ZOOLOGY

ZOOLOGY
AND ITS RISE INTO THE WORLD

01
Zoology in Ancient Times
Ancient Indian literature
described birds, and Egyptian
texts documented bug and frog
metamorphosis. Ancient
Egyptian and Babylonian also
had the knowledge of anatomy
and physiology. Animals were
housed in the first zoological
gardens in ancient
Mesopotamia.

02
In the Greco-Roman World
Aristotle, the Greek scientist and
philosopher, described and
classified several animals and
their behaviors. Pliny the Elder
was a famous Roman naturalist.
Claudius Galen was a medical
and anatomical pioneer.

03 In Early Europe
Strange animals from faraway
regions or deep seas were
widespread, and were
documented in books like
Physiologus and works of Albertus
Magnus On Animals. These tales
were sometimes fictitious, and the
animals were often legendary.

04
The rise of the naturalist
Naturalists, museum curators, and
systematists play an essential role
in the advancement of zoology,
and the early collectors of natural
curiosities may be considered the
pioneers of the scientific field of
zoology.

05
The rise of the naturalist
Scientists studying the human
body's structure were able to
compare human anatomical
structures to those of other animals.
Apart from zoology, comparative
anatomy emerged as a separate
field of study.
 06
The Medieval Period
Arab biologist, al-Jahiz, wrote Kitab
al Hayawan (Book of animals). In
the 1200s, the German scholar
named Albertus Magnus wrote De
vegetabilibus (seven books) and De
animalibus (26 books). He
discussed in some detail the
reproduction of animals.

07
During the Renaissance
Artists like Michelangelo and
Leonardo da Vinci provided
realistic drawings of animals.
Conrad Gesner wrote animal books
with illustrations by Albrecht Dürer
and others. Inaccurate knowledge
was still prevalent, and Greek
legends were often retained.

08
The Sixteenth Century
Scientific zoology advanced with the
new spirit of observation and
exploration, but it remained
unaffected by advances in anatomy
and physiology for a long time.
During the sixteenth century, the
anatomical schools of Italian
colleges began to promote the spirit
of inquiry, which spread fifty years
later to Oxford.

09 The Growth of Modern Zoology

Louis XIV founded the Paris
Academy of Sciences in the 17th
century. These 17th century
academies influenced zoology by
bringing together museum
curators and physicians or
anatomists.

10
The Middle and Late 1600s
The pioneering use of the microscope
led to discoveries in physiology, such as
Marcello Malphighi's research on blood
and Robert Hooke's Micrographia,
published in 1665 based on his
observations with a compound
microscope. The compartments of cork
tissue were referred to as "cells" by
Hooke. The first person to see single-
celled microorganisms was Anton van
Leeuwenhoek, who built over 400
microscopes himself.

11
The Seventeenth Century
Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish
botanist, classified animals by
shared traits. His new system
standardized categorization and
naming standards for animals and
plants.
 12
The Nineteenth Century
The microscope, applied earlier by
Leeuwenhoek, Malpighi, Hooke, and
Swammerdam to the study of animal
structure, was greatly improved as
an instrument. The perfecting of the
microscope led to a greater
comprehension of the doctrine of
cell structure and the establishment
of the facts

13
Late Nineteenth Century
When the Austrian monk Gregor
Mendel published his laws of
inheritance in 1866, the field of
genetics was born. However, it was
not until a few decades later that the
value of his work was realized.

14
Late Nineteenth Century
Other sciences influenced zoology at
this time. Georges Cuvier, Louis Agassiz,
and others revealed the entire
panorama of different phases of Earth's
history, each with its own unique
population of undiscovered animals
and plants, unlike those of today, and
simpler in proportion as they receded
into the past. It became clearer that
living creatures must be included in this
immense growth.

15
Zoology and Darwin
In 1859, Charles Darwin published
The Origin of Species, presenting
evidence for evolution by descent
with modification and a means by
which it could occur, the idea of
natural selection. Darwin's ideas
transformed zoology and botany.

Darwin's Work
Darwin's work entailed animal and
plant breeding, congenital
16
differences, and their transfer and
persistence. His natural selection
theory reoriented the systematist's
classifications toward building the
genealogical tree or pedigree of
plants and animals.

17
The Twentieth Century
The identification of DNA as a way of
passing on hereditary features was
one of the most exciting twentieth-
century advances in genetics and
molecular biology. By 1953, James
Watson and Francis Crick had figured
out the fundamental structure of DNA,
the genetic material that allows life to
exist in all of its forms.
 Still the Twentieth Century
After the achievement of discovering
the DNA structure, Crick turned to the
18
subject of consciousness, while
developmental biology research gained
prominence. Recently, both plant and
animal clones have been attempted,
with mixed results and ethical concerns.
The twentieth century also saw the rise
of new animal studies including ecology
and behavior.

19
Still the Twentieth Century
The early twentieth century saw the
work of R. Hesse of Germany and
Charles Elton of England. American
animal ecologists Charles Adams
and Victor Shelford published the
first textbook on animal ecology,
while Shelford focused on plant-
animal interactions.

Still the Twentieth Century

Although the scientific study of
animal behavior began with George
20
J. Romanes in the nineteenth century,
it became increasingly popular in
the twentieth century, with four
primary branches: behaviorism,
ethology, behavioral ecology, and
sociobiology (pioneered by Edward
Osborne Wilson).

21
Still the Twentieth Century
Taxonomy underwent significant
changes, with the rise of new schools
of thought on organism classification,
such as cladistics and phenetics.

Still the Twentieth Century

In 1947, the Society of Systematic
Zoology was formed, and in 1952, the
22
society published its journal Systematic
Zoology. G.G. Simpson published
Principles of Animal Taxonomy in 1961,
and Ernst Mayr published Principles of
Systematic Zoology in 1969.

ZOOLOGY

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ZOOLOGY
Abugan, Mizpah Dale Ma'am Lorelie Samaniego
Angcos, Scylla Reina BIO41
BSPsych2A AND ITS RISE INTO THE WORLD
The Rise of Zoology