Common Values of E (Young’s or Elasticity) and G (Shear Modulus or Rigidity)

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 30𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 11.5𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

1𝑘𝑁 3
1𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 1𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 1𝑥 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚 𝑚2

Poisson’s Ratio
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑣=
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

FACTOR OF SAFETY (FoS) OR DESIGN FACTOR

General Ductile Brittle
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑜𝑆 = 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠; 𝑆𝑦 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠;𝑆𝑢
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑆 = 𝐹𝑜𝑆 =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒
= 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
 Maximum Induced Stress
𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝑦
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑜𝑟
𝑁 𝑁

Maximum Induced Stress

SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) or AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)