Thermal Conductivity Insulating Powder

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HEAT TRANSFER LAB
AIM
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER
To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder at average

temperature.
INTRODUCTION
Conduction of heat is flow of heat which occurs due to exchange of energy
from one molecule to another without appreciable motion of molecules. In any
heating process, heat is flowing outwards from heat generation point. In order
to reduce losses of heat, various types of insulations are used in practice.
Various powders e.g. asbestos powder, plaster of paris etc. are also used for
heat insulation. In order to determine the appropriate thickness of insulation,
knowledge of thermal conductivity of insulating material is essential.
APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a smaller (inner) sphere, inside, which is fitted a
mica electric heater. Smaller sphere is fitted at the center of outer sphere.
The insulating powder, whose thermal conductivity is to be determined is
filled in the gap between the two spheres. The heat generated by heater flows
through the powder to the outer sphere. The outer sphere loses heat to
atmosphere. The input to the heater is controlled by a dimmerstat and is
measured on voltmeter and ammeter. Four thermocouples are provided on
the outer surface of inner sphere and six thermocouples are on the inner
surface of outer sphere, which are connected to a multi channel digital
temperature indicator.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Inner sphere- 100mm O.D., halved construction
2. Outer sphere- 200mm I.D., halved construction
50mm
100mm
Heater
Fig. 1 Apparatus of thermal conductivity of insulating powder
1. Shell
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. Temperature indicator
5. Selector switch
6. Main switch
7. Heater control
Fig. 2 Location of thermocouples in spherical shell

COMPOSITE WALL APPARATUS

AIM
To determine the thermal resistance, thermal conductivity of composite
wall material and plot temperature gradient along composite wall
structure.
APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a plates of different materials sandwiched
between two aluminum plates. Three types of slabs are provided on both
sides of heater, which forms a composite structure. A small hand press
frame is provided to ensure the perfect contact between the slabs. A
dimmerstat is provided for varying the in put to the heater and
measurement of input is carried out by a Voltmeter and Ammeter.
Thermocouples are embedded between interfaces of input slabs, to read
the temperatures at the surface.
SPECIFICATIONS
Slab size:
a. M.S. - 25 cm x 25 mm thick
b. Bakelite - 25 cm x 10 mm thick
c. Brass - 25 cm x 10 mm thick
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Start the supply of heater. By varying the dimmerstat adjust the
input (range 30- 70 Watts) and start water supply.
2. Take readings of all the thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes
until steady state is reached.
WALL THICKNESS CONDUCTIVITY
a. M.S 2.5 cm 46 W / m K
b. Bakelite 1.0 cm 0.223 W / m K
c. Brass 1.0 cm 110 W / m K
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep the dimmerstat zero before start
2. Increase voltage slowly
3. Keep all the assembly undisturbed
4. Do not increase voltage above 200 V
5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator slowly.
GRAPH
TA
TB
Mild Steel
TC
TD
Bakelite
Brass
25 35 45
Thickness of slab
RESULT
Thermal resistance of composite wall =
Over all thermal conductivity of composite wall =
Fig. 1 Composite wall apparatus
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
4 Main switch
5. Heater Control
6. Water connection
Fig. 2 Thermocouple setting in composite wall apparatus

A. Heater B & B1 M.S. Plate C & C1 Bakelite D & D1 Brass plate E & E1
Cooling plate
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD

AIM
To determine the thermal conductivity of copper bar at various sections to
study the variation of thermal conductivity with temperature.
INTRODUCTION
Thermal conductivity is the physical property of the material denoting the
ease with which a particular substance can accomplish the transmission
of thermal energy by molecular motion. Thermal conductivity of a material
is found to depend on the chemical composition of the substance or
substances of which it is a composed, the phase (i.e. gas, liquid or solid) in
which it exists, its crystalline structure if a solid, the temperature and
pressure to which it is subjected, and whether or not it is a homogeneous
material. For pure copper thermal conductivity is 380 W/ m. K at 200C.
Thermal energy can be conducted in solids by free electrons and by lattice

vibrations. Large number of free electrons moves about in the lattice
structure of the material, in good conductors. These electrons carry
thermal energy from higher temperature region to lower temperature
region, in a similar way they transport electric charge. In fact, these
electrons are frequently referred as electron gas. Energy may also be
transferred as vibrational energy in the lattice structure of the material. In
general, however, this mode of energy transfer is not as large as electron
transport and hence, good electrical conductors are always good heat
conductors, e.g. copper, silver etc. However, with increase in temperature,
lattice vibrations come in the way of transport by free electrons and for
most the metals thermal conductivity decreases with increase in
temperature.
9 Thermal conductivity of metal rod

APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a copper bar, one end of which is heated by an
electric heater and the other end is cooled by a wate r-circulated heat
sink. The middle portion, i.e. Test section of the bar is covered by a shell
containing insulation. The bar temperature is measured at 8 different
section, while 2 thermocouples measure the temperature at the shell.
Two thermometers ar e provided to measure water inlet and outlet
temperatures. A dimmer is provided for the heater to control its input.
Constant water flow is circulated through the heat sink. A gate valve
provided controls the water flow.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Metal bar – copper, 25mm O.D, approx. 430 mm long with
insulation shell along the test length and water cooled heat sink at
the outer end.
2. Test length of the bar – 240 mm
3. Measuring flask to measure water flow.
1. Start the electric supply.
2. Start heatin g the bar by adjusting the heater input to say 80 V or
100 V
3. Start cooling water supply through the heat sink and adjust it to
around 350- 400 cc per minute.
4. Bar temperature will start rising. Go on checking the temperatures
at time intervals of 5 minutes.
5. When all the temperatures remain steady, note down all the
observations and complete the observation table.



Fig.1 Apparatus of thermal conductivity of metal rod

1. Shell 2. Heater 3. Voltmeter 4. Ammeter 5. Temperature indicator
6. Main switch 7. Heater control
Fig.3 Thermocouple settings in metal rod

Distance between two thermocouple = 0.032 m
Fig.3 Graph for temperature gradient in metal rod

HEAT TRANSFER IN PIN FIN

AIM
To study the temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient and efficiency
of a pin fin in natural and forced convection heat transfer.
INTRODUCTION
Extended surfaces or fins are used to increase the heat transfer rates from a
surface to the surrounding fluid wherever it is not possible to increase the
value of the surface heat transfer coefficient or the temperature difference
between the surface and the fluid. Fins are fabricated in variety of forms. Fins
around the air cooled engines are a common example. As the fins extend from
primary heat transfer surface, the temperature difference with the
surrounding fluid diminishes towards the tip of the fin.
APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a simple pin fin which is fitted in a rectangular
duct. The duct is attached to suction end of a blower. One end of fin is heated
by an electrical heater. Thermocouples are mounted along the length of fin
and a thermocouple notes the duct fluid temperature. When top cover over
the fin is opened and heating started, performance of fin with natural
convection can be evaluated and with top cover closed and blower started, fin
can be tested in forced convection.
SPECIFICATIONS
1) Fins – 12 mm O. D., Effective length 102 mm with 5 nos of
thermocouple positions along the length, made of brass, mild steel and
aluminum - one each.
Fin is screwed in heater block which is heated by a band heater.
2) Duct- 150 x 100mm cross-section, 1000mm long connected to suction
side of blower
3) FHP centrifugal blower with orifice and flow control valve on discharge
side.
14 Heat transfer in pin fin





4. Fill up water in the manometer and close duct cover for forced
convection experiment
5. Proper earthing to the unit is necessary
6. While replacing the fins, be careful for fixing the thermocouples.
Incorrectly fixed thermocouples may show erratic readings
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
23 23 23 23 10
Fig.1: Thermocouple position on fin

GRAPH
Natural Convection
Forced Convection
Thermo couple distance, x
Fig 2: Variation of fin temperature along the length of fin with natural
convection and forced convection.
RESULTS
Natural convection:
Heat transfer coefficient =
Efficiency of pin fin =
Forced convection:
Heat transfer coefficient =
Efficiency of pin fin =

Fig. 3 Pin fin apparatus
1. Manometer
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
5. Selector switch
6. Blower switch
7. Heater control
8. Main switch
9. Suction duct
10. Orifice meter

AIM
HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION

To determine the experimental and theoretical heat transfer coefficient for
vertical tube losing heat by natural convection.
INTRODUCTION
In contrast to the forced convection, natural convection phenomenon is due
to the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid and is not
created by any external agency. The present experimental set up is designed
and fabricated to study the natural convection phenomenon from a vertical
cylinder in terms of the variation of local heat transfer coefficient along the
length and also the average heat transfer coefficient and its comparison with
the value obtained by using and appropriate correlation.
APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a rectangular vertical duct.
The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves
the purpose of undisturbed surrounding. One side of the duct is made up of
perspex for visualization. An electric heating element is kept in the vertical
tube which in turn heats the tube surface. The heat is lost from the tube to
the surrounding air by natural convection.
The temperature of the vertical tube is measured by seven thermocouples. The
heat input to the heater is measured by an ammeter and a voltmeter and is
varied by a dimmerstat. The vertical cylinder with the thermocouple positions
is shown in figure. The tube surface is polished to minimize the radiation
losses.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Diameter of the tube (d)= 45mm
2. Length of the tube (L) = 450mm
3. Duct size 180mm x 180mm x 600mm Length
Heat transfer in natural convection


hxL
Where is called the Nusselt number.
k
g.L3 .𝛽∆T
2 = is called the Grashof Number and
v= 𝜋𝑟
𝜇𝜑
𝑛 = is the Prandtl Number.
k
A and n are constants depending on the shape and orientation of the
heat transferring surface.
Where L = A characteristic dimension of the surface.
K= Thermal conductivity of fluid
‫ =ט‬Kinematic viscosity of fluid
μ = Dynamic viscosity of fluid
Cp = Specific heat of fluid
β = Coefficient of volumetric expansion for the fluid
g = Acceleration due to gravity.
∆𝑡 T = [Ts – Ta]
= 𝜋𝑟 2
1
For gases K-1, Tf = (Ts + Ta)/2
(T f +273 )
For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection, the constants A

and n of equation (2) have been determined and the following empirical
correlation’s obtained from data book, page number 120.
hL
= 0.59 (Gr.Pr.)0.25 for 104 < Gr.Pr. < 109 (3)
k
hL
= 0.10 (Gr.Pr.)1/3 for 109 < Gr.Pr. < 1013 (4)
k
L = Length of the cylinder.
All the properties of the fluid are determined at the mean film
temperature
e (Tf)


5. Never exceed input above 80 Watts.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The heat transfer coefficient is havi ng a maximum value at the beginning
as expected because of the just staring of the boundary layer and it
decreases as expected in the upward direction due to thickening of layer
and which is laminar one. This trend is maintained up to half of the
lengths (approx) and beyond that there is little variation in the value of
local heat transfer coefficient because of the transition and turbulent
boundary layers. The last point shows some what increase in the value
of heat transfer coefficient which is attribut ed to end loss causing a
temperature drop. The comparison of average heat transfer coefficient is
also made with predicted values are some what less than experimental
values due to the heat loss by radiation.
RESULTS
Experimental heat transfer coefficient =
Theoretical heat transfer coefficient =
Fig. 1 Natural convection apparatus

Fig. 2 Thermocouple locations
Fig.3 Variation of local heat transfer coefficient

Test pipe 40 mm I.D. 300 mm long

Band heater for pipe
Blower to force the air through test pipe
Orifice meter with mercury manometer
Heater wattage Air temperature Tube surface temperature

Orifice
(0C)
(0C) Pr. Drop
Sr. Hw in
No V I Tat Tao MmHg T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
(Volts) (Amp) T1 T7
1
Heat transfer in forced convection

20 mm
0.62

𝜗 = Kinematic Viscosity at Tm
𝑛
D = 0.033 m
If ReD < 2300, flow is laminar.
h.D
For laminar flow, NuD = = 4.36, from data book, page number 109.
kair
If Reynolds number exceeds 2300, flow is turbulent.

For turbulent flow, N uD = 0.023 ( ReD)0.8 (Pr.)n from data book, page
number 110.
Where n = 0.4 when fluid is being heated.
n = 0.3 When fluid is being cooled.
Determine htheo from NuD.
Note: The calculated values and actual values may differ appreciably
because of heat losses. The heat loss through natural convection,
conduction and heat loss through insulation over the heater is not
considered, but they are present. Also, the heat flux is not uniform
practically, as assumed in theory, which gives difference between actual
and theoretical value.
PRECAUTIONS
1. While putting ON the supply, keep dimmerstat at zero position and
blower switch OFF
2. Operate all the switches and controls gently.
3. Do not obstruct the flow of air while experiment is going on.
RESULT
Experimental heat transfer coefficient, hexpt =
Theoretical heat transfer coefficient = htheo =

Fig.1 Forced convection apparatus
1. Manometer
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
5. Selector switch
6. Blower switch
7. Heater control
8. Main switch
9. Blower
10. Orifice meter
11. Test section
12. Thermocouple setting

STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS

AIM
To determine the Stefan - Boltzmann’s constant in the radiation heat
transfer.
INTRODUCTION
All the substances emit thermal radiation. When heat radiation is
incident over a body, part of radiation is absorbed, transmitted through
and reflected by the body. A surface which absorbs all thermal radiation
incidents over it is called black surface. For black surface, transmissivity
and reflectivity are zero and absorptivity is unity. S tefan Boltzmann Law
states that emissivity of a surface is proportional to fourth power of
absolute surface temperature i.e.
E α T4
or E = σ ε T4
Where E = emissive power of surface, W / m2
T = absolute temperature
σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant
ε = emissivity of the surface
Value of Stefan Boltzmann constant is taken as
σ = 5.667 x 10-8 W / m2 K4
For black surface ε = 1, hence above equation reduces to
E = σ. T4
APPARATUS
The Apparatus consists of a water -heated jacket of hemispherical shape.
A copper test disc is fitted at the center of jacket. Th e hot water is
obtained from a hot water tank, fitted to the panel, in which water is
heated by an electric immersion heater. The hot water is taken around
the hemisphere, so that hemisphere temperature rises. The test disc is
then inserted at the center . Thermocouples are fitted inside hemisphere
to average out hemisphere temperature. Another thermocouple fitted at
34 Stefan Boltzmann apparatus
GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE HEAT TRANSFER LAB
the center of test disc measures the temperature of test disc. A timer
with a small buzzer is provided to note down the disc temperatures at the
time intervals of 5 seconds.
1. See that water inlet cock of water jacket is closed and fill up
sufficient water in the heater tank.
2. Put ‘ON’ the heater.
3. Blacken the test disc with the help of lamp black and let it cool.
4. Put the thermometer and check water temperature.
5. Boil the water and switch ‘OFF’ the heater
6. See that drain cock of water jacket is closed and open water inlet
cock.
7. See that there is sufficient water above the top of hemisphere ( A
piezometer tube is fitted to indicate water level)
8. Note down the hemisphere temperatures (up to channel 1 to 4)
9. Note down the test disc temperature (i.e.. channel 5)
10. Start the timer. Buzzer will start ringing. At the start of
timer cycle, insert test disc into the hole at the bottom of
hemisphere.
11. Note down the temperatures of disc, every five times of the
buzzer rings. Take at least 8-10 readings
OBSERVATIONS
Hemisphere Temperature (oC)
T1 =
T2 =
T3 =
T4 =


GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE HEAT TRANSFER LAB
m .c P .( dT / dt ) t 0
σ= 4 4 W/ m2 K4
A .( T H TD )
Theoretical value of σ is 5.667x 10-8 W/m2 K4.

In the experiment this value may deviate due to reasons like convection,
temperature drop of hemisphere, heat losses etc.
PRECAUTIONS
1) Never put ‘ON” the heater before putting water in the tank.
2) Put ‘OFF’ the heater before draining the water from heater tank.
3) Drain the water after completion of experiment.
4) Operate all the switches and controls gently
RESULT
Stefan – Boltzmann’s constant, σ = ________W / m2 K4
Fig.1 Stefan Boltzmann apparatus
1. Water tank
2. Main switch
4. Temperature selector switch
5. Buzzer switch
6. Heater switch
7. Shell

Fig.2 Thermocouple setting
Fig.3 Variation of temperature of disc with time

EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT
AIM
To determine the emissivity of the test plate.
INTRODUCTION
All the bodies emit and absorb the thermal radiation to and from surroundings. The rate
of thermal radiation depends upon the temperature of body. Thermal radiations are
electromagnetic waves and they do not require any medium for propagation. When thermal
radiation strikes a body, part of it is reflected, part of it is absorbed and part of it is
transmitted through body. The fraction of incident energy, reflected by the surface is called
reflectivity (ρ). The fraction of incident energy, absorbed by the surface is called
absorptivity (α) and the fraction of incident energy transmitted through body is called
transmissivity (τ). The surface which absorbs all the incident radiation is called a black
surface.
For a black surface, ρ+α+τ = 1.
The radiant flux, emitted from the surface is called emissive power (E). The emissivity of a
surface is ratio of emissive power of a surface to that of black surface at the same
temperature. Thus,
ε = E / Eb
APPARATUS
The apparatus uses comparator method for determining the emissivity of test plate. It
consists of two aluminum plates, of equal physical dimensions. Mica heaters are provided
inside the plates. The plates are mounted in an enclosure to provide undisturbed
surroundings. One of the plates is blackened outside for use as a comparator (because
black surface has ε = 1). Another plate is having natural surface finish. Input to heaters
can be controlled by separator dimmer stats. Heater input is measured on common
ammeter and voltmeter. One thermocouple is fitted on surface of each plate to measure
the surface temperature with digital temperature indicator. By adjusting input to the
heaters, both the
39 Emissivity measurement
OBSERVATION
Sr. Test Surface Black Body Surface Chamber
No. Temp.
V1 I1 T1 T2 T3 V2 I2 T4 T5 T6 T∞
1
2
3
CALCULATION
Sr. No. Avg. Temp. of the Avg. Temp. of thePower input to Power input to Chamber
Test Surface Black Test Surface Black Surface Temp.
Ts (0C) Surface, Tb ( V1I1 (V2I2) T∞
(0C)
Size of the enclosure =250X250X510

Diameter of the discs =150mm
Thickness of discs =8mm
Capacity of heater attached to the plates =2000W
=2000W
PRECAUTIONS
1. Black plate should be perfectly blackened.
2. Never put your hand or papers over the holes provided at the top of
enclosure.
3. Keep at least 150 mm distance between the backside of unit and
the wall.
4. Operate all the switches and knobs gently.
Note: Emissivity of oxidized aluminum plate i.e. test plate is normally
with in the range of 0.3 to 0.7.
RESULT
Emissivity of the test plate surface________at
= temperature of _____
Fig.1 Emissivity measurement apparatus
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
4. Meter selector switch
5. Heater control
6. Heater control
7. Black plate
8 Test plate

Thermal Conductivity Insulating Powder

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DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HEAT TRANSFER LAB

To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder at average

Fig. 1 Apparatus of thermal conductivity of insulating powder

Fig. 2 Location of thermocouples in spherical shell

COMPOSITE WALL APPARATUS

Fig. 1 Composite wall apparatus

Fig. 2 Thermocouple setting in composite wall apparatus

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD

Thermal energy can be conducted in solids by free electrons and by lattice

9 Thermal conductivity of metal rod

10 Thermal conductivity of metal rod

11 Thermal conductivity of metal rod

12 Thermal conductivity of metal rod

Fig.1 Apparatus of thermal conductivity of metal rod

Fig.3 Thermocouple settings in metal rod

Fig.3 Graph for temperature gradient in metal rod

13 Thermal conductivity of metal rod

HEAT TRANSFER IN PIN FIN

14 Heat transfer in pin fin

15 Heat transfer in pin fin

16 Heat transfer in pin fin

17 Heat transfer in pin fin

18 Heat transfer in pin fin

Fig.1: Thermocouple position on fin

Thermo couple distance, x

19 Heat transfer in pin fin

Fig. 3 Pin fin apparatus

20 Heat transfer in pin fin

HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION

Heat transfer in natural convection

Heat transfer in natural convection

For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection, the constants A

Heat transfer in natural convection

Heat transfer in natural convection

5. Never exceed input above 80 Watts.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fig. 1 Natural convection apparatus

Heat transfer in natural convection

Fig. 2 Thermocouple locations

Fig.3 Variation of local heat transfer coefficient

Heat transfer in natural convection

Test pipe 40 mm I.D. 300 mm long

Heater wattage Air temperature Tube surface temperature

Heat transfer in forced convection

Heat transfer in forced convection

If Reynolds number exceeds 2300, flow is turbulent.

Heat transfer in forced convection

Fig.1 Forced convection apparatus

Heat transfer in forced convection

STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS

35 Stefan Boltzmann apparatus

36 Stefan Boltzmann apparatus

Theoretical value of σ is 5.667x 10-8 W/m2 K4.

Fig.1 Stefan Boltzmann apparatus

37 Stefan Boltzmann apparatus

Fig.2 Thermocouple setting

Fig.3 Variation of temperature of disc with time

38 Stefan Boltzmann apparatus

Size of the enclosure =250X250X510

Fig.1 Emissivity measurement apparatus

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