Appendix - Present, Past & Future Forms Present Forms Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Pert. Continuous ‘timatve ‘atmatve ‘timate ‘atiematve | o00k lam cooking {have cooked nave been cooking ‘You cook ‘Yeu are cooking ‘Yu have cooked ‘You have been cooking He cooks ac He i cooking te He has cooked oc He has been cooking oto Negative Negative Wegative Wegative ont cook Fm not cooking havent cooked havent been cocking Yu don't cook You aren't cook ‘You haven't cooked You haven't been cooking He dowsn' cook ate He isn't cooking ete Hehasmtcooked elo He hasn't been cooking te interogatve Tmierogative Tnterogatve| interogatve| Do soak? ‘Am | cooking? Have | cooked?” Have | been cooking? Do you cook? ‘are you cooking? Have you cooked? Have you been cooking? Does ne cook? ae Ise cooking? ete Has he ccoked? oto Has he been cooking? ete permanent situations temporary situations ‘recently completed ‘actions started Inthe past, or states He fies in ‘She staying wih Pam ‘ations ‘and continuing up tothe ‘ammanion atthe moment ‘She has cooked dinner. present. He has been permanent tuts oF changing r developing (The acon s complete. dlgging inthe garden for an laws of nature situate Dianeris now cooked. our (He sare an hour Watr bots a 100°C. Hol going tater anc fae. evdence nthe presen) agoand he's sil gging) ‘repeated habitual ‘requenly repeated actions complete past actions pas actions of certain. factions (especialy wih with always, constant, Connected tothe present duration having visible ‘wequency adverbs: ‘Continually expressing Teaults o ffcts in the ‘ofion, usualy, ‘annoyance or ertism present flways ec) Ho ie atways He's always bring rs ras He has been walking nthe ‘ontime (Here ‘aways’ means rain. Tha why bos wet (Hara ‘avaye’ means constant) very dav) (stated time reference) Teviewsisporte ‘setions happening at or personal experiences) 10 express anger, iain, commentaries! around the moment of Changes which have annoyance, explanation or ‘dramatic nerrative speaking happened citilem Ford aets illanty in The polce are investigating She has grown hor rar Someone has been sleeping 1 ti, the case of the marco. Jong rconty Inmy bod. (annoyance) \imetablesiprogrammes fixed arrangements in ‘emphasis on number Present Pert. Continuous is (future meaning) the near future Helas checked three normally used wit fr, inco Tio match stare at 5.00. Tm Seeing Greg on Morly. hotels this week ‘or how long to put emphasis In exclamatory sentences She has been {0 the shop on duration Sho has been ‘ere comes George! twice this momng working since 8 o'sock Time expressions usually used with Present Forms Present Simple Present Continuous resent Perfect & Present Perfect Continuous ‘very dayweekimonthy year, usualy, sometimes, always, rarely, never, ‘often, n the morning! cveniagiattenoon at ight, on Mondays, ete now, atthe moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always, stil ote just ever, never, already, yt (negations & questions), til (negations), always, how long, s fr, recently, since (= from a starting point inthe pas) for (= over period of me), today, this weokimonth For and since re uevally weed with Present Pertoct Continuous to emphasise the duration of an action. Sil goes before tho verb and yet afte i. 240Appendix — Present, Past & Future Forms a Past Forms Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Aiiemative ‘Aiemative affirmative ‘Affiemative 1 cooked was cooking {nad cooked ‘had been cocking You cooked ‘You were cocking You had cooked ‘You had been cooking He cooked etc He was cooking otc He had cooked etc He had been cooking ete Negative Negative Negative Negative | didnt cook | wasn't cooking hadn't cooked | hadn't been cooking ‘You didn’t cook You weren't cooking You hadn't cooked You hadn't been cooking He didnt cook ote He wasn't cooking ete He hadn't cooked etc __He hadn't been cooking eto interogative Tnterrogative Ttarrogative Did t cook? Was | cooking? Had I cooked? Had | beon cocking? Did you cook? Were you cooking? Had you cooked? Had you been cooking? Dic ne cook? ete Was he cooking? ete Had ho cooked? ate Had ho been cooking? ote past actions which ‘action In the midle of pact action which ‘action continuing over a hhappened one immediately happening ata stated past occurred before another period up to a specific. aftr the other time ‘ction or before a stated time in the past ‘She put on her clothes, look I was traveling this tme ast past time. ‘Sho had been tying to get her bag and teft the house. year ‘He had finished the report hold of David fr months by the ond of the cay before he called her. past habit or state ‘past action in progress ‘complete past action past action of certain He used to walk/watked 'o _nterrupted by ancther past which had visible results duration which had vieible work ever day ‘action. The longer action isin the past results in the past Complete action or event in the Past Continuous, the He was desporato because Her feet hut Because she which happened at a stated shorter action isin the Past he had lost nis dog. ‘had beon walking al day ast time ‘Simple ‘She quit ner ob last week. | was watching TV when the (CWhen?® “Last week” lights wont of. ated past time) compete past actions not two or more simullaneous the Past Perfect is the the Past Perfect Cont ‘connected to the present past actions of certain past equivalent of the isthe past equivalont of With a stated or implied duration Present Perfect ‘the Present Perfect, time reterence He was reading his paper There was no milla; ahe He wes exhausted hat day Coleridge wrote lots of While she was doing ner nals. had drunk @ a because he had been ppooms. (Coleridge is dead: he or background description to (Present Perfect: There's diving al dy ong, ‘won't wie poems any more. events in astory/deseription no mik laf she has drunk Prosar Perec: He's = petiod of ime now fished They were walking inthe ‘tan ‘existed today because he's limped time reference) pave ‘eon civing al ay tong) {for unfulfilled plans with verbs lke hope, plan, ete ‘was planning to spend the weekend alone. (= but friends ‘came over) Time Expressions usually used with Past Forms Past Simple Past Continuous Past Pert. Cantinucis ‘yesterday, last week, ete, (how long) ago, then, Just now, when, in 1992, ote while, when, 2, te moment that, ete ‘or, since 2a)|B Appendix - Present, Past & Future Forms Future Forms Future Simple Be going to Future Continuous _| Future Perfect Atiemaive ‘Afematve ‘Afmatve “Aiematve| | wt cook 1 am going to cook | wi be cooking | wt have cooked etc "Yeu wil cook ‘You are going to cook "You wil be cooking Negative He wil cook ete Hols gong cox tc He wile cooking te__| |W" Rave coked te Negative ‘Negative ‘Negative Scaee | won't coo ‘m not going o cook | wont be cooking [ sation fished Gefore a sisted You won't cook ‘Youre not going tocook —--Youwon'tbe cooking | future time They wil have got He won't cook te Hest going to cookie Ha wor'the cooking ete | ard By May. interrogate Taterrogatve Tnterogative Note: by oF not. until are a cook? {Am | going 10 cook? ‘Wat be cooking? ‘sed with Future Pert. Uni it you cook? ‘Ae you gong to cook? ‘il you be cooking? tile normaly used with Will he cook? ete Is he going te cook? etc ‘Will he be cooking? etc Labia fol a SS aa cateaaiais emerges | eer eee Nee eenenesme tun) samtensae | thee cet rmtteeetee, — Rrtmioma orvorat (Upowanngn hymen | ST ateat See Sitinan Tnopene wk nue oa rope ars fra er ned oe oF acme ware be | Fare Prtet Gonioous ates comes ltnne a Se Renamer femcanene — Mittens acaaae rescteeat: scvoavvgsing oon) ist Spec tape ave meme reo Perea teise | waa crcnme oe Smart pany same peor |e! cctiwana toot serene fier | ras = ores crave x redone wih odoce at ating wil wen we nk pty | draon of an acton vp @ saercarecncamte Seta happen mest soa peop Santee newts ‘ture future tks ke to bus is arrangements to seit By ins tne nex week he wil ‘Shell probably call going to be lt. they ean do sth fr us or | have been working here for ‘or actions which we Be caretul Youre going fo because we want tootfer | three yeers cannot control and wll have an accident. ta do sth for them. Wil Inevtably happen you be going 0 town Te by wl be Bom today? inthe summer. Can com with you? ‘things we are not yet sure things we are sure about or bout or we haven we nave already decided to do yet Gecided odoin the near Present Simple with | Present Continuous ‘Maybe 1 go out ater. future They are going to future meaning with furure meaning Note: Shall is used with we in questions, ‘suggestions offers or when skin for advice Shall we have uch? 202 Ihave extra personel forthe summer (thas been decided) NOTE: going to i also pronounced gonna but itis ‘ery informal and not used In writen English except in comic books or songs tumetablesiprogrammes | fed arangement inthe The tran leaves at 7 ‘'ock n the evening near future 1m spesaing ne \wookond wih the Smiths (ts plea)Appendix ~ Present, Past & Future Forms El Shall is used: ith le In questions, asking for advice. ‘Shall we play tennis? Where shal go? ions, offers oF when to express ofes,thrests, promises, predictions, warnings, requests, hopes, fears, on-the-spot decisions, comments (mainly with: think, expect, believe, m sure, hope, know, suppose end probebly) 1m sure Mary will accept his proposal Time Expressions used with Future Forms Future Simple & Be going to Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous ‘tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, In twoltrae, ete days, the day after tomorrow, s00n, in a weekimonth, et betore, by, by then, by the ime, (nti ic used only in nogaive ‘sentences with this tense) by for Spelling Rules 1 de endiog 1 words ending ins, 26, -ch,-% th, 2,0 add 05 'b. nouns ending in vowel +o, double o, shot forms) ‘musical instruments/proper nouns ending ino add-s us - buses, compass - compasses, watch - watches, ‘oe: bores, cf ashes, do does, plano - pianos, 200 2008, vidod- vid008, ‘aio radios, Estima - Eskimoe 2 te enaing uns ending inte drop te and add -ves wil wives, et ieves 3 -yenaing 8. words ending in consonant + y drop -y and add ie, “ied, er, et, -ly ». words ending in consonant + y add ng ‘© words ending in vowel + y add -s, ed, Ing, -o,-est a ae ending words ending In sie change “eto -y before -ing ‘ropping © | words ending ine drop -e and add ing, -d,-r, st adjectives ending ine add -ly to form thle adverbs adjectives ending in-le change se toy to form ‘thelr adverbs |. verbs ending in -e acd -ng Pronunciation stu les stud prety pete - roti prety prey 0 sung ‘poy empl -enolyed- employing ey rye -greyest ie - ong, eying ‘save saving -saved (BUT bo - boing) late - later -fatest ‘aro rary, mare -eraly (BUT whole- wholy) Increcote ncrocy ‘500 seving Pronunelation of (es ending (noun plurals and the 3rd person singular of verbs inthe Present Simple) afer ph | el afr a 5) laughs, its, poses, dodges, watches, ops, talks esses, rushes Pronunciation of -e ending ‘after A afer 1B! wasted, lndeo Poked, watched, laughed, rinsed, dashed, stopped ‘Rafter Ja, a, vO any vowel sound stabs, sags, sams, descends, fas, retains, saves, cols (8 after om WM, ma, vow + grabbed. dodged, slammed, saved, hugged, hie, Stained, squeezed, soared 243)