THE SCIENCE of RADIOLOGY and RADIOLOGIC

TECHNOLOGY
1.    The  Medical Science

The medical science

Medical science covers many subjects which try to explain

how the human body works. Starting with basic biology it
is generally divided into areas of specialization such as
anatomy, physiology and pathology with some
biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology and
genetics. Students and practitioners of holistic models of
health also recognise the importance of the mind-body
connection and the importance of nutrition.

Knowledge of how the body functions is a fundamental requirement for continued

studies in the medical profession or for training as a health practitioner. To be able to
diagnose disease a practitioner first needs to understand how a fit and healthy body
functions, it is difficult to truly evaluate and diagnose disease without the knowledge of
the effects of diseases and how the normal function of the body can be restored. As well
as giving you a good working knowledge of the human body, our courses give you an
understanding of the terminology used by the medical profession allowing you to refer
and communicate effectively and confidently with GPs, consultants and other medics. It
is essential that as a practitioner your patients have confidence in your professional
ability.

BRANCHES OF MEDICAL SCIENCE

aetiology

- study the cause of disease

 
bioengineering

- the use of engineering for medical purposes, for example the use

of artificial body parts, organs, etc. to replace damaged.

biomedicine

          - the principles of biology and biochemistry applied to the practice of medicine

          -the study of the effect of the environment on the body

under extreme conditions, especially in space travel

cardiology

- the area of medicine that deals with the heart and the diseases that affect it.

cytology

- the study of how cells grow and change, for example cells that cause cancer.

dentistry

          -the study of people’s teeth and how to treat problems of

the teeth and mouth.

dietetics

          -the scientific study of how food affects your health

embryology

          -the scientific study of embryos.

endocrinology

          -the area of science and medicine that is concerned with the

endocrine glands and hormones.

epidemiology

          -the scientific study of infectious diseases and their causes.

etiology

          -the study of the causes of diseases.

general practice

- the work of a doctor who treats people for a wide range of medical problems,

rather than concentrating on a specific type of medical problem.

genetics

          -the study of how

the individual features and behavior of living things are passed on through
their genes.

geriatrics

          - the medical study, treatment, and care of old people and their diseases.

gerontology

          -the scientific study of old age.

gynecology

          -the part of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of medical
conditions that affect women and their reproductive organs.

hematology

          -the scientific study of blood.

immunology

          -the study of how diseases can be prevented and how the immune system works.

medicine

 -the study and practice of treating or preventing illnesses and injuries.
neurology

-the study of your nervous system and the diseases that affect it. A doctor who is an
expert in this subject is called a neurologist.

neuroscience

          -the scientific study of the nervous system.

nutrition

          -the science of food and its effect on health and growth.

obstetrics

the part of medicine that deals with pregnant women and childbirth.

oncology

- the study and treatment of cancer.

orthopedics

          -the part of medicine that deals with the treatment of injuries or diseases
affecting bones, muscles, joints, and ligament.

pathology

          -the study of the causes of diseases and how they affect people.

pediatrics

          -the part of medical science that deals with children and the treatment of

their illnesses.

pharmacology

          -the scientific study of medicines and drugs that
are used for treating medical conditions.
pharmacy

-the scientific study of methods of preparing medicines and drugs used for 

treating medical conditions.

proctology

 -the branch of medicine that deals with problems of the rectum and anus.

radiology

 -a medical treatment in which radiation is used for treating an illness, or the study of
this type of treatment. Someone who is trained in radiology is a radiologist.

rheumatology

-the area of medicine that deals with rheumatism. A doctor who works in this area is
called a rheumatologist.

urology

 -the study of diseases of the urinary system, or medical treatment for them.

virology

          -the treatment and study of illnesses caused by viruses.

RADIOLOGY: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) who was a
Professor at Wuerzburg University in Germany. Working with a cathode-ray tube in his
laboratory, Roentgen observed a fluorescent glow of crystals on a table near his tube.
The tube that Roentgen was working with consisted of a glass envelope (bulb) with
positive and negative electrodes encapsulated

in it. The air in the tube was evacuated, and when a high voltage was applied, the tube
produced a fluorescent glow. Roentgen shielded the tube with heavy black paper, and
discovered a green colored fluorescent light generated by a material located a few feet
away from the tube.
He concluded that a new type of ray was being emitted from the tube. This ray was
capable of passing through the heavy paper covering and exciting the phosphorescent
materials in the room. He found that the new ray could pass through most substances
casting shadows of solid objects. Roentgen also discovered that the ray could pass
through the tissue of humans, but not bones and metal objects. One of Roentgen's first
experiments late in 1895 was a film of the hand of his wife, Bertha. It is interesting that
the first use of X-rays were for an industrial (not medical) application, as Roentgen
produced a radiograph of a set of weights in a box to show his colleagues.

Roentgen's discovery was a scientific bombshell, and was received with extraordinary
interest by both scientist and laymen. Scientists everywhere could duplicate his
experiment because the cathode tube was very well known during this period. Many
scientists dropped other lines of research to pursue the mysterious rays. Newspapers
and magazines of the day provided the public with numerous stories about the
properties of the newly discovered rays.

Much enthusiasm was generated about potential applications of rays as an aid in

medicine and surgery. Within a month after the announcement of the discovery, several
medical radiographs had been made in Europe and the United States, which were used
by surgeons to guide them in their work. In June 1896, only 6 months after Roentgen
announced his discovery, X-rays were being used by battlefield physicians to locate
bullets in wounded soldiers.
Prior to 1912, X-rays were used little outside the realms of medicine and dentistry. The
reason that X-rays were not used in industrial application before this date was because
the X-ray tubes (the source of the X-rays) broke down under the voltages required to
produce rays of satisfactory penetrating power for industrial purposes. However, that
changed in 1913 when the high vacuum X-ray tubes designed by Coolidge became
available.

In 1922, industrial radiography took another step forward with the advent of the
200,000-volt X-ray tube that allowed radiographs of thick steel parts to be produced in
a reasonable amount of time. In 1931, General Electric Company developed 1,000,000
volt X-ray generators, providing an effective tool for industrial radiography. That same
year, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) permitted X-ray approval of
fusion welded pressure vessels that further opened the door to industrial acceptance
and use.

A SECOND SOURCE OF RADIATION

Shortly after the X-rays was discovered , another form of penetrating rays was
discovered. In 1896, French scientist Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity.
Many scientists of the period were working with cathode rays, and other scientists were
gathering evidence on the theory that the atom could be subdivided. It was Henri
Becquerel who discovered this phenomenon while investigating the properties of
fluorescent minerals. Becquerel was researching the principles of fluorescence, wherein
certain minerals glow (fluoresce) when exposed to sunlight. He utilized photographic
plates to record this fluorescence. One of the minerals Becquerel worked with was a
uranium compound. On a day when it was too cloudy to expose his samples to direct
sunlight, Becquerel stored some of the compound in a drawer with his photographic
plates. Later when he developed these plates, he discovered that they were fogged
(exhibited exposure to light). Becquerel questioned what would have caused this
fogging. He knew he had wrapped the plates tightly before using them, so the fogging
was not due to stray light. In addition, he noticed that only the plates that were in the
drawer with the uranium compound were fogged. Becquerel concluded that the
uranium compound gave off a type of radiation that could penetrate heavy paper and
expose photographic film. Becquerel continued to test samples of uranium compounds
and determined that the source of radiation was the element uranium. Becquerel’s
discovery was, unlike that of the X-rays, virtually unnoticed. Relatively few scientists were
interested in Becquerel's findings. It was not until the discovery of radium by the Curies
two years later that interest in radioactivity became widespread.

While working in France at the time of Becquerel's discovery, Polish scientist Marie Curie
became very interested in his work. She suspected that a uranium ore known as
pitchblende contained other radioactive elements. Marie and her husband, French
scientist Pierre Curie, started looking for these other elements. In 1898, the Curies
discovered another radioactive element in pitchblende, and named it 'polonium' in
honor of Marie Curie's native homeland. Later that year, the Curies discovered another
radioactive element which they named radium, or shining element. Both polonium and
radium were more radioactive than uranium. Since these discoveries, many other
radioactive elements have been discovered or produced.

HEALTH CONCERNS

The science of radiation protection, or "health physics" grew out of the parallel
discoveries of X-rays and radioactivity in the closing years of the 19th century.
Experimenters, physicians, laymen, and physicists alike set up X-ray generating
apparatuses and proceeded about their labour with a lack of concern regarding
potential dangers. Such a lack of concern is quite understandable, for there was nothing
in previous experience to suggest that X-rays would in any way be hazardous. Indeed,
the opposite was the case, for who would suspect that a ray similar to light but unseen,
unfelt, or otherwise undetectable by the senses would be damaging to a person? More
likely, or so it seemed to some, X-rays could be beneficial for the body.

Inevitably, the widespread and unrestrained use of X-rays led to serious injuries. Often
injuries were not attributed to X-ray exposure, in part because of the slow onset of
symptoms, and because there was simply no reason to suspect X-rays as the cause.
Some early experimenters did tie X-ray exposure and skin burns together. The first
warning of possible adverse effects of X-rays came from Thomas Edison, William J.
Morton, and Nikola Tesla who each reported eye irritations from experimentation with
X-rays and fluorescent substances.

Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to affect the atoms in living cells and thereby
damage their genetic material (DNA). Fortunately, the cells in our bodies are extremely
efficient at repairing this damage. However, if the damage is not repaired correctly, a
cell may die or eventually become cancerous.  Exposure to very high levels of radiation,
such as being close to an atomic blast, can cause acute health effects such as skin burns
and acute radiation syndrome (“radiation sickness"). It can also result in long-term
health effects such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Exposure to low levels of
radiation encountered in the environment does not cause immediate health effects, but
is a minor contributor to our overall cancer risk.

OVERVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF RADIATION IN

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
 Majority of the application of Radiation is seen in the field of medicine that is
commonly used in therapeutic and diagnosis. Most applications of X rays are based on
their ability to pass through matter. Photographs made with X rays are known as
radiographs or skiagraphs. Radiography has applications in both medicine and industry,
where it is valuable for diagnosis and non-destructive testing of products for defects.
Another use of radiography is in the examination and analysis of paintings, where
studies can reveal such details as the age of a painting and underlying brushstroke
techniques that help to identify or verify the artist. X rays are used in several techniques
that can provide enlarged images of the structure of opaque objects. These techniques
collectively referred to as X-ray microscopy or microradiography can also be used in the
quantitative analysis of many materials.

APPLICATION OF RADIATION

a.    Medicine

X rays are widely used for diagnostic purposes in these fields. Examples might include
the observation of the broken bones and detection of cancer with the use of other
radiologic science machines to supplement the diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.
Since x rays can be produced with energies sufficient to ionize the atoms making up
human tissue, it is not surprising that x rays can be used to kill these cells this is the
principles that governs the application of radiation in medicine for treatment. This is just
what is done in some types of cancer therapy in which the radiation is directed against
the malignancy in the hope of destroying it while doing minimal damage to nearby
normal tissue. Unfortunately, too much exposure of normal tissue to x rays can cause
the development of cancer. For this reason, great care is taken when taking x rays of any
type to be sure that the exposure to the rest of the body is kept at an absolute
minimum.

a.    Investigation

It is found that various natural elements can be identified by measuring the energy of
their characteristic x rays. This fact makes a useful form of elemental analysis possible.
Measurement of the energy of these x rays permits a determination of the elements
present in the sample. This technique is known as x-ray fluorescence analysis. It is often
used by chemists to perform a non-destructive elemental analysis and by law
enforcement agencies when it is necessary to know what elements are present in a
sample of hair or blood or some other material being used as evidence in a criminal
investigation.

a.    Industry

X rays are used in business and industry in many other ways. For example, x-ray pictures
of whole engines or engine parts can be taken to look for defects in a non-destructive
manner. Similarly, sections of pipe lines for oil or natural gas can be examined for cracks
or defective welds. Airlines also use x-ray detectors to check the baggage of passengers
for guns or other illegal objects.

a.    Research

 
In recent years an interesting new source of x rays has been developed called
synchrotron radiation. Many particle accelerators accelerate charged particles such as
electrons or protons by giving them repeated small increases in energy as they move in
a circular path in the accelerator. Electrons turn out to be the best particle for use in
these machines, called electron synchrotrons, and now accelerators are built for the sole
purpose of producing this radiation which can be adjusted to produce radiation
anywhere from the visible region up to the x-ray region. This synchrotron radiation, from
which very intense beams at nearly one wavelength can be produced, is extremely
useful in learning about the arrangement of atoms in various compounds of interest to
biologists, chemists, and physicists.

Discussion/ teachers insight:

The medical science this are groups of studies deals with the disease, human body, its
composition and scope of practices. There are several domains of medical science and one of it
is in the application of energy for diagnosis and treatment known as the radiologic technologist,
and many more. Which also deals in muscles, human body, diseases and its treatment,
pregnancy, adulthood, and many more.  The Radiologic technicians are classification of medical
science that use radiologic equipment to diagnose and treat medical conditions in the body.
Radiologic science involves the use and maintenance of radiologic equipment. As a radiologic
science professional, you may be called an X-ray technician (X-ray tech) or radiologic
technician (RT). Radiological science involves using advanced, state of the art X-ray
technologies in medical examination, diagnosis, and treatment. As a radiologic technician or
radiologist, you can specialize in a number of areas, such as:

·                     Sonography

·                     Radiation therapy

·                     Bone densitometry

·                     Mammography
·                     Magnetic resonance imaging

·                     Nuclear medicine

·                     Interventional radiography

·                     CT and MRI technologist

It can be seen that the history of radiology story of how creative individual built on the
discovery and invention of others, adding their own inventive techniques to create the radiologic
practice we have today. From the earliest pioneers and craftsmen.  Such great improvements in
discovery of the properties and characteristics of radiation from its basic composition to its
complexities paved way into the correct/ regulated application of radiation into different
approaches. This implies its importance in medicine which shows majority of its application in
diagnosis and treatment, industry, research and investigations. The frequent study in the
properties of radiation lead also the society in decreasing its potential risk in humanity. From its
first recorded fatality and radiation related disorders until now have greatly improve.  As the
improvements and studies in the nature and characteristic of radiation this became a safe
profession. Not as safe as it could but this studies further develop protective apparels that could
limit the health effects of radiation to humans.    

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AND SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL

QUALIFICATION PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE STANDARDS
JOB DESCRIPTION AND LIMITATION
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7431 . AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES, CREATING THE BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGY DEFINING ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.

Section 1. Title. — This Act shall be known and cited as the "Radiologic Technology Act
of 1992." 

Sec. 2. Statement of Policy. — It is the policy of the State to upgrade the practice of
radiologic technology in the Philippines for the purpose of protecting the public from
the hazards posed by radiation as well as to ensure safe and proper diagnosis, treatment
and research through the application of machines and/or equipment using radiation.

Sec. 3. Definition of Terms. — As used in this Act the following terms and shall mean:

 (a) "X-ray technology" is an auxiliary branch of radiology which deals with the
technical application of x-rays as aid in the diagnosis of diseases and injuries;

(b) "Radiologic technology" is an auxiliary branch of radiology which deals with the

technical application of radiation, such as x-rays, beta rays, gamma rays, ultrasound and
radio frequency rays, in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases;

 (c) "X-ray technologist" is a bona fide holder of a certificate of registration for x-ray

technology issued by the Board of Radiologic Technology in accordance with this Act;

 (d) "Radiologic Technologist" is a bona fide holder of a certificate of registration for

radiologic technology issued by the Board of Radiologic Technology in accordance with
this Act;

(e) "Radiology" is a branch of medical science which deals with the use of radiation in
the diagnosis, treatment and research of diseases;

(f) "Radiologist" is a licensed physician who specializes in the diagnosis or treatment of

disease with the use of radiation;

 (g) "Medical physicist" is a physicist who specializes in the application of the principles
and techniques of physics in medicine;

(h) "Board" refers to the Board of Radiologic Technology; and

(i) "Commission" refers to the Professional Regulation Commission created under

Presidential Decree Numbered Two hundred and twenty-three.

Sec. 4. Practice X-ray Technology. —An x-ray technologist shall also be considered in

the practice of his profession if the nature and character of his employment requires
professional knowledge in the art and science of x-ray technology and such
employment or position requires that the holder thereof be an x-ray technologist.
Provided, further, That no person shall use the title "X-ray Technologist" or any other
title conveying the impression that he is an x-ray technologist without having been
issued a certificate of registration as x-ray technologist by the Commission in the
manner provided in this Act.
 Sec. 5. Practice of Radiology Technology. —A radiologic technologist shall also be
considered in the practice of his profession if the nature and character of his
employment requires professional knowledge in the art and science of radiologic
technology, and such employment or position requires that the holder thereof be a
radiologic technologist. Provided, further, That no person shall use the title "Radiologic
Technologist" or any other title conveying the impression that he is a radiologist
technologist without having been issued a certificate of registration as radiologic
technologist by the Commission in the manner provided in this Act.

Sec. 15. Requirement for the Practice of Radiologic Technology and X-ray
Technology. — Unless exempt from the examinations under Sections 16 and 17 hereof,
no person shall practice or offer to practice as a radiologic and/or x-ray technologist in
the Philippines without having obtained the proper certificate of registration from the
Board.

THE PIONEER  RADIOLOGIST AND RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST 

ARCHIMEDES- he explained the reaction of Solid when placed on Liquids.

DEMOCRITUS- he describes materials as composed of ultimate particle.

THALES- discovers some effects of electricity.

PIERRE CURIE- he noticed radium killed decease cell while he was experimenting with
radium on animals, which was the first suggestion of the medical utility of radioactivity.

MARIE CURRIE- she refined the knowledge of radioactivity & purified the radium
metals. -In 1911, she received a

 -Nobel Prize for her work in Chemistry.

-she continued to study radioactivity until she suffered a severe illness that required a
kidney operation.

 -she trained herself as an x-ray technician.

 
HENRI BECQUEREL- he had been interested in the phosphorescence, the emission of
light following body’s exposure to light of another color.

ELECTRYCITY, VACUUMS & IMAGE-RECORDING MATERIALS

EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI- he produced the first recognized vacuum, when he

invented a BAROMETER in 1643

OTTO van GUERICKE- he invented an AIR PUMP that was capable of removing air from
vessel or tube in 1646

WILLIAM GILBERT- he was one of the first man to extensively study Electricity &
Magnetics -he was also noted  for inventing ELECTROSCOPE 

ISAAC NEWTON- (discovers Gravity) build & improve static generator.

CHARLES DUFAY- he was working with glass, silk & paper, distinguish two kinds of
electricity.

WILLIAM WATSON- demonstrated a current of electricity by transmitting electricity

from a Lynden Jar through wires & vacuum tubes. 

MICHAEL FARADAY- induced an electric current by moving a magnet in & out of a coil.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN- he conducted many electrical experiments.

WILHELM HITTORF- conducted several experiments with cathode rays, streams of

electrons emitted from the surface of a cathode.

WILLIAM CROOKES- furthered the study of cathode rays and demonstrated that matter
was emitted from the cathode with enough energy to rotate a wheel placed within a
tube. 
PHILIPP LENARD- he did a tremendous amount of research with cathode rays and
determined their energies by measuring the amount of penetration.

WILLIAM GOODSPEED- produced RADIOGRAPH in 1890. His achievement was

recognized only in retrospect after the discovery of X-RAY.

J.H. SCHOLTZ- produced the first photographic copy of written material. The Image-
recording materials or the photographic recording techniques, were very important to
the investigators of the cathode rays.

R.L. MADDOX- he produced a film with a gelatine silver bromine emulsion that has
remained the basic component of film.

GEORGE EASTMAN- he produced & patented roll- paper film.

WILHELM RöNTGEN- he accidentally discover a new kind of invisible ray which he

called “x-ray”

THE PHILIPPINES PIONEER IN RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST

Norberto Palomo - first President of Philippine Association of Radiologic Technology

(P.A.R.T)

-   Father of Radiologic technology in the Philippines 

Almario lutap (AFP) -first President of Philippine Institute of Radiologic Technology

(P.I.R.T.)

Most Outstanding Radiologic Technology in the Philippines  

1994- Mr. Roberto Yumul- Family Clinic (+)

1995- Mr. Isaias Lupangco- NBI (+)

1996- Mr. Santos Ragasa- Manila City Health (+)

1997- Mr. Romeo Pelgone- East Ave. Medical Center

1998- Mr. Norberto Palomo- Nueve Ecija

1999- Mr. Luis Abarra- Medical Arts

2000- Mr. Gregorio Dizon- St. Louie University

2001- Mr. Reynaldo Tisado- Cebu Doctors Hospital

 2002- Mr. Galileo Guillermo- Makati Med. Center

2003- Dr. Fortunato Gabon Jr.

2004- Dr. Nilo Romeroso- Ago Foundation

 2005- Mr. Nilo Villanueva- Phil.Heart Center

2006- Mr. Nicomedes Gopez 2011- Mr. Roberto Yumul- Makati Medical Center

2012- Mr. Jose Zacel Logronio- Iloilo Doctors’ College

 THE FIRST BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY  AND CREATION

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7431 . AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF RADIOLOGIC

TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES, CREATING THE BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGY DEFINING ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.

Sec. 6. Creation of the Board of Radiologic Technology. — There is hereby created a

Board of Radiologic Technology which shall be composed of a Chairman and four (4)
members, The Commission shall recommend three (3) radiologic technologists from a
list to be submitted by the Association of radiologic technologists; one (1) radiologist
from a list to be submitted by the association of radiologists; and one (1) medical
physicist from a list to be submitted by the association of medical physicists: Provided,
however, That the said associations are accredited in accordance with Presidential
Decree Numbered Two hundred and twenty-three:

Sec. 7. Qualifications of Board Members.

 1. Each member of the Board shall at the time oh his appointment:
1. Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;
2. Be a good moral character;
3. Be at least thirty (30) years of age; and
4. Is neither a member of the faculty, whether full time, part time or lecturer, of any
school, college or university where a regular course in radiologic technology is
taught, nor has any pecuniary interest , directly or indirectly, in such institution
during his term of office as a Board member.

2. Three (3) members of the Board, including the Chairman, shall at a time of their
appointment:
1. Be a radiologic technologists; and
2. Have at least ten (10) years practice as radiologic technologists prior to their
appointment: Provided, That the three (3) radiologic technologists appointed as
members of the first Board shall be deemed automatically registered as
radiologic technologists upon assumption of their duties as members.

1. One (1) member of the Board shall at a time of his appointment:

1. Be a radiologist; and
2. Has at least ten (10) years practice as a radiologist; prior to his appointment.

2. One (1) member of the Board shall at the time of his appointment:
1. Be a medical physicist; and
2. Has at least ten (10) years practice as a medical physicist. 

Sec. 8. Term of Office. — The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of
three (3) years from the date of their appointment until their successors shall have been
appointed and duly qualified; Provided, That the first appointees to the Board shall hold
office for the following terms: the Chairman for three (3) years; two (2) members for two
(2) years and two (2) members for one (1) year. Vacancies shall be filled only for the
unexpired term.
Sec. 9. Duties and functions of the Boards. — The Board shall have the following
duties and functions:

(a) To enforce the provisions of this Act;

 (b) To administer oaths in accordance with the provisions of this Act;

 (c) To issue and, after due investigation, suspend or revoke certificates of registration
for the practice of radiologic technology and x-ray technology;

 (d) To investigate any violation of this Act of the rules and regulations issued
thereunder,

(e) To conduct yearly board examinations to radiologic technology and x-ray technology
examinees under the supervision of the Professional Regulation Commission;

(f) To look, from time to time, into the condition affecting the practice of radiologic
technology and x-ray technology in the Philippines,

(g) To promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the
provisions of this Act:

(h) To adopt a seal to authenticate its official documents.

Sec. 10. Compensation of the Board. — The members of the Board shall each receive
the same compensation as members of other Boards under the supervision of the
Commission as provided for in the General Appropriations Act.

Sec. 11. Removal of Board Members. — Any member of the Board may be removed
from office by the President upon the recommendation of the Commission for neglect
of duty, incompetence or unprofessional, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, or
commission or toleration of irregularities in the conduct of the examinations, after
having been given the opportunity to defend himself in a proper administrative
investigation conducted by the Commission. 

Sec. 12. Supervision of the Board and Custody of its Records. — The members of
the Board shall be under the general supervision of the Commission. No record shall be
removed, altered or examined without the prior authorization of the Board. All records,
including examination papers, examination results, minutes of deliberation, records of
administrative cases and investigations of the Board shall be kept by the Commission.
The Board of Radiologic Technology was created on February 27, 1992 by virtue of
Republic Act No. 7431 also known as the “Radiologic Technology Act of 1992.” The first
Board was composed of

Fortunato C. Gabon Jr. as cistit (deceased)

Jose T. Gaffud, - member                  (deceased)

Editha C. Mora, -member                   (deceased)

Dexter R. Rodelas – member

Dr. Eulinia M. Valdezco- member     (deceased)

FORMATION OF GROUPS AND ASSOCIATION

Philippine Association of Radiologic Technologists (PART) ( Accredited Professional
Organization )
Re-accredited: Res. No. 2011-611 dated June 28, 2011

Officers Year 2018-2020

Rolando Banares
Dexter Rodelas
Rolando Villanueva
Rey Salvador  Villaruz
Peachy Luna
Ruben Lorenzo
Nomar Don Guillermo
Henry Frajilan
Josephine Navara
Cesar Abando
Luisito G. Cruz
Dionisio Hernandez
Rufo Aggarao
John Paul Romillo
Paula Marie Gonzales
President
Vice-President
Treasurer
Bus. Manager
PRO
Auditor
Membership Committee
Students affairs committee
Ways and Means
Internal and external affairs
Ethics and Discipline
Asst. Ways and Means
Awards Committee
Asst. Award Committee
Assitant membership
The Philippine Association of Radiologic Technologists was established on May 1954 as
an integrated association of three societies with the primary objective of uniting X-ray
technicians from the private and government medical institutions.

In 1969, the PART became the 36th regular chapter member of the International Society
of Radiographers and Radiologic Technologists. Accredited by the PRC in September
1992, the Association is an affiliate of the Philippine College of Radiography (PCR). It
actively collaborated with the Technical Panels of the Committee on Radiologic
Technology Education of Higher Education, the DECS, Ministry of Health, Radiation
Health Office, Philippine College of Radiology, and the Civil Service Commission in
formulating the new curriculum standard for Bachelor of Science in Radiologic
Technology that was implemented in 1989.

In its commitment to keep its member-professionals abreast with technological

advancements, PART formed the Radiologic Technology Continuing Professional
Education Council which ensures that members undergo continuing education.

ADDITIONAL GROUPS AND ASSOCIATION OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

ü  SPERT- SOCIETY OF PRIVATELY EMPLOYED RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST

Est.

Officers Year 2018-2020

Winnie T. Concejo President
Julius A. Caguring Vice-President
Valentin P. Cera Secretary
Edilberto B. Bautista, Treasurer
Emeterio R. Longalong Auditor
Peter John M. Ventura Director
Mark Jason P. Gutierrez Director
Alan Dave G. Ancheta Director
Victoria C. Estira, RRT Director
John Alfred B. Bravo Jr. Director
Odysses C. Empleo Director
Royson D. Jang Director
Joyson D. Camargo Director
 
ü  PSGRT- PHILIPPINES SOCIETY OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYED RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGIST

Est.

Officers Year 2018-2020

Gregorio C. Gallardo President
Jenerlito R. Casaje Vic President
Edward S. Francisco Secretary
Raylord E. Bautista Treasurer
Rosinante c. Garcia Auditor
Lars Eric R. Enriquez Director
Pablo M. Valencia jr. Director
Rommel A. Alivo Director
John T. Lucena Director
Lailani C. Arsua Director
Nestor Q. Galves Jr. Director
Rodel F. Caldito Director
Alexander B. Lazaro Director
 

ü  PADFACORTI – Philippine Association of Deans and Faculty of Colleges of Radiologic

Technology. Inc.

Officers Year 2018-2020

Aberlardo  Marva III President
Manuel Delos Santos Vice-President External
 Peachy Luna Secretary Gen.
Noel Juan Acosta Treasurer 
Lenie Mercadro Auditor
Susan Olavides Bus. Manager
Winnie T. Cancejo PRO
Dexter Rodelas Constitution and By-laws
Denis Maximo Publication and Documentation
Jaylord Andrion Membership
Chona Catabay Education and Research
Rufo Aggarao Nomination and Awards
Jerry Cabinan   Human Rights Ethics
Valentin Cera Community Outreach
Victoria Estira   Ways and Means
ü  RTSLP - Radiologic Technology Student League of the Philippines

Officers Year 2018-2020

Ivan Joseph C. Martin President
Hussein Pablo F. Pelagio Vic President
Prince Ronnie L. Mamagu Secretary
Marven L. Cabalza Treasurer
Alliah Aira R. Delgado  Auditor
Summer Danelle M. Pulido Director
Enrico B. Nobleza Director
Prince Larry H. Vera Director
 

ESTABLISHMENT OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL

The Commission on Higher Education is the Philippine government’s agency in

charged with promoting relevant and quality higher education, ensuring access to
quality higher education, and guaranteeing and protecting academic freedom for
continuing intellectual growth, advancement of learning and research, development of
responsible and effective leadership, education of high level professionals, and
enrichment of historical and cultural heritages.. the establishment of schools are
regulated through a  Memorandum order and judgment states the rights and issues of
the parties involved as to the issues on appeal. It is a summary written order that ends a
Supreme Court appeal. It has no precedential value and cannot be cited as authority in
any cases, but the parties involved in the case are bound by the decision.

CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER (CMO) No. ___18___ Series of 2006 SUBJECT: POLICIES,
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION

 In accordance with the pertinent provisions of Republic Act (RA) No. 7722, otherwise
known as the “Higher Education Act”, and for the purpose of rationalizing Radiologic
Technology Education in the country with the end in view of keeping at pace with the
demands of global competitiveness, the following Policies and Standards for Radiologic
Technology Education are hereby adopted and promulgated by the Commission,

The practice requires the knowledge necessary for the Radiologic Technologist to
perform its tasks with confidence, effectiveness, and efficiency in patient care and
management and the operation of specialized equipment in a competent and safe
manner. The Radiologic Technology program requires a full-time, four-year
commitment of study. The first three years consists of a didactic component taught at
the classroom and the last year is the clinical education component undertaken in the
affiliated training hospitals.

. All private higher education institutions (PHEIs) intending to offer Bachelor of Science
in Radiologic Technology must first secure proper authority from the Commission in
accordance with existing rules and regulations. State universities and colleges (SUCs),
and local colleges and universities should likewise strictly adhere to the provisions in
these policies and standards.

Higher education institutions offering Radiologic Technology Education may exercise

flexibility in their curricular offering. However, Radiologic Technology courses as
prescribed in the sample program of study shall be implemented. The minimum number
of academic units required for completion of a degree in Bachelor of Science in
Radiologic Technology is 190 units.

This are the common list of schools  offering of the Radiologic Technology
program .

1.    The family clinic INC.  – known to be the first school in the Philippines offered the
course 

1.    Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City

2.    Arellano University, Manila
3.    BIT International College - Tagbilaran Campus, Tagbilaran
City
4.    Butuan Doctors College, Butuan City
5.    Calamba Doctors' College, Calamba City
6.    Calamba Doctor's Health Allied Medical Colleges, Calamba
City
7.    Calayan Educational Foundation, Lucena City
8.    Capitol Medical Center Colleges, Quezon City
9.    Caritas FCI Hospital and Colleges, Manila
10.  Cebu Doctors' University, Mandaue City
11.  Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria, Dumaguete City
12.  Davao Doctors College, Davao City
13.  De La Salle Health Sciences Institute, Dasmarinas City
14.  DMMC Institute of Health Sciences, Tanauan City
15.  Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College, Quezon City
16.  Emilio Aguinaldo College in Manila, Manila
 17.  Fellowship Baptist College, Kabankalan City
18.  Holy Infant College, Tacloban
19.  Iloilo Doctor's College, Iloilo City
20.  La Consolacion University Philippines, Malolos City
21.  Liceo de Cagayan University, Cagayan de Oro
22.  Lorma Colleges, San Fernando City
23.  Lyceum of the Philippines University - Batangas, Batangas
City
24.  Makati Medical Center College, Makati
25.  Manila Adventist College, Pasay
26.  Medical Colleges of Northern Philippines, Tuguegarao City
27.  Metro Subic Colleges, Inc., Olongapo City
28.  Metropolitan Medical Center College of Arts, Science &
Technology, Manila
29.  Nazarenus College, Meycauayan City
30.  PLT College, Bayombong
31.  Riverside College, Bacolod City
32.  Saint Gabriel College, Kalibo
33.  Saint Jude College, Manila
34.  Saint Louis University, Baguio City
35.  South SEED-LPDH College, Las Pinas
36.  Southeast Asian College, Quezon City
37.  St. Paul University Philippines, Tuguegarao City
38.  The Lyceum of the Philippines - Laguna, Calamba City
39.  University of La Salette Santiago, Santiago City
40.  University of Makati, Makati
41.  Wesleyan University Philippines, Cabanatuan City
 

Some related CMO related to Higher education institution  

CMO
CMO No. 1 , Series of 2020
CMO No. 18, Series of 2018
CMO No. 7, Series of 2018
Tittle :
Guidelines for the Grant of Assistance to State
Universities and Colleges to Combat COVID-
19
 – The Implementing Guidelines for the
Conduct of Drug Testing of Students in All
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
 – Policies, Standards and Guidelines for the
 Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology
Education (BSRT) Program

 
CMO 46 s 2012 Title: Policy-Standard to Enhance Quality
Assurance (QA) in Philippine Higher Education
through an Outcomes-Based and Typology-
Based QA
Category/ies
CMO 18, series of 2006, Policies, Standards and Guidelines for the
Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology
Education (BSRT) Program
CMO 06, Series 2001 Policies, Standards and Guidelines for the
Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology
Education (BSRT) Program
CO No. 19, Series of 1995 Revised Policies and Standards for Radiologic
Technology Education

Career Opportunities
Medical imaging technology is a science combining advanced technology and human
compassion. Medical imaging technologists use their knowledge of physics, human
anatomy, and physiology to create permanent medical images. This profession requires
a dependable personality with a mature and caring nature. Medical imaging services are
offered in various settings such as hospitals, healthcare facilities, physicians’ offices,
mobile imaging companies, industrial plants, research centers, and government
agencies. Commercial sales and marketing positions are also available in the field.

Graduates of BS in Radiologic Technology may pursue a career path in different tertiary

hospitals. They may apply as a radiologic technologist, computed tomography
technologist, magnetic resonance imaging technology, ultrasound technologist,
positron emission tomography technologist, cardiovascular technologist,
mammography technologist, interventional radiologic technologist, nuclear medicine
technologist, radiation therapy technologist, or a digital subtraction angiography
technologist.

Radiographer

The term diagnostic radiography is used to describe a variety of radiographic or x-ray

examinations. Most people are familiar with chest x-rays and also know that x-rays are
the best way to diagnose broken bones. The radiographer performs these procedures as
well as procedures that require the use of contrast agents that make it possible to study
organs that otherwise cannot be seen on x-rays. Radiographers are valued members of
the healthcare team.

Career Opportunities: Career opportunities vary at this level. Positions are available in

hospitals, imaging centers, private medical offices, sales, research, and commercial areas.

Computed Tomography (CT) Technologist

Computed tomography (CT) technologists are responsible for taking detailed cross
sectional images of the internal structures of the human body. They are able to do this
with advanced computerized x-ray equipment. These members of the healthcare team
work closely with radiologists to provide radiographic studies that assist with patient
diagnosis and treatment.

Career Opportunities: Opportunities for CT technologists are available in hospitals,

imaging centers, mobile imaging companies, sales, applications, and marketing.

Diagnostic Medical Sonographer

A diagnostic medical sonographer combines creativity with advanced knowledge of

human anatomy and advanced ultrasound imaging equipment to produce images of
the human body. Sonographers use high frequency sound waves (much like sonar) to
demonstrate body structures and organs. These images assist the physicians in the
diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. The sonographer must be able to work
independently to provide high
quality images. Experience in radiologic technology is often desired by employers.
Employees who exhibit competence in their current area of specialization may be
trained on the job.

Career Opportunities: Career opportunities are available in hospitals, imaging centers,

educational institutions, private medical offices, clinical research labs, sales and
marketing. Sonographers may work in departments of radiology, cardiology, obstetrics,
and vascular imaging.

Mammographer

Mammographers use ionizing radiation to produce images of the breast for screening,
diagnosis, and treatment purposes. A mammographer is responsible for creating a clear
image that can be read by a radiologist, oncologist, etc, to make an accurate diagnosis.
Even routine mammograms can be stressful for patients. Therefore, mammographers
must be proficient in making the patient as comfortable as possible throughout the
process.

Career Opportunities: Career opportunities are available in hospitals, imaging centers,

educational institutions, private medical offices, clinical research labs, sales, and
marketing.

Nuclear Medicine Technologist

Nuclear medicine technologists are specialized members of the imaging healthcare

team. They perform procedures that analyze both the anatomy and physiology of the
human body. These procedures involve administering a radioactive drug to the patient
and then analyzing the distribution and concentration of that radioactive drug with
gamma cameras. Nuclear medicine technologists also administer radioactive drugs to
treat certain cancers.

Career Opportunities: Career opportunities are available in hospitals, imaging centers,

educational institutions, private medical offices, clinical research labs, sales, and
marketing.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Technologist

MRI technologists use radio waves, powerful magnets, and computers to create images
of the body. Technologists who work in this field must have good computer skills and a
strong knowledge of cross sectional human anatomy.

Career Opportunities:  Opportunities for MRI technologists are available in hospitals,

imaging centers, mobile imaging companies, sales, applications, and marketing.

Special Procedure Technologist

Special procedure technologists work closely with physicians in evaluating and treating
certain diseases. They use specialized x-ray equipment to study the blood vessels of the
body. These technologists also assist physicians who perform procedures to widen
narrowed blood vessels. This fast-paced specialty requires quick and sometimes
independent thinking and an advanced knowledge of human anatomy. The technologist
must also be able to handle sophisticated x-ray, computer, image processing, and
patient -monitoring equipment.
Career Opportunities:  Opportunities as a special procedure technologist are available
mainly in a hospital setting. Special procedure technologists may also work in sales,
applications, marketing, or on mobile van systems.

Radiation Therapist

The radiation therapist is responsible for treating patients with a radiation beam or
source. This healthcare professional will also assist the radiation oncologist with the set
up and dosage that the patient will receive during the treatment. Radiation therapy
patients are treated for cancer, and the therapist who works with the patients usually
develops a special, supportive relationship with the patient and family members.
Radiation therapists must possess a high degree of sensitivity and caring in addition to
excellent technical skills.

Career Opportunities:  Areas of opportunities include hospitals, freestanding clinics,

research, sales, and marketing.

Radiology Information Systems (RIS) Specialist

Radiology information systems (RIS) specialists are responsible for implementing,
maintaining, and updating radiology information computer systems. Working with
radiology staff, they oversee the computer systems that provide information about
patient exams, results, and histories.

Career Opportunities: Opportunities for RIS specialists are available in hospitals,

imaging centers, sales, applications, and marketing.

Picture Archival and Communication Systems (PACS) Administrator

Picture archival and communication systems (PACS) administrators are responsible for
implementing, maintaining, and updating radiologic PACS. Working with radiology staff,
they oversee the computer systems that provide images and information about patient
exams, results, and histories. PACS connect to different radiographic and
imaging equipment and make images produced on that equipment available to
authorized users.

Career Opportunities

Opportunities for PACS administrators are available in hospitals, imaging centers, sales,
applications, and marketing.

Radiologist Assistant (RA)

Radiologist assistants (RAs) function as radiologic technologists who extend the capacity
of the radiologist, falling between the role of radiologist and radiographer. RAs manage
and assess patients, perform certain imaging procedures, evaluate images, and make
image observations.

Career Opportunities: Opportunities for RAs are available in hospitals, imaging centers,

sales, applications, and marketing.

Management/Education/Marketing

Radiologic technologists may also progress to different levels of opportunity in the

areas of education, management, and marketing. Positions are available as department
directors and supervisors as well as education program directors. Some may choose to
seek positions using their imaging experience in sales, marketing, or consulting with a
medical oriented business.
Others who gain a bachelors degree and go on to pursue a masters degree in health
administration may choose to seek a position as a hospital administrator, a vice
president in a hospital, or a manager of a business for radiologists. Most people in
management positions hire and supervise all non-physician employees. They develop
strategic plans, prepare budgets, and investigate and implement future technologies.
Most universities require radiology educators who teach on a bachelors level (or higher)
and have a masters in education and/or masters
in radiology science. This is also a new requirement for all radiology technology
program directors.

 William Cannon Ranjan- German who first discover the x-ray on

November 8, 1895
- Studying the characteristics of cathode rays in University of Woozburg
- A ray of light in the far-off corner
- He found out that the light was coming from the screen is coated with barium
platinocyanide
- The cathode rays was covered with a thick piece of cardboard
- He experimented with wood, metal and came to know that this ray is capable of
penetrating many types of material
- He found out that these lights travel from a straight line and does not get
deflected due to magnetic fields
- Ranjan was not the first scientist to see the x-ray, before him Hendrick Hertz
friend Phillips Leonard had seen x-ray but he failed to understand it
- Classic example to understand the right method to understand science
- DECEMBER 22, 1895 (He took the x-ray of his wife Bertha and took the x-ray on
his hand, it was the first x-ray in human history
- NOBEL PRIZE FOR PHYSICS (1901) but he refuse to patron the x-ray, he donated
the entire money to the University of Woozburg
- Both x-ray and visible light are electromagnetic waves that radiate in the form of
small packets of energy which we call photon (revolve different energy levels in
an atom, the outermost orbits have the highest energy level, and as we move
on the energy level comes down, but when the electrons fall into the lower level
of energy it comes out as photon. This process is called characteristics x-ray.
- (Another process) When charged particles are suddenly stopped energy comes
out of them in form of x-ray, which is called drum slung x-ray
- Difference between x-ray and visible light is because of the wavelength
- (Visible light) MORE, (Energy) LESS
- (X-rays) LESS, (Energy) HIGH
- ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM- our eyes can see light with wavelength ranging
from 400 nanometer to 700 nanometer, but the light of the wavelength above
or below this can’t be seen by our eyes
- LOWER SIDE OF THE LENGTH (radiowave, microwave, infrared)
 - UPPER SIDE OF THE LENGTH (ultra violet, x-rays, gamma rays)

 FARADAY- ELECTRIC MACHINE (1850)

 ROGOFF- INDUCTION OIL (1851)
- Both important part of Ronjans lab
 STRENGEL- MERCURY AIR PUMP (1865)

EIGHT DECADE OF 19 CENTURY- WILLIAM CROOKES DEVELOPED THE CROOKS TUBE (ELECTRODES)

HENDRICK HERTS SHOWED THAT CATHODE RAYS COULD PENETRATE THIN METAL

DECEMBER 28, 1895- RANJAN SHOWED HIS DISCOVERY TO THE WORLD

JANUARY 1, 1896- RANJAN SEND HIS REPORT TO ALL HIS SCIENTIST FRIENDS IN EUROPE

4 DAYS AFTER RANJAN REVEAL- X-RAY WAS USE TO A BULLET IN THE LEG OF A PATIENT

X-RAYS- BONE FRACTURED AND STONE

- TO CORRECT STUCTURE OF ORGANS AND BLOOD VESSELS

X-RAY SYMTOMPS- REDNESS ON FACE, HAIR FALL, INFERTILITY AND SEVERE PAIN

1903- AFTER THE DEATH OF THOMAS ALVA EDISON’S HELPER CLARENCE DALLI (DIED OF SKIN CANCER)