AS 2758-1 - 2014+A1 - 2016 Aggreagate and Rock For Engineering - Concrete Aggregates

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AS 2758.1:2014
purposes
Part 1: Concrete aggregates

AS 2758.1:2014
Aggregates and rock for engineering

(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee CE-012, Aggregates and Rock for
Engineering Purposes. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on
24 September 2014.
This Standard was published on 7 November 2014.
The following are represented on Committee CE-012:
 ARRB Group
 Australasian Procurement and Construction Council
 Australasian Slag Association
 Australian Asphalt Pavement Association
 Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
 Australian Geomechanics Society
 Austroads
 Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
 Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia
 Engineering and Construction Laboratories Association
 Institute of Quarrying Australia
 National Association of Testing Authorities Australia
A1  Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 2758.1.
Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
Keeping Standards up-to-date

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Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
AS 2758.1:2014
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
Australian Standard®
Aggregates and rock for engineering

purposes

First published in part as part of AS A24—1934.

AS A25 first published 1934.
AS A24—1934 and AS A25—1934 revised, amalgamated and redesignated AS A77—1957.
AS A168 first published 1971.

AS A77—1957 revised and redesignated in part as AS 1465—1974.
AS 1466 first published 1974.
AS A168—1971 revised and redesignated AS 1467—1975.
AS 1465—1974, AS 1466—1974 and AS 1467—1975 revised, amalgamated and
redesignated AS 2758.1—1985.
Third edition 2014.
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (October 2016).
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box
476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 978 1 74342 861 0
AS 2758.1:2014 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee CE-012, Aggregates and
Rock for Engineering Purposes, to supersede AS 2758.1—1998.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (October 2016). The changes required by the
Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against the
clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected.
This Standard is part of a series that covers specification for aggregates and rock, as
follows:
AS
2758 Aggregates and rocks for engineering purposes
2758.0 Part 0: Definitions and classification
2758.1 Part 1: Concrete aggregates (this Standard)
2758.2 Part 2: Aggregate for sprayed bituminous surfacing
2758.4 Part 4: Aggregate for gabion baskets and wire mattresses
2758.5 Part 5: Asphalt aggregates
2758.6 Part 6: Guidelines for the specification of armourstone
2758.7 Part 7: Railway ballast
This Standard is called up by AS 3600, Concrete structures. In this Standard, extensive
reference is made to AS 1141, Methods for sampling and testing aggregates (series), which
is designed to include all aggregate tests, not only those for concrete.
This revision of AS 2758.1 has introduced the following changes to the 1998 edition:
(a) A note to the scope advising of the application of the specification to individual
components of a concrete mix and the subsequent need for concrete mix design.
(b) Removal of specified aggregate gradings, recognizing the wide variety of gradings in
use in Australia. The assumption is made that a supply agreement will exist between
the aggregate supplier and the concrete producer and that what must be specified is
the deviations in the agreed gradings. Aggregate gradings are recommended in
informative Appendix B.
(c) A full specification for manufactured fine aggregate has been included.
(d) Specification requirements for testing, classifying and reporting the potential for
aggregates to react with the alkalis in the concrete mix are included. Requirements for
dealing with aggregates that are classified as reactive to alkalis in concrete are
included by linking requirements to the specifications in AS 1379, Specification and
supply of concrete.
This specification has relevance to aggregate suppliers and concrete suppliers. It will also
be of relevance to specifiers of concrete, consultants, contractors, manufacturers and
suppliers of precast concrete products and asset owners, all of whom may be concerned
with the properties of aggregates used in production of concrete or concrete products used
for engineering purposes
One normative appendix and two informative appendices are included as follows:
(i) The exposure classifications of concrete structures, in accordance with AS 3600,
which may impact on the properties of aggregate required for satisfactory
performance (Appendix A, normative).
(ii) Advice on suitable standard aggregate gradings where this information is not
provided in a supply agreement, or where parties to a supply agreement are seeking
guidance on suitable grading envelopes (Appendix B, informative).
3 AS 2758.1:2014
(iii) Guidance on mitigative procedures for the control of alkali-silica reactivity, including
details of procedures used by State road authorities on the East Coast of Australia
(Appendix C, informative).
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
AS 2758.1:2014 4
CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 5
2 APPLICATION ........................................................................................................... 5
3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................... 6
4 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 7
5 SAMPLING ................................................................................................................. 8
6 TESTING..................................................................................................................... 8
7 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................... 9
8 DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................... 9
9 DURABILITY ........................................................................................................... 12
10 ALKALI-REACTIVE MATERIALS ......................................................................... 15
11 WEAK PARTICLES IN COARSE AGGREGATE ................................................... 16
12 LIGHT PARTICLES ................................................................................................. 17
13 DRYING SHRINKAGE ............................................................................................ 17
14 IMPURITIES ............................................................................................................. 17
15 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE SLAG AGGREGATES ............. 18
16 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE LIGHTWEIGHT
AGGREGATES ......................................................................................................... 19
APPENDICES
A EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATIONS ............................................................................ 20
B GUIDANCE ON AGGREGATE GRADINGS .......................................................... 24
C GUIDANCE ON ALKALI-SILICA REACTION ...................................................... 27
5 AS 2758.1:2014
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes
1 SCOPE
This Standard provides a basis for specifying requirements for aggregates intended for use
in the production of concrete, including precast products. The requirements and alternatives
relate to—
(a) the quality of rock;
(b) the potential for reaction between the aggregate and other components of the concrete
mix; and
(c) the properties of aggregates including lightweight aggregates and manufactured fine
aggregate, referring to the relevant test methods in the AS 1141 series, the AS 1012
series and AS 4489.7.1 and to the requirements and recommendations for the
production of concrete in AS 1379 and AS 3600.
NOTE: This Standard specifies the requirements for the individual aggregate components used to
produce a concrete mix. At the very least, the mix will comprise one coarse and one fine
aggregate component, but many mixes will include multiple coarse and fine aggregates. The
Standard is based on the successful use of individual components, complying with the properties
specified; however, it is not possible for this Standard to consider the performance of all possible
combinations of aggregates. Therefore, although a material complying with this Standard should
be acceptable as a mix component, the selection and proportions of the components in the
concrete mix will need to be determined by trial mixes and/or from records of field performance.
2 APPLICATION
This Standard is intended to be used in combination with a works specification for contract
purposes. While a number of the basic requirements are not negotiable, the specifier may
select from the options available in this Standard, or use alternative test methods and limits
(which may be from Australian Standards or other appropriate Standards) for incorporation
into the works specification.
The basic requirements for all concrete aggregates are prescribed in Clauses 7 to 14.
Additional basic requirements for slag and lightweight aggregates are prescribed in
Clauses 15 and 16 respectively. Alternatives are presented for the assessment of durability
in Clause 9. However, not more than one of these alternatives should be specified for
routine supply from a known aggregate source.
The selection of test procedures and test limits, where alternatives are provided, and the
frequency at which individual tests are required, is a subject of the individual supply
agreement.
The works specification should specify all the tests appropriate to the source rock or the
tender samples, or both, but the whole range of tests is not necessarily applied to control
acceptance of the product during the performance of a contract.
www.standards.org.au  Standards Australia

AS 2758.1:2014 6
For contractual purposes, it is the works specification that is binding; however, the case
may arise where a contract document uses phrases such as ‘material complying with
AS 2758.1’ without providing a supply agreement. In this event, the supplier needs to
obtain further details from the purchaser. In the continued absence of a supply agreement,
material will be deemed to comply with this Standard if the supplier can show that the
material to be supplied—
(a) is of normal weight;
(b) fulfils the requirements for aggregate to be used in concrete in B1 and B2 exposure
classifications; and
(c) complies with Clauses 7 to 15 inclusive of this Standard.
3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1012 Methods of testing concrete
A1 1012.20.1 Method 20.1: Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete
and aggregates—Nitric acid extraction method
1012.20.2 Method 20.2: Determination of water-soluble chloride in aggregates and
hardened concrete
1141 Methods for sampling and testing aggregates
1141.3.1 Method 3.1: Sampling—Aggregates
1141.3.2 Method 3.2: Sampling—Rock spalls and boulders
1141.4 Method 4: Bulk density of aggregate
1141.5 Method 5: Particle density and water absorption of fine aggregate
1141.6.1 Method 6.1: Particle density and water absorption of coarse aggregate—
Weighing-in-water method
1141.6.2 Method 6.2: Particle density and water absorption of coarse aggregate—
Pycnometer method
1141.11.1 Method 11.1: Particle size distribution—Sieving method
1141.11.2 Method 11.2: Particle size distribution for vision sizing systems
1141.12 Method 12: Materials finer than 75 m in aggregates (by washing)
1141.13 Method 13: Material finer than 2 m
1141.14 Method 14: Particle shape, by proportional calliper
1141.15 Method 15: Flakiness index
1141.22 Method 22: Wet/dry strength variation

1141.23 Method 23: Los Angeles value
1141.24 Method 24: Aggregate soundness—Evaluation by exposure to sodium
sulphate solution
1141.25.3 Method 25.3: Degradation factor—Fine aggregate
1141.30.1 Method 30.1: Coarse aggregate quality by visual comparison
1141.31 Method 31: Light particles
1141.32 Method 32: Weak particles (including clay lumps, soft and friable
particles) in coarse aggregates
1141.34 Method 34: Organic impurities other than sugar
1141.35 Method 35: Sugar
1141.37 Method 37: Iron unsoundness
1141.60.1 Method 60.1: Potential alkali-silica reactivity—Accelerated mortar bar
method
1141.60.2 Method 60.2: Potential alkali-silica reactivity—Concrete prism method
1141.66 Method 66: Methylene blue adsorption value of fine aggregate and
mineral fillers
 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

7 AS 2758.1:2014
AS
1379—2007 Specification and supply of concrete
2758 Aggregate and rock for engineering purposes
2758.0 Part 0: Definitions and classification
3600 Concrete structures
4489 Test methods for limes and limestones
4489.7.1 Method 7.1: Loss on ignition—Quicklime, hydrated lime and limestone
SA
HB 79 Alkali aggregate reaction—Guidelines on Minimising the Risk of Damage to
Concrete Structures in Australia
4 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard the definitions below apply.
NOTE: AS 2758.0, Appendix B, provides some general definitions for reference purposes.
4.1 Aggregate
4.1.1 Coarse aggregate
Aggregate having a nominal size greater than or equal to 5 mm.
4.1.2 Fine aggregate
Aggregate having a nominal size less than 5 mm.
4.1.3 Heavyweight aggregate
Aggregate composed of inorganic materials having a particle density on a dry basis of
greater than or equal to 3.2 t/m3 .
4.1.4 Lightweight aggregate
Aggregate composed of materials having a particle density on a dry basis of less than
2.1 t/m3 , and greater than or equal to 0.5 t/m3 .
4.1.5 Manufactured fine aggregate

A purpose-made crushed fine aggregate produced from a suitable source material.
NOTE:Only source materials with suitable strength, durability and shape characteristics should be
considered. Production generally involves crushing, screening and possibly washing, or

alternately dry extraction of fine components. Separation into discrete fractions, recombining and
blending may be necessary. Some crusher dusts may have suitable strength, durability and shape
characteristics to meet the specification and, in this case, may be used as manufactured sand.
4.1.6 Natural fine aggregate
Fine aggregate, derived from sand deposits in rivers, estuaries, dunes or similar, or from the
processing of friable rocks, that produces a sand-sized product with minimal crushing.
4.1.7 Normal weight aggregate
Aggregate composed of inorganic materials having a particle density on a dry basis of less
than 3.2 t/m3 and greater than or equal to 2.1 t/m3 .
4.1.8 Ultra lightweight aggregate
Aggregate composed of materials having a particle density on a dry basis of less than
0.5 t/m3 .

AS 2758.1:2014 8
4.2 Bulk density

The mass of a unit volume of oven-dried aggregate.
NOTE: It may be determined for aggregate in either compacted or loose states.
4.3 Deleterious fines index (DFI)
The multiple of the methylene blue value, tested in accordance with AS 1141.66 and the
percentage passing the 0.075 mm sieve, tested in accordance with AS 1141.11.1
(washed grading) or AS 1141.12.
4.4 Nominal size
A designation of an aggregate which gives an indication of the maximum size particle
present.
NOTE: The concept of nominal size is for convenience of reference and of ordering.
4.5 Particle density
The mass of the oven-dried particles divided by the saturated surface-dried volume of the
particles.
4.6 Single-size aggregates
Aggregates in which most of the particles are of sizes lying between a narrow range of
sieve sizes.
NOTE: Recommendations for gradings for single-sized coarse aggregates are given in Table B1,
Appendix B.
4.7 Supply agreement
That agreement between the aggregate supplier and a second party, usually a concrete
supplier or producer of concrete products, that details, among other matters, the test
procedures and limits for aggregate supply.
NOTE: The agreement may detail sampling requirements and testing frequency. The agreement
may be for a specific project or for regular, routine supply.
4.8 Works specification
That body of documents that details the construction requirements for a works project,
which, among many other items, will include specification and supply arrangements for
materials, including concrete and concrete products delivered to or produced on site.
NOTE: This body of documents (the works specification) may include this document (AS 2758.1)
reference to this document, extracts from this document or this document with included
variations.
5 SAMPLING
The sampling of aggregate and source rock shall be carried out in accordance with the
methods described in AS 1141.3.1 and AS 1141.3.2 respectively.
NOTE: The frequency of sampling should be nominated in the supply agreement. An indication
of sampling frequency is given in AS 2758.0, Appendix A.
6 TESTING
Testing of aggregates shall be carried out in accordance with the methods described in the
relevant parts of AS 1141 and AS 1012, and in AS 4489.7.1. Unless indicated otherwise,
proportions, ratios and percentages are expressed on the basis of mass.
NOTE: The frequency of testing should be nominated in the supply agreement.

9 AS 2758.1:2014
7 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Particle density
When determined in accordance with AS 1141.5 for fine aggregate, and AS 1141.6.1 or
AS 1141.6.2 for coarse aggregate, the particle density of the aggregate shall be as follows:
(a) For heavyweight aggregate, not less than 3.2 t/m3 .
(b) For normal weight aggregate, less than 3.2 t/m3 and greater than or equal to 2.1 t/m3 .
(c) For lightweight aggregate, less than 2.1 t/m3 , and greater than or equal to 0.5 t/m3 .
(d) For ultra-lightweight aggregate, less than 0.5 t/m3 .
7.2 Bulk density of lightweight aggregate
When determined in accordance with AS 1141.4, the compacted bulk density of lightweight
aggregate shall be less than 1.2 t/m3 .
7.3 Water absorption
The percentage of water absorption shall be determined in accordance with AS 1141.5,
AS 1141.6.1 or AS 1141.6.2. The concrete mix design needs to ensure that the water
absorption of the aggregate does not affect the designed water-cement ratio.
NOTES:
1 The average absorption of natural aggregates is about 2%. Normal weight aggregates of
higher absorption values may be acceptable, based on local performance records and provided
the materials meet the requirements of Clauses 9 and 13.
2 The water absorption of lightweight, vesicular, or recycled aggregates can exceed 2%
considerably without affecting many of the properties of concrete made using such
aggregates. To minimize any effect of absorption variations, it is recommended that these
aggregates be pre-wetted prior to the commencement of the mixing process.
3 Care will need to be exercised if water absorption is the result of deleterious mineralogy.
8 DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS
8.1 Particle size distribution (grading)

8.1.1 General
A history of grading figures shall be provided for each aggregate component to indicate the
average grading and variation of the aggregate proposed for supply. This data shall be
known as the ‘submitted grading’.

NOTE: Alternatively, the supply agreement may require the supplier to submit samples, the
gradings of which will be the basis for acceptance of the quotation, tender or source of supply.
These samples are used to establish the submitted grading.
The ‘limits of deviation’ (see Tables 1 and 2) are the maximum variations in percentage
between the submitted grading or the grading of the submitted sample and any particular
test result during the term of the supply agreement.
If the aggregate supply varies outside the limits of deviation specified in the supply
agreement, grading data identifying results outside the limits of deviation shall be provided
to enable alteration of the mix design, if necessary (see Note 4).

AS 2758.1:2014 10
NOTES:
1 Reasonably consistent grading is necessary for aggregate under any supply agreement to
ensure practical control of concrete manufacture.
2 It is recognized that smaller deviation values than those specified in Tables 1 and 2 may be
more appropriate to particular projects. Where smaller deviations are required, values should
be nominated in the supply agreement.
3 Guidelines for suitable gradings are given in Tables B1 and B2, Appendix B.
4 The concrete producer will need to be informed as soon as possible of any aggregate outside
the specified limits of deviation to enable alternation of the mix design.
8.1.2 Coarse aggregate
When determined in accordance with AS 1141.11.1 or AS 1141.11.2, the grading of coarse
aggregate supplied shall not deviate from the submitted grading, or the grading of the
submitted sample, by more than the maximum permissible deviations given in Table 1.
NOTE: Coarse aggregates of nominal sizes greater than 40 mm may be appropriate for use in
specific work (e.g. dam construction and other mass concrete sections). Dimensional
requirements suitable for concrete aggregates of nominal sizes greater than 40 mm have not been
addressed in Appendix B. The use of the other tests specified in this document would need to be
carefully considered for aggregates of nominal sizes greater than 40 mm.
8.1.3 Fine aggregate (natural and manufactured fine aggregate)
When determined in accordance with AS 1141.11.1, the grading of fine aggregate supplied
shall not deviate from the submitted grading, or the grading of the submitted sample, by
more than the maximum permissible deviations given in Table 2.
TABLE 1
COARSE AGGREGATE—LIMITS OF DEVIATION
Limits of deviation, %†
Sieve
aperture Nominal size of graded aggregate, Nominal size of single-size aggregate,
mm mm
mm
40 28 20 14 10 40 28 20 14 10 7 5
75.0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
53.0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
37.6 10 — — — — 10 — — — — — —
26.5 15 10 — — — 10 10 — — — — —
19.0 15 15 10 — — 10 10 10 — — — —

13.2 10 15 15 10 — 5 10 10 10 — — —
9.50 10 10 15 15 10 — 5 10 10 10 — —
6.70 5 10 10 15 15 — 5 5 10 10 10 —
4.75 — 5 5 5 10 — — — 5 10 10 10
2.36 — — — — 5 — — — — — 10 10
0.075* — — — — — — — — — — — —
* See Clause 8.2
† Limits of deviation on the submitted grading or the grading of the submitted sample (see Clause 8.1.1)

11 AS 2758.1:2014
TABLE 2
FINE AGGREGATE—LIMITS OF DEVIATION
Sieve Sieve aperture,

aperture %
mm Natural fine aggregate Manufactured fine aggregate
9.50 — —
4.75 5 5
2.36 5 10
1.18 10 15
0.6 15 15
0.3 10 10
0.15 5 5
0.075* — 5
* See Clause 8.2
8.2 Material finer than 0.075 mm

8.2.1 Coarse aggregate, natural fine aggregate and manufactured fine aggregate
When determined in accordance with AS 1141.11.1 (for a washed grading) or AS 1141.12,
the quantity of material finer than 0.075 mm in each component of a blend shall not exceed
2% for coarse aggregate, 5% for natural fine aggregates or 20% for manufactured fine
aggregate.
NOTE: Where there is a demonstrated history of successful use of materials with 0.075 mm levels
higher than those specified above, then blends incorporating these materials may be considered
for use.
8.2.2 Material finer than 0.002 mm
When determined in accordance with AS 1141.13, the quantity of material finer than
0.002 mm shall not exceed 1% for each of the coarse aggregates and for each of the natural
fine aggregates.
8.3 Particle shape in coarse aggregate

Unless otherwise specified, the proportion of misshapen particles in coarse aggregate
retained on the 9.50 mm test sieve shall not exceed 10% when determined in accordance
with AS 1141.14 using a 3:1 ratio, or the flakiness index shall not exceed 35% when
determined in accordance with AS 1141.15.

NOTES:
1 In some areas, the available aggregate may not comply with the shape requirements set out
above. In such cases, acceptance of the aggregate should be related to the purpose for which
the concrete is to be used and to the design of the mix.
2 When the aggregate is to be used in concrete that will be pumped, a high proportion of
elongated particles may cause pump blockages in small-bore pipes.
3 At the option of the purchaser, alternative limits may be specified for one or more of the
following:
(a) The appropriate proportion of misshapen particles determined in accordance with
AS 1141.14, using a 2:1 ratio.
(b) The appropriate proportion of flat particles determined in accordance with AS 1141.14,
using a 2:1 ratio.
(c) The appropriate proportion of elongated particles determined in accordance with
AS 1141.14, using a 2:1 ratio.

AS 2758.1:2014 12
8.4 Deleterious fines in manufactured fine aggregate

8.4.1 General
The presence of unacceptable quantities of deleterious fines shall be determined in
accordance with Clause 8.4.2.
8.4.2 Deleterious fines index
The deleterious fines index (DFI) of any manufactured fine aggregate sample shall not
exceed a value of 150. The DFI is given by the multiple of the methylene blue adsorption
value tested in accordance with AS 1141.66 and the percentage of material passing
0.075 mm, determined in accordance with AS 1141.11.1 (washed grading) or AS 1141.12.
NOTES:
1 The effect of fines on the water demand of the concrete mix depends substantially on the
quantity of fines present in the aggregate grading, and the cationic exchange capacity of the
fines.
2 Manufactured fine aggregates with a high DFI have been used successfully but generally in
low addition rates. Sands with a DFI up to 200 may be used if performance data for that mix
design exist, and which demonstrate acceptable concrete performance. Sands with multiples
over 200 are unlikely to produce acceptable concrete.
3 Manufactured fine aggregates with DFI lower than 150 may be required for specific
applications.
9 DURABILITY
9.1 General
Aggregate durability limits are given in Clauses 9.2 and 9.3 for the exposure classification
or the environment of the worst exposed concrete surface in which the aggregate is intended
to be used.
The exposure classification should be provided in the supply agreement.
Where the supply agreement does not specify the exposure classification, the appropriate
exposure classification shall be determined in accordance with Appendix A.
Aggregate durability specifications shall be selected from the alternatives provided in

Clause 9.2.
NOTE: The durability test method and limits required for a particular contract should be provided
in the supply agreement.
Aggregates conforming to the requirements of this Clause are expected to have sufficient
durability to withstand the conditions of the relevant exposure classification of the concrete
member for an estimated design life of up to 60 years.
NOTE: For design lives exceeding 60 years, the aggregate should be chosen to comply with
Class C requirements in Tables 3, 4 and 5, and Appendix A. The performance of a concrete
member beyond 60 years is dependent upon the mix design, member design and workmanship in
producing the concrete member, which are beyond the scope of this Standard.
Aggregate durability characteristics should not be taken as a direct predictor of the
mechanical and physical properties of the concrete. The true impact of the aggregate on
concrete properties can only be evaluated effectively in concrete mix trials and from
concrete performance records.
Classification U in Appendix A represents an exposure environment not specified in
Tables A1 and A2 but for which a degree of severity of exposure should be assessed and
appropriate durability limits provided in the supply agreement.

13 AS 2758.1:2014
9.2 Fine aggregates

9.2.1 Natural fine aggregates
All natural fine aggregates intended for use in concrete exposure classifications B2 and C
shall show a weighted average loss not greater than 6%, when determined in accordance
with AS 1141.24.
Natural fine aggregates complying with all other requirements of this Standard will
generally possess sufficient durability to permit satisfactory use in concrete subject to
exposure classifications A1, A2 and B1 (see Notes 1 and 2).
NOTES:
1 Experience has shown that natural fine aggregates have generally sustained substantial
weathering in their natural environment and rarely require durability testing.
2 Other test methods of particular relevance to quality of fine aggregate for concrete are
materials finer than 0.002 mm (see Clause 8.2.2), and light particles (see Clause 12) and test
methods on reactive materials and impurities (see Clauses 10 and 14).
9.2.2 Manufactured fine aggregates
9.2.2.1 General
Manufactured fine aggregates intended for use in concrete shall be assessed for durability in
accordance with Clause 9.2.3 or 9.2.4. Only one procedure should be used to avoid
conflicting interpretations. Unlike the specification for coarse aggregates in this Standard,
manufactured fine aggregates have been specified to a single limit for all concrete exposure
classifications.
NOTE: The method of durability assessment should be specified in the supply agreement and
should be chosen on the basis that it has been shown by experience to be appropriate for the rock
sources to be used. In some cases, experience may show that the pass criteria needs to be adjusted
for a particular rock source or the end use intended. Regional knowledge, based on the experience
of local road and engineering authorities and the experience of local suppliers, will also assist in
determining the most appropriate assessment procedure.
9.2.2.2 Sodium sulfate loss for manufactured fine aggregate
The sodium sulfate loss for manufactured fine aggregate shall not exceed a weighted
average loss of 6% for all concrete exposure classifications, when assessed in accordance
with AS 1141.24.
9.2.2.3 Degradation factor for manufactured fine aggregate
The degradation factor (fines) for manufactured fine aggregate, shall be not less than 60 for
all concrete exposure classifications, when assessed in accordance with AS 1141.25.3.
NOTE: Unlike coarse aggregates, there is currently no data in Australia for selecting a test
procedure for fine aggregates that will assess particle strength or the resistance of manufactured
fine aggregate particles to abrasion. Where this property is of significance to the performance of
concrete, additional procedures may need to be specified in the supply agreement. Currently work
is being undertaken to determine the appropriate method to assess abrasion resistance (physical
durability) of manufactured fine aggregate.
Fine aggregates have been found to influence significantly the abrasion and skid resistance of
concrete. Additional properties may need to be specified in the supply agreement where abrasion
and skid resistance of the finished concrete are important.

AS 2758.1:2014 14
9.3 Coarse aggregates excluding lightweight and ultra-lightweight aggregates

9.3.1 General
The method of assessment of the durability of coarse aggregates shall be one of those given
in Clauses 9.3.2, 9.3.3 or 9.3.4.
NOTES:
1 The method of durability assessment should be specified in the supply agreement and should
be chosen on the basis that it has been shown by experience to be appropriate for the rock
sources to be used. In some cases, experience may show that the pass criteria needs to be
adjusted for a particular rock source or the end use intended.
2 Various authorities in Australia have adopted and developed test methods or sets of test
methods for the assessment of the durability of aggregates, based on correlations between the
observed durability of aggregates in service and the results of their assessment procedures.
Each of these procedures has been shown to be valid for a limited range of rock sources
located primarily within the areas of control of the authority using the particular procedure.
Certain supporting overseas data is also available but climatic and use conditions may be
different to the conditions experienced in Australia.
The three sets of methods represent those most commonly used in Australia.
9.3.2 Wet strength and wet/dry strength variation
The wet strength and wet/dry strength variation of aggregate shall comply with the
appropriate limits given in Table 3, when determined in accordance with AS 1141.22.
TABLE 3
WET STRENGTH AND WET/DRY STRENGTH VARIATION
Maximum wet/
Concrete exposure Minimum wet strength
dry strength variation
classification
kN %
A1, A2 50 45
B1, B2 80 35
C 100 25
NOTE: For some aggregates, values other than those given in Table 3 may be
adopted; for example, in wet/dry strength variation for concrete exposure
classification C. Any changes should be based on satisfactory local experience of
materials and performance.
9.3.3 Los Angeles value and sodium sulfate soundness

The Los Angeles value of the aggregates shall comply with the appropriate limits given in
Table 4, when determined in accordance with AS 1141.23, and the sodium sulfate
soundness shall show a weighted average loss not greater than the values given in Table 5,
when determined in accordance with AS 1141.24.
NOTES:
1 Some coarse-grained rocks, e.g. granite, have been known to lose whole crystals during the
Los Angeles value test procedure. Care should be exercised when interpreting the results of
tests from a quarry containing rock of this type.
2 For some aggregates, values other than those given in Table 4 may be adopted, based on
satisfactory local experience of materials and performance (e.g. vesicular aggregates and
gravel or pebble aggregates).
3 Outright rejection of aggregates is not recommended based solely on the results of
AS 1141.24. Confirmation of the aggregate’s unsuitability should be sought using other tests
more closely related to the specific service intended.

15 AS 2758.1:2014
TABLE 4
LOS ANGELES VALUE
Maximum Los Angeles value, % loss

Rock type Concrete exposure classifications
A1, A2 B1, B2, C
Coarse-grained 40 35
(see Notes 1 and 2 of
Clause 9.3.3)
All other rocks 35 30
TABLE 5
SODIUM SULFATE SOUNDNESS
Concrete exposure Maximum weighted
classification average loss, %
A1, A2 12
B1, B2 9
C 6
9.3.4 Los Angeles value and unsound and marginal stone content
The Los Angeles value shall comply with the appropriate limits given in Table 4, when
determined in accordance with AS 1141.23, and the unsound stone content shall not exceed
the following values, when determined in accordance with AS 1141.30.1:
(a) Unsound stone content ........................................................................................... 5%.
(b) Total of unsound stone content and marginal stone .............................................. 10%.
NOTE: The methods and requirements for defining unsound and marginal stone are to be given in
the supply agreement. Where there is no supply agreement or where the definition of marginal or
unsound stone is not provided but where this durability clause is specified, general requirements
for marginal and unsound stone can be found in Appendix C of AS 2758.0.
10 ALKALI-REACTIVE MATERIALS
10.1 General
Aggregates intended for use in concrete that will be subjected to frequent wetting, extended
exposure to humid atmosphere or contact with moist ground shall not react with alkalis in
the concrete to an extent that may result in excessive expansion in the structure in service.
10.2 Aggregate classification
Aggregates shall be tested in accordance with AS 1141.60.1 to determine the aggregate
reactivity classification. An aggregate may additionally be tested in accordance with
AS 1141.60.2 to determine the aggregate reactivity classification.
Where these results produce different classifications, further information on the
classification to use should be obtained from local authorities or HB 79.
10.3 Notification of aggregate reactivity classification
Appropriate documentation shall be provided to allow for the determination of the potential
for reaction of the aggregate with alkalis, including a classification of the aggregate under
consideration determined in accordance with AS 1141.60.1.

AS 2758.1:2014 16
NOTES:
1 Adequate long-term concrete performance may require the addition of sufficient
supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to prevent alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) over
given design lives. Australian authorities commonly require minimum SCM additions
(see Appendix C), and mixes with less than these levels may not be acceptable. Where a
specifier requires that the alkali aggregate reactivity (AAR) result be performed with blended
cement (GB), the specifier’s interpretation of the test should be used.
2 The precision of similar test methods to those referenced are included in ASTM Standards.
The between laboratory reproducibility of the accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) test for
aggregate with an expansion greater than 0.1% at 14 days is given as a range of 43% about
the mean result on the same sample tested at two different laboratories. Similarly, the
reproducibility of the concrete prism test for aggregate with an expansion greater than 0.014%
at 52 weeks is 65% about the mean result. Variation in classification might be expected when
individual results from more than one laboratory are considered. Classification is best based
on consideration of the history of results from a given source. Discussion on this issue is
given in HB 79.
10.4 Aggregate blends
When aggregate blends are used as a mix component, the methods for assessing the
reactivity of the blend, the acceptance criteria for the blend and appropriate mitigative
measures may be detailed in the works specification.
10.5 Aggregates classified as non-reactive
When the aggregate reactivity classification is identified as non-reactive, the aggregate may
be used in concrete without the need for mitigative procedures, unless required in the work
specification.
10.6 Aggregates classified as reactive
When aggregate that has been classified as reactive or slowly reactive is used in concrete, it
shall comply with Clause 2.8 of AS 1379—2007.
NOTES:
1 The determination and specification of appropriate mitigative measures for aggregates in
concrete is beyond the scope of this Standard.
2 AS 3600 and AS 1379 both require the use of mitigative measures in the preparation of
concrete where an aggregate has the potential for alkali-aggregate reactivity, including alkali-
silica reactivity (ASR).
3 At the time of publication of this Standard, the most common mitigative procedure used in
Australia is the addition of supplementary cementitious materials to the concrete blend.

Mitigative procedures should be detailed in the supply agreement, in the concrete mix design
or in the project specification. General information on mitigative procedures for the control of
ASR is given in Appendix C of this document. Additional information can be found in HB 79.
11 WEAK PARTICLES IN COARSE AGGREGATE

When coarse aggregate is tested in accordance with AS 1141.32, the proportion of weak
particles shall not exceed 0.5%.
NOTE: For some applications, other limits of weak particles may be adopted, based on
demonstration of successful performance.

17 AS 2758.1:2014
12 LIGHT PARTICLES
Except for lightweight aggregates and ultra-lightweight aggregates, materials of particle
density less than 2.0 t/m3 in the total fine and coarse aggregate shall not exceed 1% by
mass, when determined in accordance with AS 1141.31. For vesicular aggregates, a limit of
3% is permissible.
NOTE: Light particles, particularly of wood, coal, charcoal and the like, tend to rise to the
surface during vibration of concrete used in horizontal surfaces such as pavements and floors. The
permissible limit of 1%, while not affecting the strength of concrete, will produce very poor
surface finishes under the above conditions. For such work, a lower limit may be specified.
13 DRYING SHRINKAGE
The degree of shrinkage of concrete depends on a number of factors that are related to the
particular mix. These include the influence of the water demand of the mix, cement
characteristics and aggregate characteristics. The concrete shrinkage is dependent on the
individual factors and their interaction.
NOTE: For further discussion of the various factors, see AS 1379 and AS 3600.
14 IMPURITIES
14.1 Organic impurities
Where fine aggregate is tested in accordance with AS 1141.34, the colour obtained shall not
be darker than the standard colour of the reference solution.
The performance of the suspect fine aggregate may be evaluated by comparing its
performance in concrete, including strength and setting time, to that of a similar concrete
manufactured using a known satisfactory fine aggregate.
14.2 Sugar
When tested in accordance with AS 1141.35, the aggregate shall test negative to the
presence of sugar.
14.3 Soluble salts
14.3.1 General
Excessive quantities of some soluble salts may cause efflorescence on the concrete,
corrosion of the reinforcing steel or disintegration of the mass of the concrete. Permissible
levels of soluble salts are generally expressed as the proportion of the relevant ion present
in the concrete by mass of concrete or by mass of Portland cement.
A1 14.3.2 Chlorides
The chloride ion content of aggregates shall be determined either in accordance with
AS 1012.20.1 or AS 1012.20.2.
The chloride ion content of aggregates determined quantitatively in accordance with
AS 1012.20.1 shall be reported if in excess of 0.01%.
NOTE: A combination of aggregates where the total chloride salt content (expressed as Cl) as
determined in accordance with AS 1012.20.1, exceeds 0.04% should not be used in reinforced
concrete. A combination of aggregates where the total chloride salt content exceeds 0.15% should
not be used in plain concrete.
The chloride ion content of aggregates determined quantitatively in accordance with
AS 1012.20.2 shall be reported if in excess of 0.008%.

AS 2758.1:2014 18
A1 NOTE: Water-soluble chlorides in aggregates are more relevant to the corrosion of the
reinforcement. When measured in accordance with AS 1012.20.2, a combination of aggregates
where the water-soluble chloride salt content (expressed as C1) exceeds 0.03% should not be
used in reinforced concrete. A combination of aggregates where the water-soluble chloride salt
content exceeds 0.12% should not be used in plain concrete.
14.3.3 Sulfates
The sulfate ion content of aggregates determined quantitatively in accordance with
A1 AS 1012.20.1 shall be reported if in excess of 0.01%.
NOTE: When tested in accordance with AS 1012.20.1, aggregates that contain sulfates (expressed
as SO 3) in proportions that result in the sulfate content of the concrete mix exceeding 5.0% by
mass of Portland cement should not be used.
14.3.4 Other salts
Aggregates that contain other strongly ionized salts, such as nitrates, shall not be used
unless it can be shown that they do not adversely affect concrete durability. Restrictions on
the presence of these salts may be specified in the supply agreement.
15 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE SLAG AGGREGATES

15.1 Iron unsoundness
When chemical analysis of the slag shows that the ferrous oxide content equals or exceeds
3% and the sulfur content equals or exceeds 1.0%, the aggregate shall be tested for iron
unsoundness in accordance with AS 1141.37. If the iron unsoundness of the slag exceeds
1%, it shall not be used as a concrete aggregate.
NOTE: Iron unsoundness has not been recorded for Australian iron blast furnace slag. Iron
unsoundness, which is manifested by disintegration of the slag on immersion in water, is highly
likely when the iron blast furnace slag contains more than the above limits for ferrous oxide and
sulfur.
15.2 Falling or dusting unsoundness
Fresh slag shall only be used as an aggregate in concrete if it has been allowed to cool to
below 50°C.
NOTE: During the cooling of some blast furnace slag, the inversion at around 490°C of any beta
dicalcium silicate in the slag to the gamma form may result in disruption of the slag mass. This
disruption leads to what is known as falling or dusting unsoundness. Any beta dicalcium silicate
that is retained in the cooled slag is considered to be kinetically stable and will not invert to cause
disruption of the slag. No evidence has been found, either in Australia or overseas, of delayed
inversion of beta dicalcium silicate in iron blast furnace slag, or of deterioration of concrete due
to the presence of beta dicalcium silicate.
15.3 Stockpiling of iron blast furnace slag aggregate
Crushed blast furnace slag aggregate intended to be used in concrete shall be stockpiled in
moist condition at or near the saturated surface dry condition, prior to use. The moisture
condition shall be maintained by sprinkling with water.
Prior to use of blast furnace slag from a new source or when significant changes in furnace
chemistry occur in an existing source that may result in the presence of free lime, the
potential for pop-out formation shall be assessed by determining the free-lime content of
the slag by petrographic examination or quantitative X-ray diffractometry on a
representative sample, obtained in accordance with AS 1141.3.1.
If the level of particles containing free lime exceeds 1 in 20, then stockpiling of the slag
represented by the tested sample shall be continued under the above moisture conditions
until further testing shows that the level has fallen below 1 in 20.

19 AS 2758.1:2014
NOTE: The requirement of prolonged weathering of the aggregate in previous editions of this
Standard was designed to eliminate the occurrence of ‘pop-outs’ in the concrete containing the
slag aggregate resulting from the incomplete assimilation of the calcined limestone in the blast
furnace. Modern blast furnace practice in Australia is intended to ensure all flux materials
including limestone are fully assimilated into the molten slag. Where that is achieved, no
unassimilated particles of calcined limestone are present in the solidified slag. Hence, the
occurrence of pop-outs as a result of the hydration of these particles cannot occur.
16 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES

16.1 Weak particles
When coarse lightweight aggregate is tested in accordance with AS 1141.32, the proportion
of weak particles shall not exceed 2%.
16.2 Loss on ignition
When determined in accordance with AS 4489.7.1, lightweight aggregates shall not show
loss on ignition by mass in excess of 5%.
NOTE: Certain processed aggregates may be hydrated during production; if so, the quality of the
product is not reduced thereby. In their natural state, other aggregates may contain innocuous
carbonates or water of crystallization, which will contribute to the loss on ignition. Therefore,
consideration should be given to the type of material when evaluating the product in terms of
ignition loss.
16.3 Variation of bulk density
The maximum permissible deviation of the compacted bulk density shall not exceed 10% of
the compacted bulk density of the tender sample or nominated density.

AS 2758.1:2014 20
APPENDIX A
EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATIONS
(Normative)
The exposure classification for an aggregate shall be determined from Table A1, Table A2
and Figure A1.
The exposure classification of a concrete member shall be taken as the most severe
exposure of any of its surfaces.
The exposure conditions are classified A to C in increasing order of their aggressiveness to
the concrete element or structure. There are no limits given in Clause 9 for the
classification U.
NOTE: A more detailed consideration of the effects of different environmental exposures on
concrete structures can be obtained from AS 3600. For the purposes of specifying aggregate,
Tables A1 and A2, which are simplified derivations from AS 3600, are considered sufficient.

21 AS 2758.1:2014
TABLE A1
EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATIONS
Exposure
Surface and exposure environment classifications for
all concrete types
1 Surfaces of members in contact with the ground

(a) Members protected by a damp-proof membrane A1
(b) Residential footings in non-aggressive soils A1
(c) Other members in non-aggressive soils A2
(d) Members in aggressive soils See Table A2
2 Surfaces of members in interior environments
(a) Fully enclosed within a building except for a brief period of weather exposure A1
during construction
(b) In industrial buildings, the member being subject to repeated wetting and drying B1
3 Surfaces of members in above-ground exterior environments
In areas that are:
(a) Inland (>50 km from coastline) environment being—
(i) non-industrial and arid climatic zone (see Notes 3 and 4) A1
(ii) non-industrial and temperate climatic zone A2
(iii) non-industrial and tropical climatic zone B1
(iv) industrial and any climatic zone B1
(b) Near coastal (1 km to 50 km from coastline), any climatic zone B1
(c) Coastal (up to 1 km from coastline but excluding tidal and splash zones) B2
(see Note 5), any climatic zone
4 Surface of members in water
(a) In fresh water B
(b) In seawater
(i) permanently submerged B2
(ii) in tidal, spray or splash zones C1 or C2
(c) In soft or running water U

5 Surfaces of members in other environments
Any exposure environment not otherwise described in Items 1 to 4 U
NOTES:
1 In this context, reinforced concrete includes any concrete containing metals that rely on the concrete for
protection against environmental degradation. Therefore, when considering durability, plain concrete
members containing reinforcement or other metallic embedments should be treated as reinforced members.
2 The climatic zones referred to are those given in Figure A1, which is based on the Bureau of Meteorology
map, Major Seasonal Rainfall Zones of Australia, Commonwealth of Australia 2005.
3 ‘Industrial’ refers to areas that are within 3 km of industries that discharge atmospheric pollutants.
4 For the purpose of this Table, the coastal zone includes locations within 1 km of the shoreline of large
expanses of saltwater (e.g. Port Phillip Bay, Sydney Harbour east of the Spit and Harbour bridges, Swan
River west of the Narrows Bridge). Where there are strong prevailing winds or vigorous surf, the distance
should be increased beyond 1 km and higher levels of protection should be considered. Proximity to small
saltwater bays, estuaries and rivers may be disregarded.
5 The spray zone is the zone from 1 m above wave crest level. The tidal/splash zone is the zone 1 m below
lowest astronomical tide (LAT) and up to 1 m above highest astronomical tide (HAT) on vertical
structures, and all exposed soffits of horizontal structures over the sea.

AS 2758.1:2014 22
TABLE A2
EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION—GROUNDWATER
Exposure classification for all concrete types

Nature of groundwater in contact
with concrete surface Low permeability soil High permeability soil
e.g. clay e.g. sand
Saline (chloride containing soils)
Soil electrical conductivity ECc
4–8 A2 A2
8 – 16 B1 B1
> 16 B2 B2
Sulfate-containing soils (see Note)
SO 4 < 1000 ppm A2 A2
SO 4  1000, <10 000 ppm B1 B2
SO 4  10 000 ppm B2 C2*
Acidic soils (see Note 3)
pH <4.0 B2 C2 and U†
* Particularly in high and very high salinity soils that are permeable, evaporation and
capillary action can result in spalling of concrete protruding above the ground.
Therefore, consideration should be given to installing a membrane or adding an
effective waterproofing agent
† For these situations, considerations should be given to the use of sacrificial
aggregates
NOTES:
1 Equivalent sulfur trioxide SO 3 = 0.83  sulfate ion SO4 .
2 EC c is saturated electrical conductivity in deciSiemens per metre.
3 Use of the limestone aggregates is not recommended in this classification unless the
limestone is intended as a sacrificial aggregate.

www.standards.org.au
23
FIGURE A1 CLIMATIC ZONES REFERRED TO IN TABLE A1
 Standards Australia
AS 2758.1:2014
AS 2758.1:2014 24
APPENDIX B
GUIDANCE ON AGGREGATE GRADINGS
(Informative)
This edition of AS 2758.1 has adopted the principle of not specifying grading envelopes in
the normative part of the Standard, and relies on the probability that a supply agreement
will exist between the aggregate supplier and the concrete producer. This supply agreement
will take into account the practicalities of local supply, and will rely on the skills of the
concrete designer to utilize the local materials to provide suitable concrete mixes.
In the case of major projects, a specific set of grading requirements may exist as part of the
works specification documents.
If this Standard attempted to list all these possibilities, it would almost certainly fail to
identify some acceptable gradings. The consequence would be that these acceptable
gradings could be considered as non-compliant.
In the event that a supply agreement is not available, the grading envelopes in this
Appendix have proved successful in the past. They are not to be considered as a substitute
for a properly constructed supply agreement, nor do they represent an approved AS 2758.1
specification. They are provided for guidance only and will need to be considered, revised
and agreed between parties to a supply agreement before they can be incorporated into
supply agreement documents.

www.standards.org.au
TABLE B1
COARSE AGGREGATE—RECOMMENDED GRADINGS
Mass of sample passing, percent
Sieve
Nominal size of graded aggregate Nominal size of single-size aggregates
aperture
mm mm
mm 5
40 28 20 14/10 14/10/7 14/7 40 28 20 14 10 7
(Note 2)
75.0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
53.0 100 — — — — — 100 — — — — — —
37.5 85 to 100 100 — — — — 85 to 100 100 — — — — —
26.5 — 85 to 100 100 — — — — 85 to 100 100 — — — —
19.0 30 to 70 — 85 to 100 100 100 100 0 to 20 — 85 to 100 100 — — —
13.2 — 25 to 60 — 85 to 100 85 to 100 85 to 100 — 0 to 20 — 85 to 100 100 — —
9.50 10 to 35 — 25 to 55 — — — 0 to 5 — 0 to 20 — 85 to 100 100 —
25
6.70 — — — 0 to 30 10 to 40 25 to 55 — — — 0 to 20 — 85 to 100 100
4.75 0 to 5 0 to 10 0 to 10 — — — — 0 to 5 0 to 5 — 0 to 20 — 85 to 100
2.36 — 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 10 0 to 10 — — — 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 20 0 to 40
0.075 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2
NOTES:
1 Single-size aggregate should always be specified where strict control of grading and of concrete mix design is considered essential. Graded aggregates are considered to be
more susceptible to segregation in transport and handling, and may introduce difficulties in uniform concrete production.
2 Although 5 mm nominal size is defined as coarse aggregate, it is often used in concrete as a fine aggregate.
3 The grading results at the 0.075 mm sieve are based on washed gradings as required in AS 1141.11.1.
 Standards Australia
AS 2758.1:2014
AS 2758.1:2014 26
TABLE B2
FINE AGGREGATE—RECOMMENDED GRADINGS
Sieve Mass of sample passing,

aperture percent
Manufactured fine
mm Natural fine aggregate
aggregate
9.50 100 100
4.75 90 to 100 90 to 100
2.36 60 to 100 60 to 100
1.18 30 to 100 30 to 100
0.6 15 to 100 15 to 80
0.3 5 to 50 5 to 40
0.15 0 to 20 0 to 25
0.075* 0 to 5 0 to 20
* Consideration may be given to the use of a manufactured fine
aggregate with greater than 20% passing the 0.075 mm size, provided
tit is used in combination with another fine aggregate where the total
percentage passing 0.075 mm of the fine aggregate blend does not
exceed 15% and provided the fine aggregate components meet the
deviation limits in all respects.

27 AS 2758.1:2014
APPENDIX C
GUIDANCE ON ALKALI-SILICA REACTION
(Informative)
C1 BACKGROUND
In Australia, considering the extent and value of the built environment using concrete as a
structural material, relatively few structures have been identified as affected by alkali-silica
reactivity to the extent that damage is visible and is affecting the performance of the
structure. Nevertheless, in structures so affected, the costs of identifying the reaction, and
the ongoing costs of monitoring the structure, implementing repairs, or in some instances
replacing the structure, are at significant cost to the asset owner and to the community in
general.
In Australia, aggregates used for concrete largely comprise silica- and silicate-bearing
varieties and relatively small quantities of carbonate aggregate, and even smaller quantities
of argillaceous dolomitic limestone. Note that some siliceous limestones behave the same as
siliceous aggregates with respect to AAR; that is the mechanism of the reaction is the same.
However, the argillaceous dolomitic limestones are considered to undergo a different
reaction mechanism, called the alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR).
The AAR test methods, classification limits and specification requirements in AS 1141.60.1
(the accelerated mortar bar method), this Standard, and AS 1141.60.2 (the concrete prism
test) specifically relate to the silica- and silicate-bearing concrete aggregates. The
information in this Appendix is only applicable to the control of alkali-silica reactivity
(ASR). In those rare cases where dolomitic limestone aggregates are used, the concrete
producer, specifier and project managers will need to determine the susceptibility of the
concrete to ACR using test methods that will be different to AS 1141.60.1 and
AS 1141.60.2. They may also need to determine specific measures for the control of this
form of AAR if testing were to indicate the possibility of ACR. No case of ACR has yet
been recognized in Australia up to the date of publication of this Standard.
C2 ALKALI-SILICA REACTIVITY (ASR)

ASR occurs when susceptible aggregates in concrete react with the alkali hydroxide
(sodium and potassium hydroxides) generated mainly from the hydration of Portland
cement in the pore solution of concrete. Alkali released from supplementary cementitious
materials (SCMs) or from chemical admixtures, or present in the environment of the
concrete, may also contribute to this reaction. The reaction eventually produces a highly
hydrated alkali(sodium and potassium)-silica gel, which is an expansive product, and can
cause disruption of hardened concrete. Sodium and potassium within the ASR gel are
exchangeable cations; thus this reaction can be repeated many times in an affected concrete
and lead to additional expansion and cracking.
C3 MITIGATIVE PROCEDURES
C3.1 General
A number of mitigative procedures have been tried worldwide and not all have been
successful. Procedures have included limiting the alkali content of the cement, the use of
chemical additives including lithium salts and the use of SCMs. In Australia, greater
success has been achieved with SCMs and, in most locations, this has meant the use of fly
ash in the concrete mix.

AS 2758.1:2014 28
If no other data or assessment is available, the following rates of SCMs have been
demonstrated by experiment, both in Australia and overseas, as successful in controlling
ASR. The rates given are the SCMs calculated as a percentage by mass of the total binder
(i.e. the GP cement plus the SCM). The recommended levels of the SCMs are as follows:
Silica fume 10%

Fly ash 25%
Slag (GGBFS) 65%
Successful practice in Australia varies by region. Along the East Coast, State government
specifications have been developed by the state road authorities. These organizations were
among the first to recognize ASR as an issue in infrastructure. Detailed consideration of
their testing procedures and control procedures can be found in the various road authority
test procedures and specifications. The mitigative procedures adopted for each State at the
time of publication of this Standard are as outlined in Paragraphs C3.2 to C3.4 below.
C3.2 Queensland
Mitigative procedures for Queensland include the following:
(a) Testing of aggregate for potential ASR is not required at the present time.
Any suitable aggregate meeting specification requirements may be used in concrete
mixes of any design strength; however, all mixes must be ‘deemed to comply’ for
control of ASR. This ‘deemed to comply’ is achieved by all mixes containing a
minimum of 20% of an approved fly ash.
(b) The minimum fly ash content must consider plant-batching variations. When batching
variation is considered, mixes are batched at between 22.5% and 25% fly ash,
depending on the particular plant.
C3.3 New South Wales
Mitigative procedures for New South Wales include the following:
(a) All aggregates must be assessed for ASR using the AMBT procedure. This testing is
performed at least annually and will be called for in any contract of work.
(b) Aggregates classified as non-reactive may be used without mitigative measures.
(c) Aggregates assessed as slowly reactive may be used with the addition of 25% fly ash.
There is no requirement for additional testing to verify this procedure.
(d) Where aggregates are assessed as reactive (i.e. the expansion exceeds 0.1% at 10 days
and exceeds 0.3% at 21 days), the specification recommendation is that an alternate
aggregate be used or that a proposed mitigative measure is proven by testing in the
RTA T364 method. RTA T364 is similar to AS 1141.60.2.
C3.4 Victoria
Mitigative procedures for Victoria include the following:
(a) All aggregates are assessed for AAR using the AMBT. This testing is performed on a
three yearly basis and is required for in any contract of work.
(b) A coarse aggregate classified as non-reactive is accepted as suitable for use without
mitigative measures, provided the AMBT result of the aggregate is less than 0.1%
expansion after 21 days from the zero measurement in the AMBT procedure. The
corresponding acceptable maximum expansion for fine aggregate is 0.15%.

29 AS 2758.1:2014
(c) As from March 2013 [refer VicRoads Standard Specification, Section 610 (2013),,
Structural concrete’], where aggregates are assessed as reactive (either ‘slowly
reactive’ or ‘reactive’ in the AMBT classification), Victorian authorities accept the
following ‘deemed to comply’ levels of SCMs as the minimum acceptable for
mitigating AAR:
Minimum proportion Minimum proportion of

of supplementary supplementary cementitious
cementitious material material in double
Supplementary in single combination combination with Portland
cementitious with Portland cement cement in the concrete mix
material in the concrete mix to to mitigate AAR
mitigate AAR %
Fly Amorphous
% Slag
ash silica
Fly ash 20 — — —
Slag 50 — — —
Amorphous silica 8 — — —
Fly ash + slag — 15 15 —
Fly ash + amorphous silica — 15 — 5
Slag + amorphous silica — — 40 5
(d) Any proposed blended cement deviations from the ‘deemed to comply’ minimum
blended cement requirements must demonstrate compliance with both the maximum
allowable mortar bar and concrete prism expansion limits, as determined by both the
VicRoads accelerated mortar bar test method RC 376.03, Accelerated Mortar Bar
Test—Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Aggregate, and the VicRoads test method RC 376.04,
Alkali Aggregate Reactivity Assessment—Using the Concrete Prism Test.
(e) Although aggregates are generally tested using the AMBT test, VicRoads Standard
Specification (2013), ‘Section 610, Structural concrete’ allows the option for the
potential alkali-silica reactivity of the coarse and fine aggregates to be determined
using either the accelerated mortar bar or the concrete prism test methods in
accordance with VicRoads test methods RC 376.03 (AMBT) and RC 376.4 (CPT)
respectively.
In addition, if an aggregate fails to comply with the requirements of the AMBT
method, the supplier has the option to test the aggregate using the CPT method to
validate its compliance.
(f) Where blended aggregates are proposed for use, aggregates are required to be tested
for AAR individually.
(g) When fine and coarse aggregates are procured from the same source, only one AAR
evaluation per source is required to be undertaken.

AS 2758.1:2014 30
AMENDMENT CONTROL SHEET
AS 2758.1:2014
Amendment No. 1 (2016)
REVISED TEXT
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the inside front cover, Clauses 3, 14.3.2 and 14.3.3.
Published on 18 October 2016.
31
NOTES
AS 2758.1:2014
AS 2758.1:2014
32
NOTES
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Part 1: Concrete aggregates

Aggregates and rock for engineering

The following are represented on Committee CE-012:

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 2758.1.

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

Aggregates and rock for engineering

Part 1: Concrete aggregates

First published in part as part of AS A24—1934.

AS A168 first published 1971.

Part 1: Concrete aggregates

www.standards.org.au  Standards Australia

1141.22 Method 22: Wet/dry strength variation

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

4.1.5 Manufactured fine aggregate

considered. Production generally involves crushing, screening and possibly washing, or

www.standards.org.au  Standards Australia

4.2 Bulk density

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

8.1 Particle size distribution (grading)

known as the ‘submitted grading’.

www.standards.org.au  Standards Australia

19.0 15 15 10 — — 10 10 10 — — — —

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

Sieve Sieve aperture,

8.2 Material finer than 0.075 mm

8.3 Particle shape in coarse aggregate

determined in accordance with AS 1141.15.

www.standards.org.au  Standards Australia

8.4 Deleterious fines in manufactured fine aggregate

Aggregate durability specifications shall be selected from the alternatives provided in

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9.2 Fine aggregates

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9.3 Coarse aggregates excluding lightweight and ultra-lightweight aggregates

materials and performance.

9.3.3 Los Angeles value and sodium sulfate soundness

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

Maximum Los Angeles value, % loss

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Australia is the addition of supplementary cementitious materials to the concrete blend.

11 WEAK PARTICLES IN COARSE AGGREGATE

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

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15 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE SLAG AGGREGATES

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16 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES

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 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

1 Surfaces of members in contact with the ground

(c) In soft or running water U

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Exposure classification for all concrete types

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

FIGURE A1 CLIMATIC ZONES REFERRED TO IN TABLE A1

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

Sieve Mass of sample passing,

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

C2 ALKALI-SILICA REACTIVITY (ASR)

www.standards.org.au  Standards Australia

Silica fume 10%