INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED
SOCIETY
COPERNICAN
IDEAS
COPERNICAN
IDEAS
Western thoughts that our planet was at the very center of everything in
the universe.

“Geocentric model” seemed at first to be deeply embedded in everyday

life and common sense: People did not feel any movements of the
pavement on which they stood,and at the outset, there seemed to be no
observational evidence that the planet was moving either

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THE PTOLEMAIC
SYSTEM
Greek astronomers introduced
the new idea of epicycles or “sub
orbits” around which the planets
circled as the central “pivot”
points that were carried around
the sun.
Figure of the heavenly bodies — An illustration of the
Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese
cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho,
1568 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris)

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Ptolemy of Alexandria
▸ a great Greco-Roman astronomer
and geographer that developed and
given substance the Ptolemaic
system

In classical word, there were differences

of opinion;The Greek thinker Aristarchus
of Samos used eccentric trigonometric
measurements to calculate the relative
distances of the sun and moon in the 3rd
century BC
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The idea that the earth was the center of all and that man was the most
important of God’s creation, with domineering power over the earth,
became a central doctrine of Christianity and influenced Europe during
this period.

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ARABIC
INTELLECTUALS
The new science of “Positional astronomy “-calculating the position of
heavenly bodies- reached its zenith in spain, which had become a dynamic
center of Islamic, Jewish, and Christian thought.
In the late 13th century , King Alfoso X of Castile sponsored the compilation
of the Alfonsine Tables, which combined latest observations with Islamic
records to bring new calculations to Ptolemaic system and provide needed
data that would be used to analyze planetary positions well in the early 17th
century

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PTOLEMY
DOUBTS
Nicole Oresme
▸ he demonstrated the lack of real proof that the
earth was static and vehemently argued that
there was no reason to think that it was not in
motion.

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Nicolaus Copernicus
▸ who put forward the first modern
Heliocentric Theory:that of shifting the
center of the universe from earth to sun.

Copernicus published his revolutionary ideas in

a short paper known as Commentariolus. His
theory was similar in form to the system
proposed by Aristarchus, it remained deeply
attached to certain foundation of Ptolemaic
thought.
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The copernican model soon proved itself far more
accurate than any other version of the Ptolemaic
system . the new model caused enough
controversy for German mathematician George
Joachim Rheticus .
Rheticus is the one who published the first widely
disseminated view of Copernican system, known
as the Narrato Prima in 15 40. He requested the
aging priest to published his own work completely,
something that Copernicus had contemplated for
many years but only agreed to the urges in 1543 as
he was about to die.
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MATHEMATICAL
INSTRUMENT
Heliocentric model was presented and explained as purely a
mathematical instrument and not a description of the physical universe.

Copernican model was used for the computations involved in the great
calendar reform made by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582.

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Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)- a danish astronomer attempt to resolve the
problem with the model of his own which the planets revolved around
the sun, but the sun and moon remained revolving the globe. The real
solution -that of “elliptical”-orbits would only be thought of by his
student, Johannes Kepler
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Galileo Galilei
▸ gave more evidence to the heliocentric
models when he observes the moons of both
jupiter and venus using telescope

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DARWIN’S
THEORY
DARWIN’S
THEORY
Charles Darwin
▸ first scientist to suggest that living things are
not fixed or “immutable”.
▸ Proposed the idea of “natural selection”,
states that organisms evolve through time,
environment.
▸ Theory of evolution by natural selection was
regarded as one of the greatest scientific
achievements ever.
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THE ROLE OF
GOD
Fossils were treated as naturally formed rock that had nothing to do with living things, or
the handiwork of God.

Georges Cuvier, french naturalist - suggested that fossils are remains of extinct
organisms by catastrophes that happened in the bible.

The concept of “catastrophism”.

Erasmus Darwin’s earlier theory of simple beginnings evolving to complex forces.

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 VIEW FROM THE
BEAGLE
A voyage around the world from
HMS Beagle (1831-1836).

“....., one species had been taken and modified for different ends.” A quote from
Darwin’s report, “Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle, which was the first
public manifestation of his thoughts on evolution.

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COMPARING
SPECIES
Darwin proposed that different species might have evolved from one
ancestor that had somehow ended up across Pacific. Observations of
giant tortoises, foxes, mockingbirds supported these early conclusions.

“Such facts could undermine the stability of species.” - Darwin

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 JIGSAW
PUZZLE
James Hutton’s concept of “uniformitarianism”. A theory
popularized by Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin which
states that forces and processes observable at earth’s
surface are the same that shaped earth’s landscape
throughout history.

Thomas Malthus described how human population will

rapidly increase after 25 years, but food supplies could not
multiply in the same way and will cause a struggle for
existence.
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YEARS OF
SILENCE
After Beagle’s voyage, Darwin’s health suffered and little by little withdrew from public
attention. Even though, he still continued to amass evidences to support his theory of
evolution,

Darwin began to understand the relevance of variation among different individuals, he

stated that reproduction was the main factor for multiple differences and not
environmental factors.

He then derived the term “natural selection” from “artificial selection.

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JOINT ACTION
Darwin was given an essay from British naturalist, Alfred Wallace. He and
Darwin shared the same insights on how evolution happened.

Darwin approached Charles Lyell and they agreed to conduct a joint

presentation.

Darwin’s book “On the Origin of Species was finished and published on
November 24, 1859.

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DARWIN’S
THEORY
Darwin’s theory provides that species are not immutable. They actually change, evolve
and the main factor for that is natural selection. This process relies on these two(2)
factors:
> more offsprings born that can survive struggles in climate, food, competition,
etc.
> there should be variation, they should have some effect on the struggle to
survive and multiply, must be inherited from offspring to offspring where they would
have the same evolutionary advantage.

He described that evolution is a slow and gradual process.

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AFTERMATH
Most scientist accepted Darwin’s concept of “survival of the fittest”.

The instrument behind why inheritance occured, how traits were passed
still remained a mystery.

Gregor Mendel formed the basis of genetics with his work, around the same
period Darwin published his book.

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FREUDIAN
THOUGHT
FREUDIAN
THOUGHT
▸ Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist
▸ Unconscious mind is the intriguing
concepts in psychology
▸ He believe that people could be cured
by making conscious their
unconscious thoughts and
motivations Sigmund Freud
▸ Repression- being unable to recall (1856-1939)
memories of traumatic events
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HYPNOSIS OR HYSTERIA
Jean-Martin According to Charcot Bertha Pappenheim
Charcot a French the Hysteria was a referred to as Anna O.
Neurologist who neurological disorder in the case history,
treating his patients defined by came to Josef Breur for
for symptoms of abnormalities of the treatment for what was
mental illness using nervous system. then known as hysteria.
hypnosis

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INSIDE OUR
MIND
The Preconscious The Conscious mind The Unconscious
consists of anything contains all of the mind is a reservoir of
that could potentially thoughts, memories, feelings, thoughts,
be brought into the feelings, and wishes urges, and memories
conscious mind. of which we are that are outside of
aware at any given our conscious
moment awareness.

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DYNAMIC THOUGHT
According to Ernst Brücke, every other living
organism, the human being is essentially a
bundle of energy system and must follow the
Principle of the Conservation of Energy.

Psychic Energy- this energy can undergo

modification, transmission, and conversion,
but it cannot be destroyed.

Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke

(6 July 1819 – 7 January 1892)
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MOTIVATING DRIVES
New controlling Structure:

● Id- which says that every wishful impulse must be

immediately gratified: it wants everything now.
● Ego- which states that we cannot have everything we desire,
trying to find reasonable ways.
● Superego- the judging force.

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PSYCHOANALYTICAL
TREATMENT
Emotional Suffering- result of
unconscious conflict.

Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy- also

known as psychoanalysis, this is only
performed by a certified therapist,
trained in Freud’s specific approach.
One of his techniques was his dream
Dream Analysis- to identify your true analysis, he famously studied his own
dreams in his book (The Interpretation of
desires and worst through analyzing Dreams)
the content of dreams
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ACCESSING THE
UNCONSCIOUS
Freudian Slip- is a verbal error or slip of the tongue which reveals a
repressed emotion.

Free-association technique- also developed by Carl Jung whereby

a patients heard a word and were then invited to say the first word
that came into their minds

Carl Jung- was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded

analytical psychology.

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SCHOOL OF
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Psychoanalytic Society- was founded by Sigmund Freud in Vienna
where he exerted his powerful influence on the mental health
community and training others to his method.

Psychoanalytic Society was divided into three:

1. Freudians- who remain true to Freudian knowledge
2. Kleinians- who followed the ideas of Melanie Klein
3. Neo-Freudians- a later group who also incorporated Freud’s ideas
into their broader practice

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INFORMATION
ADVANCEMENT
INFORMATION
ADVANCEMENT

Information
Revolution

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NEW TECHNOLOGY DRIVES THE
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
Technology Product Services

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 Dilemmas that arises from the
developments that affects the growth and
spread of IT-related products and services
▸ Optical communication ▸ Open source against ▸ Intellectual property laws
technology and Internet closed sources: Propriety and digital right issues
Protocol (IP)- based standard battles will will create major
telephone systems are continue to exist problems
likely to be highly
disruptive to existing
telecommunication
industries around the
world

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THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFORMS THE BUSINESS AND
FINANCIAL WORKS
“CREATIVE DESTRUCTION” “INFORMATION WORK AND WORKERS”
▸ a very common
characteristic of business
and financial
transformation
▸ often accompanied by the
economic eclipse and
collapse of the companies
producing the old products
and services
▸ an ever-increasing fraction
of economic activity and
overall workforce in many
states as their business and
financial worlds undergo
transformation
▸ may free many businesses in
“knowledge-based industries
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THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IS
AFFECTING GOVERNANCE AND
EMPOWERING NEW POLITICAL ACTORS

E-Government

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THE INFORMATION BOTH SHAPES AND
IS SHAPED BY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
VALUES
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
TRANSFORMATION

“A QUALITY EDUCATION FOR

ALL” POLICY
GLOBALIZATION

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FACTORS THAT SHAPE AND
CHARACTERIZE A NATION’S
APPROACH TO THE
INFORMATION AGE

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 SOME FACTORS ARE CAUSATIVE AND
PLAY OUT IN A VARIETY WAY:

▸ Rich nations are ▸ How a society ▸ Governments ▸ The structure of

better positioned deals with and laws can be capital markets
than poor change is a helpful or is also important
nations to exploit major factor in unhelpful
the information shaping a
evolution (IR) nation’s
information
technology
status
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 FACTORS THAT ADD RICHNESS TO THE
DESCRIPTION OF A NATION’S STATUS AND SERVE AS
WAYS OF TRACKING ITS PERFORMANCE:
▸ The degree and nature of IT ▸ The presence and number of
penetration into a society and IT business clusters and the
distribution of its IT activity amount of “creative
across the technology, destruction” going on in a
product, and service divide nation are important
also the amount of information measures of the vigor of a
work and workers and nation’s stature
e-commerce in a nation are
useful descriptors of a nation’s
status
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 FACTORS THAT ADD RICHNESS TO THE
DESCRIPTION OF A NATION’S STATUS AND SERVE AS
WAYS OF TRACKING ITS PERFORMANCE:
▸ The presence of new political ▸ The movement of talented,
actors and changes in IT-trained people can be
governance are measures of useful indicator of a nation’s
IR-induced change in political status
arena

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NORTH AMERICA

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NORTH
AMERICA

the vanguard of the information technology

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LATIN AMERICA

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LATIN
AMERICA

obstacles in information growth; some nations will

rise to the challenge; others may not

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ASIA-PACIFIC

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ASIA-PACIFIC

poised to do well in the information arena

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MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH
AFRICA

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MIDDLE EAST AND
NORTH AFRICA

few nations will fully experience the information

phenomenon

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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

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SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICA

will fall further in the information stage

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 THANKS!

credits to all the owners of the pictures we used 54

Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and released these
awesome resources for free:
▸ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
▸ Illustrations by Sergei Tikhonov
▸ Photographs by Unsplash

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