined as, A = 4 + j1 and B = 2 + j3 respectively.
Determine the sum and difference of the two vectors in both rectangular
( a + jb ) form and graphically as an Argand Diagram.

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Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Graphical Addition and Subtraction

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Complex Numbers
Trigonometrical Form of Vector
X-component of E is E cos θ and Y-component is
E sin θ.
Hence, we can represent the vector E in
the form : E = E (cos θ + j sin θ)
E
E sinθ This is equivalent to the rectangular
form E = a + jb because a=E cosθ and
0 θ b=E sinθ.
E cosθ
E=E(cosθ±jsinθ)
Exponential Form of Vector
e±jθ =(cosθ±jsinθ) or, ejθ =cosθ+jsinθ or, e-jθ =cosθ-jsinθ
Hence E = E (cos θ ± j sin θ) can be written as E = Ee± jθ.

This is known as exponential form of representing vector quantities.
It represents a vector of numerical value E and having phase angle
of ± θ with the reference axis.
Complex Numbers
Polar Form of Vector Representation
The expression E (cos θ + j sin θ) is written in the simplified form of E ∠θ.

Polar form, E = E ∠ ±θ.
Ex: Write the equivalent exponential and polar forms of vector 3 + j4. How will
you illustrate the vector means of diagram ?
Solution: magnitude of the vector= (32 +42)1/2 =5. A=5∠53.1°

tanθ=4/3 ∴ θ = tan−1 (4/3) = 53.1o
4
Exponential form = 5 e j53.1°
53.1o
Polar form = 5 ∠53.1°.
3
Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

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AC FUNDAMENTALS
VECTORS : jy
Phasor Addition
REAL OR “X” COMPONENT = V1

Cosθ1 + V2 Cosθ2 =20 Cos60°+ 30
Cos0°=10+30=40
IMAGINARY OR “Y” COMPONENT
= V2 Sinθ2 + V1 Sinθ1 = 30 Sin0°+
20 Sin60 °=0+17.32=17.32
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AC FUNDAMENTALS
Phasor Addition using Rectangular Form
tanθ=17.32/40=0.433
θ=tan-10.433=23.41°
23.41°

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AC FUNDAMENTALS
Vector Subtraction of two Phasors

A+B=x+w+j(y+z)
B-A=w-x+j(z-y) B=V2Sin(ωt+ɸ)
A ω
B B+
−A
ɸ
−V1Sinωt A=V1Sinωt
A
−B
−B

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Complex Numbers using Polar Form
Polar Form Representation of a Complex Number

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Converting between Rectangular Form and Polar Form

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Converting Rectangular Form into Polar Form, (R→P)

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Polar Form Multiplication and Division
Multiplication in Polar Form
Multiplying together 6 ∠30o and 8 ∠– 45o

in polar form gives us.
Division in Polar Form

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Some examples with Complex Numbers of AC circuits
1.Let's connect three AC voltage sources

in series and use complex numbers to
determine additive voltages.
All the rules and laws apply to AC circuits
as well (Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws,
network analysis methods), with the
exception of power calculations (Joule's
Law). The only qualification is that all
variables must be expressed in complex
form, taking into account phase as well as
magnitude, and all voltages and currents
must be of the same frequency
KVL allows addition of complex voltages.

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Graphically, the vectors add up as shown in Fig
22(-64°)
15(0°)
Resultant is equivalent to the vector
12(35°) sum of the three original voltages

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In order to determine what the resultant vector's magnitude and angle are
without resorting to graphic images, we can convert each one of these
polar-form complex numbers into rectangular form and add.
In polar form, this equates to 36.8052 volts ∠ -20.5018o

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2. Find the resultant voltage appearing across the load

Polarity of E2 (12V) is reversed

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The resulting addition of voltages in

rectangular form, then:
In polar form, this equates to 30.4964 V

∠ -60.9368o.

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AC through a Series R L Circuit
Series Resistance-Inductance Circuit
VR=IR VL=IXL
Vector Diagrams for the Two Pure Components
Vector Diagram of the Resultant Voltage
VL VL
VL
V
Voltage
VR ∅ VR
∅ triangle
I I
VR
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VL
V
Voltage
triangle
∅
VR
The Impedance of an AC Inductance

Impedance, Z is the "TOTAL" opposition to current flowing in an AC circuit
that contains both Resistance, ( the real part ) and Reactance ( the imaginary
part ). Impedance also has the units of Ohms, Ω's.
Impedance depends upon the frequency, ω of the circuit as this affects the
circuits reactive components and in a series circuit all the resistive and
reactive impedances add together. Impedance can be represented by a
complex number, Z = R + jXL but it is not a phasor,
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The RL Impedance Triangle
from voltage triangle, Phase Angle

V2=(IR)2+(IXL)2
or, (IZ)2=(IR)2+(IXL)2
or, Z2=R2+XL2
Power
From the Voltage triangle, V=(VR2+VL2)1/2
IVL
IV
IVR
Power Triangle
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AC through a Series RL Circuit
P= IVR known as Working Power (also called True

Power or Active Power or Real Power). IVL
IV
It is the power that actually powers the equipment and
performs useful work. Its unit is watt(W) or KW or MW
IVR
P= IVR=IV CosΦ=I2R Power Triangle
A= VI known as Apparent Power .
It is the power that the equipment receives from the
A)
source . Its unit is volt-ampere(VA) or KVA or MVA.
KV
A= IV=I2Z S(KVAR)
A(
S= IVL known as Reactive Power (also called
Imaginary Power).
P(KW)
It is the power that remains in the equipment during Power Triangle
the true power conversion and performs no useful
work. Its unit is VAR or KVAR or MVAR
S= VLI=VISinΦ=I2XL Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata
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power factor
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the cosine
of angle of lag or lead between voltage & current. It is a dimensionless
number between 0 and 1.
Real power is the capacity of the circuit

for performing work in a particular time.
Apparent power is the product of the
current and voltage of the circuit. Due to
energy stored in the load and returned to
the source, or due to a non-linear load
that distorts the wave shape of the
current drawn from the source, the
apparent power will be greater than the
real power. Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata
Prepared by U.N.Gupta,
Steel SNTI, Tata
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Example-01 AC through a Series R + L Circuit
The resistor will offer 5 Ω of

resistance to AC current
regardless of frequency, while the
inductor will offer 3.7699 Ω of
reactance to AC current at 60 Hz.
Because the resistor's resistance is a real number (5 Ω ∠ 0o, or 5 + j0 Ω), and

the inductor's reactance is an imaginary number (3.7699 Ω ∠ 90o, or 0 +
j3.7699 Ω), the combined effect of the two components will be an opposition to
current equal to the complex sum of the two numbers.
= =5+j3.7699

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AC through a Series R + L Circuit
Example-01

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Example No2
A coil has a resistance of 30Ω and an inductance of 0.5H. If the current
flowing through the coil is 4amps. What will be the value of the supply voltage
if its frequency is 50Hz.

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Example No 3 In a circuit, the equations for instantaneous voltage & current are
given by :
v=141.4 Sin(ωt-2π/3) & i=7.07 Sin(ωt- π /2) respectively, where
ω=314 rad/sec. Find
a) Impedance using polar notation b) avg power c) power
factor & d) instantaneous power at t=0.
Answer :
433 watt
141.4 Sin(-2π/3)×7.07 Sin(- π /2) = 865.76 va

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Example No 4 AC through a Series R + L Circuit
A current of 5A flows through a non-inductive resistance in series with a
choking coil when supplied at 250V, 50Hz. If the voltage across the resistance
is 125V & across the coil is 200V, calculate a) impedance, resistance &
reactance of the coil b) power absorbed by the coil & c) total power. Draw the
vector diagram. C
CHOKE
RESISTOR VCH=200V
V
CH
VL
V
I=5A ɸ θ
125 VRCH VL A B
VR D VRCH
250 at “50”

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Example No 5
A 120V,60W lamp is to be operated on 220, 50Hz supply mains.
Calculate what value of a) non-inductive resistance b) pure inductance
would be required in order that lamp is run on correct voltage. Which
method is preferable & why?
LAMP 60W CHOKE, XL

LAMP 60W RESISTANCE, R
I=0.5A
I=0.5A
120V VL
120V VR
220 at “50”
220 at “50”
Method (b) is preferred because no heat is dissipated.

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Quality factor, Q of a Coil
Coils easily pass direct current but act as a resistor to alternating

current. This behaviour is called inductive reactance.
A coil has negligible resistance with inductive reactance is heated very less
– understood as good quality of the coil.
On the other hand with high resistance & less inductive reactance gives out
more heat- understood that quality of the coil is not good.
The above concept is indicated by the ”Q” of that coil.
”Q” of a coil may be defined as the ratio

of inductive reactance to its resistance.
Q is defined as the ratio of

the maximum energy
stored in the coil to the
heat dissipated by that
coil.
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Quality factor, Q of a Coil
A system with low quality factor (Q < ½) overdamped
Such a system doesn't oscillate at all.
A system with high quality factor (Q > ½) underdamped
Such a system oscillates with a specific frequency.
A system with intermediate
quality factor
(Q = ½) Critically damped
Like an overdamped system, the
output does not oscillate, and does
not overshoot its steady-state output
Like an underdamped response,
the output of such a system
responds quickly to a unit step
input.
Q of a RLC Circuit
May be defined as a ratio of
inductive reactance to
resistance at resonant. Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata
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Series Resistance-Capacitance Circuit
Vector Diagrams for the Two

Pure Components

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The Impedance of an AC Capacitance
Impedance, Z which has the units of Ohms, Ω's is the "TOTAL" opposition
to current flowing in an AC circuit that contains both Resistance, ( the real
part ) and Reactance ( the imaginary part ). A purely resistive impedance
will have a phase angle of 0o while a purely capacitive impedance will have
a phase angle of -90o.
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The RC Impedance Triangle
Phase Angle

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Example No6
A capacitor which has an internal resistance of 10Ω's and a capacitance
value of 100uF is connected to a supply voltage given as v(t) = 141.4 sin
(314t). Calculate the current flowing through the capacitor. Also construct
a voltage triangle showing the individual voltage drops.
V(t) = 141.4 sin (314t)

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Example-07
Calculate the follwing of a RC circuit as
shown in the circuit diagram:
i) impedance of the circuit
ii) current of the circuit
iii) power factor
Iv) voltages across the capacitor & resistor
v) power consumed by the circuit.

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Example-07

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Ex-08. An a.c. voltage (80 + j 60) volts is applied to a circuit and the current
flowing is (−4 + j 10) amperes. Find (i) impedance of the circuit (ii) power
consumed and (iii) phase angle.
Solution.
V = (80 + j 60) = 100 ∠ 36.9°
I = −4 + j 10 = 10.77 ∠ tan−1 (−2.5)
= 10.77 ∠ (180° −68.2°) = 10.77 ∠ 111.8°
(i) Z = V/I = 100 ∠36.9°/10.77∠111.8°
= 9.28∠−74.9°
= 9.28 (cos 74.9° −j sin 74.9°)
= 2.42 −j 8.96 Ω
Here, R = 2.42 Ω and XC = 8.96 Ω capacitive
(ii) P = I2 R = 10.772 × 2.42 = 281 W
(iii) Phase angle between voltage and current = 74.9°

Ex-09. A tungsten filament bulb rated at 500-W, 100-V is to be connected to

series with a capacitance across 220-V, 50-Hz supply. Calculate :
(a)the value of capacitor such that the voltage and power consumed by the
bulb are according to the rating of the bulb.
(b) the power factor of the current drawn from the supply.
(c) draw the phasor diagram of the circuit.
Solution. The rated values for bulb are : voltage =

100 V and current I = W/V = 500/100 = 5A.
Obviously, the bulb has been treated as a pure
resistance :
(a) VC =
Now, IXC =196 or 5XC =196, XC =39.2Ω
0.5 (lead)
(c) The phasor diagram is shown

Series RLC Circuit

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Series RLC Circuit
Voltage Triangle for a Series RLC Circuit
VL
VC V2=VR2+(VL−VC)2
VL −VC =VX
V
ɸ
VR
I
Or, (IZ)2=(IR)2+(IXL−IXC)2

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Series RLC Circuit
The Impedance Triangle for a Series RLC

Circuit
(IZ)2=(IR)2+(IXL−IXC)2
Z2=R2+(XL−XC)2

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Series RLC Circuit
Example -10
A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 8Ω, an inductive reactance of
16Ω and a capacitive reactance of 10Ω are connected across a 200V, 50Hz
supply. Calculate the total circuit impedance, the circuits current, power factor,
true power, apparent power, reactive power, voltages across the components,
inductance and capacitance.
Z=10Ω I=20A
P=3200 watt A=4000 VA S=2400 VAR VL=320 volt

VR=160 volt VC=200 volt L=0.05 H C=318x10-6 F

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Series RLC Circuit
Example-11
A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H
and a capacitor of 100uF are connected across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate
the total circuit impedance, the circuits current, power factor and draw the
voltage phasor diagram.
Inductive Reactance, XL.
Capacitive Reactance, XC
Circuit Impedance, Z

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Series RLC Circuit
Example-11
Circuits Current, I
Voltages across the Series RLC Circuit, VR, VL, VC
Circuits Power factor and Phase Angle, ф
Phasor Diagram.

Series RLC Circuit
Ex-12. A resistance R, an inductance L = 0.01 H and a capacitance C are
connected in series. When a voltage v = 400 cos (3000 t −10°) votls is applied
to the series combination, the current flowing is 10.2 cos (3000 t − 55°)
amperes. Find R and C.
Solution. The phase difference between the applied voltage and circuit
current is (55° −10°) = 45° with current lagging.
The angular frequency is ω = 3000 radian/second. Since current lags,
XL > XC.
Net reactance X=(XL −XC). AlsoXL =ωL=3000×0.01=30Ω
tanφ=X/R or tan45°=X/R ∴ X=R Now, Z=Vm/ Im= 400/ 10.2=28.3Ω
Z2 =R2 +X2 =2R2
X=XL −XC =30−XC =20Ω XC = 10 Ω
or C = 33 μF

The Parallel RLC Circuit
IS
IC
IR IL IC ω
+
V
90° IR
− V
90°
Phasor Diagram for a

Parallel RLC Circuit
IL
IR
ɸ V
90°
IS
IL−IC

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IR Current Triangle for a Parallel RLC Circuit
ɸ V
IS IL−IC

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Conductance, Admittance and Susceptance
Admittance ( Y ) :
Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance, Z and is given the symbol Y.
In AC circuits admittance is defined as the ease at which a circuit
composed of resistances and reactances allows current to flow when a
voltage is applied.
The new unit for admittance is the Siemens, abbreviated as S, ( old unit
mho's ℧, ohm's in reverse ).
Conductance ( G ) :
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, R and is given the symbol G.
Conductance is defined as the ease at which a resistor (or a set of
resistors) allows current to flow when a voltage, either AC or DC is applied.
Susceptance ( B ) :
Susceptance is the reciprocal of reactance, X and is given the symbol B.
In AC circuits susceptance is defined as the ease at which a reactance (or a
set of reactances) allows current to flow when a voltage is applied.
Susceptance has the opposite sign to reactance so capacitive
susceptance BC is positive, +ve in value and inductive susceptance BL is
negative, -ve in value. Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata
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FROM CURRENT TRIANGLE
ADMITTANCE TRIANGLE
G
ɸ
BL−BC
Y
Admittance of a Parallel RLC Circuit

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Admittance Triangle for a Parallel RLC Circuit

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EXAMPLE-01
A 50Ω resistor, a 20mH coil and a 5uF capacitor are all connected in parallel
across a 50V, 100Hz supply. Calculate the total current drawn from the
supply, the current for each branch, the total impedance of the circuit and
the phase angle. Also construct the current and admittance triangles
representing the circuit.
1). Inductive Reactance, ( XL ):
2). Capacitive Reactance, ( XC ):

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EXAMPLE-01
3) Impedance, ( Z ):
4) Current through resistance, R ( IR ):
5) Current through inductor, L ( IL ):
6) Current through capacitor, C ( IC ):

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EXAMPLE-01 The Parallel RLC Circuit
7) Total supply current, ( IS ):
8) Conductance, ( G ):
9) Inductive Susceptance, ( BL ):
10) Capacitive Susceptance, ( BC ):
11) Admittance, ( Y ):

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EXAMPLE-01
12). Phase Angle, ( φ ) between the
resultant current and the supply voltage:

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The Parallel RL Circuit IS
In RL parallel circuit resistor and inductor IR IL

are connected in parallel with each other
and this combination is supplied by a +
voltage source but the currents flowing in V
resistor and inductor are different.
−
Phasor Diagram for a Parallel RL
Circuit
IR
V
90°
IR
ɸ V
ω 90°
IS
IL
IL
The Parallel RL Circuit
IR Current Triangle for a Parallel RL Circuit
ɸ V
IS IL
IS2=IR2+IL2
hence, IS2=(V/R)2+(V/XL)2
also IS=V/Z
Y=(G2+BL2)1/2
ADMITTANCE TRIANGLE
G
ɸ
BL
Y
Admittance of a Parallel RL Circuit

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For the parallel RL circuit shown in Figure , determine:
a) Current flow through the resistor.
b)Current flow through the inductor.
c)The total line current.
d)The phase angle between the voltage and total current flow.
e)Express all currents in polar notation.
f)Use a calculator to convert all currents to rectangular notation.
a) IR=V/R=120/30=4A
b) IL=V/XL=120/40=3A
f) IS=5(cos36.87°̶ jsin36.87°)= 4 − j3
f) IR=4(cos0°̶ jsin0°)= 4 − j0 f) IL=3(cos90°̶ jsin90°)= 0− j3

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Power in Parallel RL Circuit
In the parallel RL circuit, the VA (apparent power) includes both
the watts (true power) and the VARs (reactive power)
The true power (W) is that power dissipated by the resistive branch, and the
reactive power (VARs) is the power that is returned to the source by the
inductive branch.
The relationship of VA, W, and VARs is the same for the RL parallel circuit as
it is for the RL series circuit.
The true power in watts is equal to the voltage drop across the
resistor times the current flowing through it.
The reactive power in VARs is equal to the voltage drop across the

inductor times the current flowing through it.
The apparent power in VA is equal to the applied voltage times the

total current.

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IR
ɸ V
IS IL
IS2=IR2+IL2 ----------------(i)
multiplying both sides of eq (i) by common supply voltage V, we get
(VIS)2=(VIR)2+(VIL)2 power triangle for parallel LR circuit

P=VIR
ɸ V
Q=VIL
A= V
IS
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
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Power factor (p.f.) in a RL parallel circuit is defined as the cosine of angle

between voltage and supply current just as it is in the series RL circuit.
P=VIR
Power factor (PF) in a RL parallel circuit is V
the ratio of true power to the apparent ɸ
Q=VIL
power. A= V
IS
From Power triangle, Power factor=
IR
ɸ V
From current triangle, power factor= IL
IS
G
ɸ
BL
From Admittance triangle, Power factor=
Y
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For the parallel RL circuit shown in Figure ,
determine:
a) Current flow through the resistor & inductor
b)True power in watts.
c)Reactive power in VARs.
d)Inductance of the inductor.
e)Total current flow.
f)Circuit impedance & admittance
g)Apparent power in VA.
h)Power factor.

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The Parallel RC Circuit
In RC parallel circuit resistor and
capacitor are connected in parallel with
each other and this combination is
supplied by a voltage source but the
currents flowing in resistor and capacitor
are different.
Phasor Diagram for a Parallel RC Circuit
IC IC
ω IS
90° IR 90° ɸ IR
V V
IS
IC
ɸ IR 90°
V
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Current Triangle for a Parallel RC Circuit
IS
IC
ɸ IR 90°
V

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where
ADMITTANCE TRIANGLE
Y
BC
ɸ
G
�� = ��
Admittance of a Parallel RL Circuit

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Power in Parallel RC Circuit
In the parallel RC circuit, the VA (apparent power) includes both
the watts (true power) and the VARs (reactive power)
The true power (W) is that power dissipated by the resistive branch, and the
reactive power (VARs) is the power that is returned to the source by the
capacitive branch.
The relationship of VA, W, and VARs is the same for the RC parallel circuit as
it is for the RC series circuit.
The true power in watts is equal to the voltage drop across the
resistor times the current flowing through it.
The reactive power in VARs is equal to the voltage drop across the

inductor times the current flowing through it.
The apparent power in VA is equal to the applied voltage times the

total current.

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IS IS2=IR2+IC2 ----------------(i)
IC
multiplying both sides of eq (i) by
common supply voltage V, we get
ɸ IR 90°
V
(VIS)2=(VIR)2+(VIC)2 Power triangle for a RC parallel circuit.
=VI S
A Q=VIC
ɸ 90°
V
P=VIR
Reactive Power
Apparent Power

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Power factor (p.f.) in a RC parallel circuit is defined as the cosine of angle
between voltage and supply current just as it is in the series RC circuit.
=VI S
Power factor (PF) in a RC parallel circuit A Q=VIC
is the ratio of true power to the apparent
power.
ɸ 90°
V
P=VIR
From Power triangle, Power factor=
IS
IC
From current triangle, power factor=
ɸ IR 90°
V
From Admittance triangle, Power factor= Y

BC
ɸ
Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata Steel G
For the parallel RC circuit shown in Figure,
determine:
a) Current flow through the resistor.
b)Current flow through the capacitor.
c)Total line current.
d)The phase angle between the voltage and
total current flow.
e)Express all currents in polar notation.
f)Express all currents in rectangular notation.
c)
d)

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For the parallel RC circuit shown in Figure,

determine the:
a) Conductance, susceptance, admittance &
impedance of the circuit.
b)Current flow through the capacitor, resistor & line
wire.
c)True power, reactive power & apparent power
d)Circuit phase angle
e)Power factor.
A A

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Plex Number Ac Series-Parallel Circuits

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Complex Numbers

where symbol j, known as an operator, indicates that component b1

The vector written in this way is said to be written in ‘complex form’.

j2 = 180o ccw rotation = [√(−1)]2 = −1;

also to be noted as 1/j=j/j2=−j

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata Steel

Complex Numbers using the Rectangular Form

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata Steel

plot the complex no Z=6+j4 in the graph

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata Steel

plot the complex no Z=-7+j6 in the graph

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata Steel

plot the complex no Z=-2-j3 in the graph

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

plot the complex no Z=5-j6 in the graph

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata Steel

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

Graphical Addition and Subtraction

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

Exponential Form of Vector

e±jθ =(cosθ±jsinθ) or, ejθ =cosθ+jsinθ or, e-jθ =cosθ-jsinθ

Hence E = E (cos θ ± j sin θ) can be written as E = Ee± jθ.

The expression E (cos θ + j sin θ) is written in the simplified form of E ∠θ.

Solution: magnitude of the vector= (32 +42)1/2 =5. A=5∠53.1°

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REAL OR “X” COMPONENT = V1

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Vector Subtraction of two Phasors

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Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

Multiplication in Polar Form

Multiplying together 6 ∠30o and 8 ∠– 45o

Division in Polar Form

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1.Let's connect three AC voltage sources

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Graphically, the vectors add up as shown in Fig

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In polar form, this equates to 36.8052 volts ∠ -20.5018o

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2. Find the resultant voltage appearing across the load

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The resulting addition of voltages in

In polar form, this equates to 30.4964 V

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Series Resistance-Inductance Circuit

Vector Diagrams for the Two Pure Components

Vector Diagram of the Resultant Voltage

The Impedance of an AC Inductance

The RL Impedance Triangle

from voltage triangle, Phase Angle

P= IVR known as Working Power (also called True

Real power is the capacity of the circuit

The resistor will offer 5 Ω of

Because the resistor's resistance is a real number (5 Ω ∠ 0o, or 5 + j0 Ω), and

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Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

Prepared by U.N.Gupta, SNTI, Tata

141.4 Sin(-2π/3)×7.07 Sin(- π /2) = 865.76 va