ITRODUCTION

 ~Control Surveying is the determination of the precise

position of a series of stations distributed over an area to serve as
the origin or reference to be used forchecking of subsequent
surveys to be used in engineering projects like property delineation,
topographic and hydrographic mapping, and construction planning
and design. Control networks which cover the whole country have
become been conducted with better accuracy and less stringent
technique, with the use of artificial satellites.These stations are
linked to local networks which have been adopted for special
surveys connected with projects such as dams, roads, railways and
pipelines, large orsmall construction sites, etc.
 ~The purpose of a control system is to prevent the accumulation of
errors, by connecting detail work to a consistent geometrical systemof
points, which are accurate enough for the project. Great care is taken
to ensure thatthis control is sufficiently accurate.
 ~There was a time when geodetic control points consisted of
triangulation networks marked by observation pillars. In the
Philippines, many triangulation stations have been located on top of
towers which had been placed on mountain summits to answer the
problem of intervisibility. But because of the ease with which positions
can be established by satellite systems, which eliminated the
intervisibility requirement, therehas been less need for establishing so
many points. Gradually, as the scope of the survey becomes smaller,
the use of non-satellite systems to provide control becomes more
prominent.
We must know the meaning of those terms:-
A station is the Horizontal measurement along the Survey Center
Line of a project.
Distances are measured and points are identified on plans with
reference to Station Numbers.
One hundred feet make up a Highway Station. ... The beginning
station of a project is usually arbitrary.

Benchmarks (BM) is describes an inscribed / chiseled horizontal

mark that surveyors made on stone / concrete structures , into
which an angle – iron could be placed to form a ' bench ' for a
leveling rod / staff , thus a staff could be accurately positioned at
the same place in the future .
Reference points are prominent, easily located points in
the terrain used to define a location of another point that
is located on the baseline of survey.

The purpose of reference points is to provide horizontal

locations to re-establish primary control points along the
baseline of survey.

Surveying, a means of making relatively large-scale,

accurate measurements of the Earth's surfaces.
 -Classification of control surveying
.There are two classes of control surveying
1. Project control surveying
2. Geodetic control surveting
1) Project control surveying
 -Consists of traverse, triangulation or any combination
which together leveling, shall determine the positions of
control points between stations of geodetic accuracy over
an area of limited extent.
Control surveying used in project as defined:
1. Primery control -the azimuth of the primary control
shall be determined to the nearst of one second(1") of the
arc and the distance shall be measured twice the millimeter,
tempreture, sag, and sea mean level correction when using
survey tapes.

2. Secondery control -the azimuth of the secondery

control to determined nearst to one five(15") of arc less and
the distance shall be measure once nearst to millimeter ,
tempreture, sag, and sea mean level correction when using
survey tape.
 3. Territary control -the azimuth of the territary control
shall be determined to the nearst one minute(1') of arc or less
and distance shall be measured once nearst to centimeter,
taking account, tempreture, sag, and sea mean level
correction using survey tape.
2) Geodetic control surveying
 -consist of triangulation, traverse, trilateration, Gps and
any combination, which together with leveling and
astronomic observation, determine the accurate geographic
position of points on the earth's surface takingcin to
account the curvature of the earteart
 -it may consist the determination of position point through
sattellite survey or photogrametric aerial triangulation.
 .Geodetic control surveying departiment of NAMRIA
* first order geodetic control
* second order geodetic control and
* third ordet geodetic control
A) Horizontal control
 Is provided by two or more points on the ground,
permanentlyor semi-permanently monumented, and
precisely fixed in position horizontally bydistance and
direction, or coordinates.
B) Vertical control
 Is provided by BM in or near the track to be surveyed, and
it becomes the foundation for correctly portraying relief on
topographic map.
 # Process of control surveying are:-
1) Doing Reconnaissance:
~Reconnaissance is the examination of a project areato
assess the overall feasibility of the fieldwork portion of a
project. #~The following are
some of the many goals to be determined in the
preliminary survey:
1) To assess accessibility of the project area and possibility of
alternative proprojectroute
2) To assess the conditions of existing project control and possibility
ofalternative project poinpoint
3) To assess feasibility of field methods and alternative techniques
4) To assess limitations in the environmental conditions
 2) Laying the Stations:
The following are some of the many goals to be determined in the
laying of the station markers:

 # To assess the appropriate type of survey markers to usus
 # To assess the intervisibility of desired project popoint
 # To assess the sky visibility at desired project points in case astronomic
observations or GNSS will be used in positioning(3)


 3) Distance Measurement:
 Various techniques are used in measuring lengths
and distances, from taping to EDM’s, and more recently through
satellite
technology techniques. (read chapter on distance measurement)

 Accuracy Standards and Specification
 Accuracy standards and specifications are required
accuracy for a control survey depends primarily on the
purpose. These are normally established or created by
agovernment agency related to surveying and/or mapping.
The major factors that affect accuracy include the
following:

 ~Type and Condition of Accuracy

 ~Field Procedure

 ~Capabilities of Survey Personnel

 ~Importance of Standards
~Acuracy standards are used to provide a uniform set of standards
specifying minimum acceptable accuracies of control survey for
various purposes.
~These would also establish specifications for instruments, field
procedures, and misclosure checks to ensure that the intended level
of accuracy is achieved.

 Reference Datum
~Horizontal and vertical datums consist of a network of control monuments and
benchmarks whose horizontal positions and/or elevations have been determined
by precise geodetic control surveys.
~These monuments serve as reference points for originating subordinate surveys
of all types.
 Control Stations
~Control stations are usually small marks set immovably
into the ground such that the instrument or optical target
can be set up above it, to an accuracy of about 1mm in the
horizontal plane.
~These would include the horizontal control
points(latitude/longitude or plane coordinates), vertical
control points (orthometric orellipsoidal heights), gravity
values, and in some but rare cases, crustal motion values
(Movements of points).
~Acontrol points may have one or more of these values
attached to it.
 # In the past, benchmarks (vertical control points)
and horizontal control points are:-
 ~ Separetely and independently established, but today’s
common practice creating control networks demands
establishment of points with known horizontal and vertical
measurements.
~Control points in the survey must be consistent with all
other points inthe geodetic control and not just within that
particular height.
~A control point is a point on the ground or any
permanent structure whose horizontal and vertical
location/position is known. Control points are used as a
starting point of all types of surveys.
 Location of Control Stations
~ Control stations are not usually positioned in an
exactly predetermined positver.
~The normal process is to choose a location where a
control station would be useful and is secured from being
disturbed or moved.
~ After putting up the station, precise measurements are
then taken to determine exactly where it has been placed.
~control station has the overall responsibility for the
orderly operations of the entire the network.
The factors which influence the positioning of a control
station are as follows:
 1) ~If it is to be used for setting out, or for determination
monitoring, then it should be placed where all relevant
places and features can be easily seen, without the line of
sight passing close to another object such as a building or
hillside. If the stationis to be used in a conjunction with
other similar stations for these purposes, then the different
lines of sight from the stations should form a well-
conditioned shape,so that the positions of the observed
points will be found to be the greatest possible accuracy.
2) ~If the exact position of a new control station is to be fixed by
conventional means then it must be visible from at least two
other control stations (and preferably from more). Sometimes,
additional control stations are introduced into a network simply.
because they will be visible to several ‘useful’ stations and will
therefore improve.
the accuracy to which the positions of those stations are
observtion.
3) ~If the station is to be used for GPS, then a large area of sky
should be visible at the station (particularly towards the equator),
and there should not be any high walls near by which might
reflect satellite signals towards the receive.
4) ~If an instrument is to be left unattended at a station,
then the station must be in a secure place such that the
instrument cannot be stolen or disturbed while surveyor is
else where.
 ~ As far as possible, a station should be sited in a place
where it will be easy and safe to use, far away from noise,
vibration or traffic, and unlikely to be disturbed on
destroyed during its anticipated useful life. Stations sited
near roads or on tarmac pathways are always at risk of
being covered over, and lost without trace.
 # Appearance control stations
The types and/or appearance of marker used vary with the following
factors:-
~Type of soil or material at the marker site.
~Degree of permanence required.
~Cost of replacement.
~Precition reguirements.
 -In open ground, a short-term control station might be a 1mm diameter
hole or‘center pop’ in a brass tack driven into a short (30cm) wooden
stake, which is then hammered into the ground. On tarmac, it might be a
center mark on a stainless steel‘road bolt’ which is like wise driven into the
ground. Such bolts normally have ahemispherical head with a diameter of
about 5mm, on top of a fixed disk about 20mm in diameter.
This gives an extremely durable station at very modest cost,which
has the added advantage that it can becovered over with a piece
of turf or layer of soil, and thus escape the risk of being
vandalized when not in use. If the upper surface of the marker is
spherical, then itshighest point can also conveniently be taken to
be the height of the station.
A control point on a construction site would normally be
surrounded by a small rectangular ‘fence’, made of brightly
painted wood, to warn drivers of its existence.
This reduces the likelihood of the station being run over by a
heavy vehicle, and abroken fence gives a helpful indication that
this may have occurred.
 Control Surveys
Control Surveys are used to establish precise horizontal and vertical
positions of reference monuments, which serve as the basis for
originating or checking subordinate survey project.
 Control stations are vital in the establishment of the
country’s national geodetic framework, and
are also essential as references for giving locations of data entered
into Land Information System (LIS), and Geographic Information
System (GIS).
control survey means a surveys of either the first order accuracy or
a breakdown of a first order survey established for the purpose of
the setting out of any other survey, or to which any other existing
survey can be related & it show on a plan signed by a registered
surveyors.
Control survey means a high accuracy geodetic survey or
a breakdown of a high accuracy geodetic survey
established for the purpose of setting out any other survey
or to which any existing survey can be related, shown on a
plan signed by a registered surveyor and available from a
government authority.
Typically, Control Surveys are used to establish durable,
sustainable reference points to be used as the basis for
and through out a project's life cycle and beyond.
 Types of surveys
I. Online surveys: One of the most popular types is
an online survey. ...
II. Paper surveys: As the name suggests, this survey
uses the traditional paper and pencil approach
accuray.
III. Telephonic Surveys: Researchers conduct these
over telephones. ...
IV. One-to-One interviews survey: Researchers
conduct by one- to- one interviews.....
 The Basic Prenciples Of Control Surveying
This surveying principle involves laying down an overall
system of stations whose positions are fixed to a fairly high
degree of accuracy as control, and then the survey of details
between the control points may be added on the frame by
less elaborate methods.
.
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING
 According to the first principle, the whole area is first
enclosed by main stations (i.e. controlling stations) and
main survey lines (i.e. controlling lines).
The area is then divided into a number of parts by forming
well conditioned triangles.
As generally, Survey Control Points contribute to
informed decision making and impact a wide
range of important activities including mapping
and charting, navigation, flood risk
determination, transportation, land use, and
ecosystem management.
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESIONS ...........

THANK YOU !!!

G-3 (surveying)~2013