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SYNOPSIS
The Supreme Court held that Herminia's testimony was positive, clear and
straightforward. She did not waver in her narration of the shooting incident,
neither did she waffle in recounting her son's death. She was subjected by
defense counsel to rigorous cross and re-cross examinations and yet she stuck
to her testimony given in the direct examination. Moreover, as between
Herminia's testimony in open court and her sworn statement, any inconsistency
therein does not necessarily discredit the witness. Affidavits are generally
considered inferior to open court declarations because affidavits are taken ex-
parte and are almost always incomplete and inaccurate. Oftentimes, they are
executed when the affiant's mental faculties are not in such a state as to afford
him a fair opportunity of narrating in full the incident that transpired. They are
usually not prepared by the affiant himself but by another who suggests words
to the affiant, or worse, uses his own language in taking the affiant's
statements.
The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the trial court convicting
accused-appellant of the crime of murder, but modified the penalty of death to
reclusion perpetua.
SYLLABUS
9. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; CASE AT BAR. — In the case at bar, accused-
appellant is charged with murder committed through treachery and evident
premeditation. The evidence shows that there was treachery. Joseph was
sitting in his living room watching television when accused-appellant peeped
through the window and, without any warning, shot him twice in the head.
There was no opportunity at all for the victim to defend himself or retaliate
against his attacker. The suddenness and unexpectedness of the attack
ensured his death without risk to the assailant. Following the ruling in People v.
Soliman, where the killing of the victim was attended by treachery, proof of the
victim's bad character is not necessary. The presence of this aggravating
circumstance negates the necessity of proving the victim's bad character to
establish the probability or improbability of the offense charged and, at the
same time, qualifies the killing of Joseph Marquez to murder.
DECISION
PUNO, J : p
HEAD:
(1) Gunshot wound, frontal region, measuring 0.5 x 0.5
cm, just right of the anterior midline, 161 cm from heel, with an
upbraded collar, measuring 0.2 cm superiorly and laterally, 0.1
cm medially and inferiorly directed posteriorwards, downwards
and to the left fracturing the frontal bone, lacerating the brain. A
deformed slug was recovered embedded at the left cerebral
hemisphere of the brain.
(2) Gunshot wound, occipital region, measuring 0.5 x
0.5 cm, 2 cm left of the posterior midline, 162 cm from heel, with
a uniform 0.2 cm upbraded collar, directed slightly
anteriorwards, downwards and lateralwards, fracturing the
occipital bone and lacerating the brain. A deformed slug was
recovered at the left auricular region.
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(3) Contusion, right eyebrow, measuring 3 x 2 cm, 3 cm
from the anterior midline.
There are subdural and subarachnoidal hemorrhages.
Stomach is 1/4 full of partially digested food particles and
positive for alcoholic odor.
CONCLUSION:
At the time of his death, Joseph was employed as driver by the Santos
Enterprises Freight Services earning P250.00 a day. 4 He left behind two
children by his live-in partner who are now under his mother's care and support.
Herminia spent approximately P90,000.00 for the funeral and burial expenses
of her deceased son. The expenses were supported by receipts 5 and admitted
by the defense. 6
Herminia filed a complaint for murder against accused-appellant. The
complaint, docketed as I.S. No. 96-3246, was however dismissed for
insufficiency of evidence in a Resolution dated December 4, 1996 by Prosecutor
Dionisio C. Sison with the approval of Caloocan City Prosecutor Rosauro J.
Silverio. 7 Herminia appealed the order of dismissal to the Secretary of Justice.
In a letter dated March 16, 1998, Secretary of Justice Silvestre Bello III reversed
and set aside the appealed Resolution and ordered the City Prosecutor of
Caloocan City to file an information for murder against the accused-appellant. 8
Accordingly, the Information was filed and a warrant of arrest issued against
accused-appellant on June 8, 1998. On October 16, 1998, appellant was
arrested by agents of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI).
Appellant is a well-known figure in their neighborhood and has several
criminal cases pending against him in Caloocan City. He was charged with
frustrated homicide in 1984 and attempted murder in 1989. 9
For his defense, accused-appellant presented two witnesses: (a) Orlando
Bermudez, a neighbor; and (b) himself. He denies the killing of Joseph Marquez.
He claims that from 8:00 to 10:00 in the evening of September 29, 1996, he
was in his house located at 317 M. de Castro St., Bagong Barrio, Caloocan City.
He was having some drinks with his neighbor, Orlando Bermudez, and his
driver, Nelson Columba. They were enjoying themselves, drinking and singing
with the videoke. Also in the house were his wife, children and household help.
At 10:00 P.M., Orlando and Nelson went home and accused-appellant went to
sleep. He woke up at 5:30 in the morning of the following day and learned that
Joseph Marquez, a neighbor, was shot to death. To appellant's surprise, he was
tagged as Joseph's killer. 10
Accused-appellant had known the victim since childhood and their houses
are only two blocks apart. Joseph had a bad reputation in their neighborhood as
a thief and drug addict. Six days before his death, on September 23, 1996,
accused-appellant caught Joseph inside his car trying to steal his car stereo.
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Joseph scampered away. As proof of the victim's bad reputation, appellant
presented a letter handwritten by his mother, Herminia, addressed to Mayor
Reynaldo Malonzo of Caloocan City, and sent through PO3 Willy Tuazon and his
wife, Baby Ruth. In the letter, Herminia was surrendering her son to the Mayor
for rehabilitation because he was hooked on shabu , a prohibited drug, and was
a thief. Herminia was scared that eventually Joseph might not just steal but kill
her and everyone in their household because of his drug habit. 11
The accused-appellant likewise explained the two criminal cases filed
against him in 1984 and 1989. The information for attempted murder was
dismissed as a result of the victim's desistance while in the frustrated homicide
case, the real assailant appeared and admitted his crime. 12
In a decision dated June 22, 1999, the trial court found accused-appellant
guilty and sentenced him to the penalty of death. The court also ordered
appellant to pay the heirs of the victim civil indemnity of P50,000.00, actual
damages of P90,000.00, moral damages of P60,000.00 and exemplary
damages of P50,000.00 and the costs of the suit. Thus:
"WHEREFORE, foregoing premises considered and the
prosecution having established beyond an iota of doubt the guilt of
accused NOEL LEE of the crime of Murder as defined and penalized
under Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code as amended by R.A. 7659,
this court, in view of the presence of the generic aggravating
circumstance of dwelling and without any mitigating circumstance to
offset it, hereby sentences the said accused to suffer the extreme
penalty of DEATH; to indemnify the legal heirs of the deceased civil
indemnity of P50,000.00; to pay the private complainant actual
damages of P90,000.00 plus moral and exemplary damages of
P60,000.00 and P50,000.00, respectively; and to pay the costs.
Consistent with the provisions of Section 10, Rule 122 of the
1985 Rules on Criminal Procedure, as amended, let the entire records
hereof including the complete transcripts of stenographic notes be
forwarded to the Supreme Court for automatic review and judgment,
within the reglementary period set forth in said section.
SO ORDERED. 13
WITNESS:
Me and my son, Joseph Marquez, and the wife upstairs putting the
baby to sleep.
Q: What were you and your son, Joseph, doing then?
A: Watching TV.
Q: Will you please tell us your position, I am referring to you and
your son in relation to the television set where you are watching
the show.
A: We were facing each other while watching television which is on
the left side.
Q: Will you please tell us where exactly was your son, Joseph,
seated while watching television?
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A: At the end most of the sofa.
Q: The sofa you are referring to is the one near the window.
A: Yes, sir. Dikit lang po .
A: Transparent glass.
Q: How high is it from the ground?
COURT:
Which one?
ATTY. OPENA:
Q: You said the sofa was long. Will you please tell us in what
portion of your sofa your son Joseph was seated?
ATTY. VARGAS:
Already answered, your Honor. She said dulo , end of the sofa.
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COURT:
Sustained.
ATTY. OPENA TO WITNESS:
Q: When you said end of sofa which portion, the left side or the
right side?
A: The right.
Q: Now, while you and your son were watching television, was there
anything unusual that transpired?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: And after your son was slumped, what did you do?
A: I went to my son and carried him to take him to the hospital.
Q: How many shots did you hear?
A: Five shots.
Q: That was prior to helping your son?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: And how many times was your son hit?
ATTY. VARGAS:
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Q: Objection, your honor. It was already answered. Because
according to her it was five shots.
COURT:
It does not follow that the victim was hit. So, the witness may
answer.
WITNESS:
Twice, Two shots hit my son, two shots on the sofa and one shot
on the cement.
COURT:
How about the other one?
A: Doon po sa semento.
ATTY. OPENA TO WITNESS:
Q: How do you know that it was Noel Lee who shot your son?
I'll just make it on record that the witness was emotionally upset.
May I ask if she can still testify?
xxx xxx xxx
WITNESS:
Masakit lang po sa loob ko ang pagkawala ng anak ko.
ATTY. OPENA TO WITNESS:
Q: You saw that the light was bright. Where were those lights
coming from?
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A: Maliwanag po sa loob ng bahay namin dahil may fluorescent na
bilog. Saka sa labas may nananahi po doon sa alley katapat ng
bahay namin. At saka po doon sa kabila, tindahan po tapat po
namin, kaya maliwanag ang ilaw.
Q: After trying to help your son, what happened?
A: MCU.
Q: When you say MCU, are you referring to MCU Hospital?
COURT:
11:00 P.M.?
A: Yes, ma'am.
Q: Same day?
A: Yes, ma'am.
A son's death in his mother's house and in her presence is a painful and
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agonizing experience that is not easy for a mother to forget, even with the
passing of time. Herminia's testimony shows that she was living with a
conscience that haunted and blamed her own self for failing to protect her son
or, at least, save him from death.
Nonetheless, accused-appellant points out inconsistencies in the
eyewitness' testimony. In her affidavit of September 30, 1996 given before PO2
Rodelio Ortiz, Herminia declared that while she and Joseph were watching
television, she saw a hand holding a gun pointed at her son. The hand and the
gun came out of a hole in the window, i.e., "butas ng bintana ." On cross-
examination, Herminia stated that she saw a hand holding a gun in the open
w i n d o w , i.e., "bukas na bintana." According to accused-appellant, this
inconsistency is a serious flaw which cannot be repaired by her statement on
the witness stand.
The inconsistency between her affidavit and her testimony was
satisfactorily explained by Herminia on cross-examination:
"xxx xxx xxx
ATTY. VARGAS
Q: You said that you saw a hand from a hole in the window with a
gun, is that correct?
A: Yes, sir.
A: Opo .
Q: What you saw from that butas is a hand with a gun, is that
correct?
A: Opo.
Q: In your testimony, you did not mention what part of the window
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was that hand holding a gun that you saw? Is that correct?
Herminia corrected her affidavit by saying in open court that she saw the
hand and the gun coming out of the open window, not from a hole in the
window. In her direct testimony, Herminia presented a photograph of her living
room just the way it looked from her side on the night of the shooting. 17 The
sofa on which Joseph was seated is against the wall, with the window a few
inches above the wall. The window is made of transparent glass with six (6)
vertical glass panes pushing outwards. The entire window is enclosed by iron
grills with big spaces in between the grills. The living room is well-lit and the
area outside the house is also lit by a fluorescent lamp.
Between Herminia's testimony in open court and her sworn statement,
any inconsistency therein does not necessarily discredit the witness. 18
Affidavits are generally considered inferior to open court declarations because
affidavits are taken ex-parte and are almost always incomplete and inaccurate.
19 Oftentimes, they are executed when the affiant's mental faculties are not in
such a state as to afford him a fair opportunity of narrating in full the incident
that transpired. 20 They are usually not prepared by the affiant himself but by
another who suggests words to the affiant, or worse, uses his own language in
taking the affiant's statements. 21
Accused-appellant argues that since Herminia declared in her affidavit
that she saw a hand coming from the window, she did not see the person
holding the gun, let alone who fired it. 22 A complete reading of the pertinent
portion of Herminia's affidavit will refute appellant's arguments, viz:
"xxx xxx xxx
It is thus clear that when Herminia approached her son, she saw that the
person firing the gun was accused-appellant. Appellant continued firing and
then ran away towards the direction of his house. This account is not
inconsistent with the witness' testimony in open court.
Herminia's declarations are based on her actual account of the
commission of the crime. She had no ill motive to accuse appellant of killing her
son, or at least, testify falsely against appellant. Accused-appellant himself
admitted that he and Herminia have been neighbors for years and have known
each other for a long time. Appellant is engaged in the business of buying and
selling scrap plastic and Herminia used to work for him as an agent. 24 She
would not have pointed to appellant if not for the fact that it was him whom she
saw shoot her son.
Indeed, the Solicitor General points out that it was appellant himself who
had strong motive to harm or kill Joseph. 25 Appellant revealed that six days
before the shooting, he caught Joseph inside his car attempting to steal the
stereo. The alibi that appellant was drinking with his friends that fateful night of
September 29, 1996 does not rule out the possibility that he could have been at
the scene of the crime at the time of its commission. The victim's house is
merely two blocks away from appellant's house and could be reached in several
minutes. 26
The lone eyewitness' account of the killing finds support in the medico-
legal report. Dr. Rosalie Cosidon found that the deceased sustained two
gunshot wounds — one to the right of the forehead, and the other, to the left
side of the back of the victim's head. 27 Two slugs were recovered from the
victim's head. Judging from the location and number of wounds sustained, Dr.
Cosidon theorized that the assailant could have been more than two feet away
from the victim. 28 Both gunshot wounds were serious and fatal. 29
Accused-appellant makes capital of Joseph's bad reputation in their
community. He alleges that the victim's drug habit led him to commit other
crimes and he may have been shot by any of the persons from whom he had
stolen. 30 As proof of Joseph's bad character, appellant presented Herminia's
letter to Mayor Malonzo seeking his assistance for Joseph's rehabilitation from
drugs. On rebuttal, Herminia admitted that she wrote such letter to Mayor
Malonzo but denied anything about her son's thievery. 31
Character evidence is governed by Section 51, Rule 130 of the Revised
Rules on Evidence, viz:
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"Section 51. Character evidence not generally admissible ;
exceptions: —
(a) In Criminal Cases:
IN VIEW WHEREOF, the decision dated June 22, 1999 of the Regional Trial
Court, Caloocan City, Branch 127 in Criminal Case No. C-54012 (98) is affirmed
insofar as accused-appellant Noel Lee is found guilty of murder for the death of
Joseph Marquez. The death sentence imposed by the trial court is however
reduced to reclusion perpetua, there having been no aggravating circumstance
in the commission of said crime. Except for the award of exemplary damages,
the award of civil indemnity, other damages and costs are likewise affirmed.
SO ORDERED.
Footnotes
1. Information, Records, p. 1.
9. Informations in Criminal Cases Nos. C-23084 (84) and C-32351 (89), Exhibits
"G" and "H", Folder of Exhibits, pp. 23, 24.
10. TSN of April 7, 1999, pp. 3-5.
19. People v. Jaberto , 307 SCRA 93, 100 [1999]; People v. Silvestre, 307 SCRA
68, 83 [1999]; People v. Mercado , 304 SCRA 504, 527 [1999]; People v.
Botona, 304 SCRA 712, 733 [1999].
20. People v. Ortiz, 266 SCRA 641, 650 [1997].
21. People v. Panela , 346 SCRA 308, 315-316 [2000]; People v. Ortiz, supra.
22. Reply Brief, p. 4, Rollo , p. 339.
23. Exhibit "A", also marked as Exhibit "2", Folder of Exhibits, p. 5; emphasis
supplied.
24. TSN of April 14, 1999, pp. 6-7.
37. Wharton's Criminal Evidence, vol. I, 12th ed., Sec. 221, p. 456 [1955].
38. Wigmore on Evidence, vol. I, 3rd ed., Sec. 58, p. 458 [1940]; see footnotes
for English and American cases.
39. In the case at bar, it was the prosecution that first presented evidence of
the bad moral character of the accused-appellant by citing the two criminal
cases pending against him. The presentation of this evidence, however, was
not objected to by the accused-appellant.
40. Francisco, supra, at 746; see also Wharton's Criminal Evidence , vol. I, 12th
ed., Sec. 221, pp. 459-461 [1955].
55. In People v. Gungob , 108 Phil. 1174 [1960], it was found that the character
of the deceased as reflected by his criminal record of theft and physical
injuries was consistent with the provocative acts ascribed to him by the
witnesses.
56. In People v. Sumicad , 56 Phil. 645 [1932], the deceased was a bully of
known violent character, although himself unarmed, he attempted to take
from the accused a bolo, the only means of defense possessed by the latter.
Under the circumstances, it was observed that it would have been an act of
suicide for the accused to allow the bolo to pass into the hands of the victim.