sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Home Read Sign in 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back By the end of this section, you will be able to: Identify the following muscles and give their origins, insertions, actions and innervations: * Axial muscles of the head neck and back htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit?-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigin insortions-acions-and-innervations! 1134tora, 101 AM 110 al Muscles ofthe Hea Neck and Back ~ Antony & Physiology The skeletal muscles are divided into axial (muscles of the trunk and head) and ap- pendicular (muscles of the arms and legs) categories. This system reflects the bones of the skeleton system, which are also arranged in this manner. Some of the axial muscles may seem to blur the boundaries because they cross over to the appendicu- lar skeleton. The first grouping of the axial muscles you will review includes the muscles of the head and neck, then you will review the muscles of the vertebral col- umn, and finally you will review the oblique and rectus muscles. AXIAL MUSCLES OF THE HEAD NECK AND BACK Muscles of Facial Expression The muscles of facial expression originate from the surface of the skull or the fascia (connective tissue) of the face. The insertions of these muscles have fibers inter- twined with connective tissue and the dermis of the skin. Because the muscles in- sert in the skin rather than on bone, when they contract, the skin moves to create facial expression (Figure 11.4.1). ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 115 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-idenilythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigins insortons-acions-and-innervations! 24sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Eplrarilaponeuoss Occiptetrontat ‘era ei CConugator spor bia cul cipittrontat {ecb boty Faia nus (eteraview Facials (ses ve) Figure 11.4.1 - Muscles of Facial Expression: Many of the muscles of facial expression insert into the skin surrounding the eyelids, nose and mouth, producing facial expressions by moving the skin rather than bones. The orbicularis oris is a circular muscle that moves the lips, and the orbicularis oculi is a circular muscle that closes the eye. The occipitofrontalis muscle elevates the scalp and eyebrows. The muscle has a frontal belly and an occipital belly (near the occipital bone on the posterior part of the skull). In other words, there is a mus- cle on the forehead (frontalis) and one on the back of the head (occipitals). ‘The two bellies are connected by a broad tendon called the epicranial aponeurosis, or galea aponeurosis (galea = “apple’). The physicians originally studying human anatomy thought the skull looked like an apple. ‘The buccinator muscle compresses the cheek. This muscle allows you to whistle, blow, and suck; and it contributes to the action of chewing. There are several small facial muscles, one of which is the corrugator supercilii, which is the prime mover of the eyebrows. Place your finger on your eyebrows at the point of the bridge of the nose. Raise your eyebrows as if you were surprised and lower your eyebrows as if you were frowning, With these movements, you can feel the action of the corrugator supercilli, Additional muscles of facial expression are presented in Figure 114.2. Previous: 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name s| Next: 1.5 Axial mu: of the abdomin: all and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandpichaplert! dently the-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-the-oigins nsortions-acions-andinnervatons! arsesort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation Brow Occipito- Epicraneal Underneath | Furrowing Facial nerve frontals, aponeurosis | skin of brow frontal belly forehead Occipito- Occipital bone; | Epicraneal Unturrowing | Facial nerve frontal, mastoid process | aponeurosis | brow occipital belly | (temporal bone) Cortugator Frontal bone | Skin Draws eyebrows] Facial nerve superaii underneath —_| medially and eyebrow Jdownward; frowning Nose Nasalis| Maxilla ‘Nasal bone | Widens nostrils ] Facial nerve Mouth Levatoriabii | Maxila Underneath Elevates Facial nerve superioris skin at corners | upper lip of the mouth; orbicularis oris Depressor Mandible Underneath | Drawslower | Facial nerve labilinferioris| skin of lower lip _| lip downward Depressor Mandible Underneath | Opening mouth | Facial nerve angulus oris skin at corners | and sliding of mouth lower jaw left and right Zygomaticus | Zygomaticbone | Undemeath | Draws angle of | Facial nerve major skin at corners | mouth upward of mouth and laterally; (dimple area); | smiling orbicularis oris Orbicularis Tissue Undemeath | Shaping of ips | Facial nerve oris surrounding lips | skin at corners} (as during ‘of the mouth speech) Buccinator | jaxila, mandible, | Orbioularis Lateral Facial nerve ‘sphenoid bone (vial Oris movement of plerygomandibular cheeks (@.9., faphae) sucking on a straw; also used to compress air in mouth while blowing) Risorius Fascia of parotid | Underneath | Draws angle of | Facial neve salivary gland | skin atcomers | mouth laterally of the mouth Mentalis Mandible Underneath | Elevates and | Facial nerve htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchaplerit?-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigins insortons-acions-and-innervations! anasort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscles That Move the Eyes The movement of the eyeball is under the control of the extra ocular (extrinsic) eye muscles, which originate from the bones of the orbit and insert onto the outer sur- face of the white of the eye. These muscles are located inside the eye socket and cannot be seen on any part of the visible eyeball (Figure 11.4.3 and Table 13). If you have ever been to a doctor who held up a finger and asked you to follow it up, down, and to both sides, he or she is checking to make sure your eye muscles are acting in a coordinated pattern. Lovatorpalpobrae superiors oe wi Superior rectus aoe KI ‘Superior _= z Fo i bg rectus. a om Se bone S SN Lateral rectus. a rectus FO ii Ss Mesa oe vas eee oe Figure 11.4.3 - Muscles of the Eyes: (2) ‘The extraocular eye muscles originate outside of the eye on the skull, (b) Each muscle inserts onto the eyeball, ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 115 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandp/chaplert? dently the-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-thei-oiginsnsortons-acions-andinnervatons!sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscles of the Eyes (Table 11.3) Target . Movement Target motion Prime. Origin Insertion direction Common Moves eyes up and Superior tendinows | «orion toward nose; rotates | pyepais | (levates); | Superior | ring (ring aatece of eyes from lo’clock to | * medial rectus attaches to i 3 o'clock (adducts) optic eyebal foramen) Common Moves eyes down and Inferior ' tendinous | ia ferior toward nose; rotates. | depresses); | Inferior | ring (ring | Inferio eyes from 6 o'clock to | E¥eballs Cera | rectus Btescheeto surface of 3 o'clock (adducts) optic eyedal foramen) Common tendinous Moves eyes away Eyebalis { Lateral Lateral | ring (ring _| Lateral surface from nose eyena’’s | (abducts) rectus attaches to | of eyeball optic foramen) Common tendinous Moves eyes toward | 5, tang | Medial Medial ring (ring | Medial surface nose ‘ys (adducts) rectus attaches to | of eyeball optic foramen) Surface of Moves eyes up and Superior Floor of | eyeball away from nose; Eyebatis | €levates), | Inferior between Eyeballs 3 orbit rotates eyeball from lateral oblique il inferior rectus 12 o'clock to 9 o'clock (abducts) (maxilla) | and lateral rectus Suface of Moves eyes down and Superior eyeball away from nose; Eyeballs | (Clevates); Superior | Sphenoid | between rotates eyeball from 6 | lateral oblique | bone superior o'clock to 9 o'clock (abducts) rectus and lateral rectus Roof of Levator , on of eves Upper | Superior eval orbit Skin of upper Opens eyes ‘ palpabrae eyelid | (elevates) _| Pathatust | (sphenoid | eyelids ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 1.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and th htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandpchaplert?-@identlythe-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-thei-oiginsnsortons-acions-andinnervatons!sort6122, 11:01 AM ‘14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscles of the Eyes (Table 11.3) Target ‘ Movement Target motion Prime. Origin Insertion direction Compression Medial Closes eyelids Eyelid | along Orbicularis | bones Circumference s skin | superior- | oculi composing | of orbit inferior axis the orbit Muscles of the Eyes htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandp/chaplert? dently the-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-thei-oiginsnsortons-acions-andinnervatons! 7184sort6122, 11:01 AM ‘14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Prime mover Superior rectus Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique Levator palpabrae superioris Movement Target Moves eyes up and toward nose; rotates eyes from 1 o'clock to 3 o'clock Eyeballs Moves eyes down and toward nose; rotates eyes from 6 o'clock to 3 o'clock Eyeballs Moves eyes away from nose Eyeballs Moves eyes toward nose Eyeballs Moves eyes up and away from nose; rotates eyeball from 12 o'clock to 9 o'clock Eyeballs Moves eyes down and away from nose; rotates eyeball from 6 o'clock to 9 o'clock Eyeballs Opens eyes Upper eyelid Explain the criteria used to name skele ‘Target motion direction Superior (elevates); medial (adducts) Inferior (depresses); medial (adducts) Lateral (abducts) Medial (adducts) Superior (elevates); lateral (abducts) Superior (elevates); lateral (abducts) Superior (elevates) Origin Insertion Common Superior tendinous surface of ring (ring eyeball attaches to optic foramen) Common Inferior tendinous surface of ring (ring eyeball attaches to optic foramen) Common Lateral surface tendinous of eyeball ring (ring attaches to optic foramen) Common Medial surface tendinous of eyeball ring (ring attaches to optic foramen) Floor of Surface of orbit eyeball (maxilla) between inferior rectus and lateral rectus Sphenoid —_Suface of bone eyeball between superior rectus and lateral rectus Roof of Skin of upper orbit eyelids (sphenoid one) N the abdominal wall and th htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandplchaplert?-@-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-thei-origins nsortions-acions-andinnervatons!sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology : Target Prime Movement Target motion Origin Insertion mover notion direction Orbicularis Closes eyelids Eyelid Compression Medial Circumference oculi skin along bones of orbit superior- composing inferior axis the orbit Muscles That Move the Lower Jaw htpssopen.oregonstate.educaton/aandplchapteit!-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-ther-oigin insortions-acions-and-innervations!sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Chewing muscles (superficial) Chewing muscles (deep) Figure 11.4.4 - Muscles That Move the Lower Jaw: The muscles that move the lower jaw are typically located within the cheek and originate from processes in the skull. This provides the jaw muscles with the large amount of leverage needed for chewing. In anatomical terminology, chewing is called mastication. Muscles involved in chew- ing must be able to exert enough pressure to bite through and then chew food be- fore it is swallowed (Figure 11.4.4 and Table 11.4). The masseter muscle is the prime mover muscle for chewing because it elevates the mandible (lower jaw) to close the mouth, and it is assisted by the temporalis muscle, which retracts the mandible. You revious: 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles all and thorax Next: 115 Axial muscles of the abdomin: htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchaplerit?-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigins insortons-acions-and-innervations! 10194sort6122, 11:01 AM ‘14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology and moving food within the mouth by moving the mandible laterally and medially to grind food between the molars. Muscles of the Lower Jaw (Table 11.4) medial (adducts) Target motion | Prime cot A Movement Target direction mover Origin Insertion Maxilla , | supers hy Closes mouth; aids Superior are ati chewing Mandible | Speen Masseter | zygomatic | Mandible arch (for masseter) Superior Closes mouth; pulls uperior lower jaw in under | Mandible tence Temporalis remporal Mandible upper jaw (retracts) Opens mouth; teres 3) Pterygoid pushes lower jaw out ; process under upper jaw; Mandible Poeactsl proeaion of Mandible moves lower jaw lateral (abducts): sphenoid medial (adducts) Superior Closes mouth; . . pushes lower jaw out (elevates); - Sphenoia | Mandible; " posterior Medial noid | semporo- under upper jaw; | Mandible . g_ | bone; ° moves lower jaw (protracts); pterygoid | jnaxilla | Mandibular moves lower Tateral (abduct joint Muscles of the Lower Jaw Next: 11.5 Axial muscles of thi inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandpchaplert? dently the-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-thei-oiginsnsortions-acions-andinnervatons! vasort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Prime mover Movement Masseter Closes mouth; aids chewing ‘Temporalis Closes mouth; pulls lower jaw in under upper jaw Lateral Opens mouth; pushes pterygoid lower jaw out under upper jaw; moves lower jaw side- to-side Medial Closes mouth; pushes pterygoid lower jaw out under upper jaw; moves lower jaw side- to-side Target Mandible Mandible Mandible Mandible Target motion direction Superior (elevates) Superior (elevates); posterior (retracts) Lateral (abducts) Medial (adducts) Origin Insertion Maxilla Mandible arch; zygomatic arch (for masseter) Temporal Mandible bone Pterygoid Mandible process of sphenoid bone Sphenoid Mandible; bone; temporo- maxilla mandibular joint Muscles That Move the Tongue Although the tongue is obviously important for tasting food, it is also necessary for mastication, deglutition (swallowing), and speech (Figure 11.4.5 and Figure 11.4.6). Because of its mobility, the tongue facilitates complex speech patter ind sounds. Next: 1.5 Axial muscl inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educalon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins insortions-acions-and-innervations! 204sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Sivoglossus Pharyngopaatne arch Dorsal sutace Creal Palatine tons Patoglossus (@) Betinsic tongue muscle (6 Polatoglossus and surtace of ongue Figure 11.4.5. Muscles that Move the Tongue Muscle | Origin | insertion Movement Innervation Tongue Geniogiossus ] Mandible] Tongue Draws tongue to one side; | Hypoglossal undersurface; | depresses midiine of tongue or | nerve hyoid bone | protrudes tongue Siyiogiossus | Temporal | Tongue Draws tongue upward and Hypoglossal bone (styloid | undersurface | posteriorly neve process) | and sides Hyoglossus | Hyoid bone | Sides of Depresses tongue Hypogiossal tongue nerve Palatogiossus | Softpalate | Side of Elevates root of tongue, closes | Accessory and tongue ‘oral cavity rom pharynx pacis rertes Figure 11.4.6a, Muscles for Tongue Movement, Swallowing, and Speech Muscles for Tongue Movement, Swallowing, and Speech Previous: 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles Next: 1.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandpchaplert? dently the-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-thei-oiginsnsortions-acions-andinnervatons! 4184sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Axial Musoles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscle Origin Insertion Tongue Genioglossus Mandible Tongue undersurface; hyoid bone Styloglossus ‘Temporal ‘Tongue bone undersurface (styloid and sides process) Hyoglossus Temporal _ Sides of bone tongue (styloid bone) Palatoglossus Soft palate Side of tongue Movement Draws tongue to one side; depresses midline of tongue or protrudes tongue Draws tongue upward and posteriorly Depresses tongue Elevates root of tongue; closes oral cavity from pharynx Innervation Hypoglossal nerve Hypoglossal nerve Hypoglossal nerve nerves. fevious: 113 Explain the criteria used to nam N 15 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and th htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandpchaplerit? dently the-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-the-oiginsnsortons-acions-andinnervatons! 4194sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscle Origin Insertion Movement Innervation ‘Swallowing and speaking Digastic | Mandible, |] Hyoidbone | Depresses mandible when hyoid | Posterior belly temporal is fixed; elevates hyoid when | facial nerve bone mancible is fixed; Anterior belly mylohyoid nene Styiohyoid [Temporal | Hyoidbone | Elevates and retracts hyoid, | Facial nerve bone (styloid elongates floor of mouth process) Mylohyoid | Mandible | Hyoid bone; _ | Elevates floor of mouth in niial_| Mylohyoid median raphe | stage of swallowing nerve Geniohyoid | Mandible | Hyoidbone | Depresses mandible when hyoid;| Spinal nerve Ct elevates and protracts hyoid | via hypoglossal when mandible is fixed nene ‘Omohyoid | Scapula | Hyoid bone | Depresses hyoid after thas | Ansa cervicais been elevated Sterohyoid | Clavicle | Hyoidbone | Depresses the hyoid bone ‘Ansa cervical, uring swallowing and speaking Thyrohyoid Thyroid Hyoid bone Depresses hyoid; Elevates Spinal nerve C1 cartilage larynx when hyoid is fixed ‘via hypoglossal nerve Stemothyroid | Stemum | Thyroid Depresses larynx afterit has | Ansa cervical, cartlage been elevated in swallowing and vocalization Sterocleide | Sterurn, [Temporal bone | Unilaterally tts head up and to [Accessory nerve| omastoi clavicle | (mastoid the opposite side; Bilaterally and spinal process); draws head forward and down nerves C2.C3 ‘occipital bone Semispinalis |C5-C8; ‘Occiput between} Extends and rotates the head to | Posterior rami capitis Ir1-76 the superior and] the opposite side of middle inferior nuchal cervical and line thoracic nerves Splenius Nuchal ine; [Superior nuchal | Unilateraly and Ipsilateraly | Posterior rami capitis; ‘spinous line, flexes and rotates the head; of middle process of |Mastoid process| Bilaterally extends head cervical nerves o7-T3 Tongissimus [T1-T5; Posterior margin] Extends and hypereviends head, | Dorsal rami of apis Ica-c7 ‘of mastoid | flexes androtates the head | cervical and process and | ipsilaterally thoracie nerves ‘temporal bone (C610 T4) Figure 11.4.6b, Muscl for Tongue Movement, Swallowing, and Speech htpssopen.oregonstate.educaton/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigin insortions-acions-and-innervations! 1604sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscles for Tongue Movement, Swallowing, and Speech ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 11.5 Axial muscles of thi inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandpchaplert?-@identlythe-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-thei-oiginsnsortions-acions-andinnervatons! 76094sort6122, 11:01 AM ‘14 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscle Origin ‘Swallowing and speaking Digastric Mandible; temporal bone Stylohyoid Temporal bone (styloid process) Mylohyoid Mandible Geniohyoid Mandible Omohyoid ——_Scapula Sternohyoid — Clavicle Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage Sternothyroid Sternum Sternocleid- Sternum; omastoid; clavicle Semispinalis capitis, Splenius Nuchal canitis: line: ‘evious: 113 Explain the crit Insertion Hyoid bone Hyoid bone Hyoid bone; median raphe Hyoid bone Hyoid bone Hyoid bone Hyoid bone ‘Thyroid cartilage ‘Temporal bone (mastoid process); occipital bone Occiput between the superior and inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line. Movement Depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed; Elevates and retracts hyoid; elongates floor of mouth Elevates floor of mouth in initial stage of swallowing Depresses mandible when hyoid; elevates and protracts hyoid when mandible is fixed Depresses hyoid after it has been elevated Depresses the hyoid during swallowing and speaking Depresses hyoid; Elevates larynx when hyoid is fixed Depresses larynx after it has been elevated in swallowing and vocalization Unilaterally tilts head up and to the opposite side; Bilaterally draws head forward and down Extends and rotates the head to the opposite side Unilaterally and insilaterallv flexes and Innervation Posterior belly; facial nerve Anterior belly mylohyoid nerve Facial nerve Mylohyoid nerve Spinal nerve Cl via hypoglossal nerve Ansa cervicalis Ansa cervicalis Spinal nerve Cl via hypoglossal nerve Ansa cervicalis Accessory nerve and spinal nerves C2-C3 Posterior rami of middle cervical and thoracic nerves Posterior rami of middle N inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate educaton/aandpchaplert?-@identlythe-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-thei-oiginsnsortions-acions-andinnervatons! 788sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscle Origin Insertion Movement Innervation Longissimus Posterior Extends and hyperextends Dorsal rami of capitis, margin of head; flexes and rotates cervical and mastoid the head ipsilaterally thoracic nerves process and (C6 to T4) temporal bone Tongue muscles can be extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic tongue muscles insert into the tongue from outside origins, and the intrinsic tongue muscles insert into the tongue from origins within it. The extrinsic muscles move the whole tongue in dif- ferent directions, whereas the intrinsic muscles allow the tongue to change its shape (such as, curling the tongue in a loop or flattening it). The extrinsic muscles all include the word root glossus (glossus = “tongue”), and the muscle names are derived from where the muscle originates. The genioglossus (ge- nio = “chin’) originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forward. The styloglossus originates on the styloid process of the temporal bone, and allows upward and backward motion. The palatoglossus originates on the soft palate to elevate the back of the tongue, and the hyoglossus originates on the hyoid bone to move the tongue downward and flatten it. Muscles of the Anterior Neck The muscles of the anterior neck assist in deglutition (swallowing) and speech by controlling the positions of the larynx (voice box), and the hyoid bone, a horseshoe- shaped bone that functions as a foundation on which the tongue can move. The muscles of the neck are categorized according to their position relative to the hyoid bone (Figure 11.4.7). Suprahyoid muscles are superior to it, and the infrahyoid mus- cles are located inferiorly. ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 1.5 Axial mu: inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins insortions-acions-and-innervations! 194sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Inferior edge of mandible Siyogiossus Siyonyo Digastie tla) {Inferior belly) Intrahyoid Thyroid catiage muscle onan Thyroid Steroid Thyroid gana ea (euporor bal) Trachea ght and let omenyeia cele N= ‘interor bly) Stemothyia ‘Scapula emu Figure 11.4.7 - Muscles of the Anterior Neck: The anterior muscles of the neck facilitate swallowing and speech. The suprahyoid muscles originate from above the hyoid bone in the chin region. The infrahyoid muscles originate below the hyoid bone in the lower neck ‘The suprahyoid muscles raise the hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, and the larynx during deglutition. These include the digastric muscle, which has anterior and pos- terior bellies that work to elevate the hyoid bone and larynx when one swallows; it also depresses the mandible. The stylohyoid muscle moves the hyoid bone posteri- orly, elevating the larynx, and the mylohyoid muscle lifts it and helps press the tongue to the top of the mouth. The geniohyoid depresses the mandible in addition to raising and pulling the hyoid bone anteriorly. The strap-like infrahyoid muscles generally depress the hyoid bone and control the position of th depresses the hyoid bone in conjunction with the sternohyoid and thyrohyoid mus- cles. The thyrohyoid muscle also elevates the larynx’s thyroid cartilage, whereas the sternothyroid depresses it. which has superior and inferior bellies, rynx. The omohyoid mus revious: 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name si Next: 1.5 Axial mi of the al wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins insortons-acions-and-innervations! 19104sort6122, 11:01 AM ‘14 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscles That Move the Head The head is balanced, moved and rotated by the neck muscles (Table 11. act unilaterally, the head rotates. When they contract bilaterally, the these mus When head flexes or extends. The major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the head is the sternocleidomastoid. In addition, both muscles working together are the flexors of the head. Place your fingers on both sides of the ‘eck and turn your head to the left and to the right. You will feel the movement originate there. This muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles when viewed from the side (Fi 114.8). Muscles That Move the Head (Table 11.5) Movement | Target | 778 motion | prime mover Origin | Insertion Rotates and Individually: Femporal tilts head to . | rotates head to . the side; tits | SUK | opposite side; | Sternocleidomastoid | Sternums | (mastoid head bilaterally: Process} forward flexion bone one Transverse Individually: and Rotates and laterally flexes articular titehead Skull; and rotates head | ¢igninalis capitis | Processes. | Occipital backward vertebrae | to same side; P? PI of cervical | bone bilaterally: and extension thoracic vertebra Individually: Spinous | Temporal Rotates and laterally flexes processes | bone S head to “| skull; | and rotates head ; ; of cervical | (mastoid the side; tilts | vertebrae | to same side; | SPlenius capitis and process); peat ard bilaterally: thoracic | occipital extension vertebra | bone ‘Transverse . Individually: and Rotates and laterally flexes articular | Temporal he eidectns | Skull | and rotates head | 1 srvigsimus capitis | Processes | bone the side; tilts | (ertehmae [racamecicen | Longissimus capitis | er eee ree | exci Explain the crit N inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educalon/aandplchapterit?-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-the-oigins insortons-acions-and-innervations! 20194sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology Muscles That Move the Head Prime mover Movement Sternocleidomastoid Rotates and tilts head to the side; tilts head forward Semispinalis capitis Rotates and tilts head backward Splenius capitis Rotates and tilts head to the side; tilts head backward Longissimus capitis Rotates and tilts head to the side; tilts head backward Target Skull; vertebrae Skull; vertebrae Skull; vertebrae Skull; vertebrae Target motion direction Individually: Origin Sternum; rotates head to clavicle opposite side; bilaterally: flexion Individually: laterally flexes and rotates head to same side; bilaterally: extension Individually: laterally flexes and rotates head to same side; bilaterally: extension Individually: laterally flexes and rotates head to same side; bilaterally: extension Transverse and articular processes of cervical and thoracic vertebra Spinous processes of cervical and thoraci vertebra Transverse and articular processes of cervical and thoracic vertebra Insertion ‘Temporal bone (mastoid process); occipital bone Occipital bone ‘Temporal bone (mastoid process); occipital bone ‘Temporal bone (mastoid process) Muscles of the Posterior Neck and the Back The posterior muscles of the neck are primarily concerned with head movements, like extension. The back muscles stabilize and move the vertebral column, and are grouped according to the lengths and direction of the fascicles. evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to Next: 1.5 Axial muscl inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins insortons-acions-and-innervations! 2196107168722, 1101 AM ‘1.4 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back Anatomy & Pysilogy serts onto the head region, and the splenius cervicis extends onto the cervical re- gion. These muscles can extend the head, laterally flex it, and rotate it (Figure 11.4.8). ‘Sternoceidomastoid Spleniv caps Splenius Levator ia =e ree hombeldes tener oper minor ealene Rhomboides major Anterior levee sealone Muscles othe neck (oft tral view) ‘Supercia(ltsde) and 7 {ight side) muscles ofthe neck and ‘upper back (posterior view) ‘Semispinala capitis Longissinus capitis (Gained wth doop eee Wiocostalis cervicis Semispinais doco tna Semispi iocostas ho Longisinus Longissimusthoracis ocostalis tumborum Semispinals thoracle, Mutindue : IntotraGversari oop muscls ofthe back Deep spinal muscles (posterior view) (mulitaus removed) Figure 11.4.8 - Muscles of the Neck and Back: The large, complex muscles of the neck and back move the head, shoulders, and vertebral column. The erector spinae group forms the majority of the muscle mass of the back and it is the primary extensor of the vertebral column. It controls extension, lateral flexion, A maintaine tha lumbar Pha 1s: 11.3 Explain the criteria used to al muscles Next: 1.5 Axial em of the htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelal uscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins insortions-acions-and-innervations! 22196tora, 101 AM 110 al Muscles ofthe Hea Neck and Back ~ Antony & Physiology The iliocostalis group includes the iliocostalis cervicis, associated with the cervical region; the iliocostalis thoracis, associated with the thoracic region; and the ilio- costalis lumborum, associated with the lumbar region. The three muscles of the longissimus group are the longissimus capitis, associated with the head region; the longissimus cervicis, associated with the cervical region; and the longissimus tho- racis, associated with the thoracic region. The third group, the spinalis group, com- prises the spinalis capitis (head region), the spinalis cervicis (cervical region), and the spinalis thoracis (thoracic region). The transversospinales muscles run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae. Similar to the erector spinae muscles, the semispinalis muscles in this group are named for the areas of the body with which they are ciated. The semispinalis muscles include the semispinalis capitis, the semispinalis cervicis, and the semispinalis thoracis. The multifidus muscle of the lumbar region helps extend and laterally flex the vertebral column, sSO- Important in the stabilization of the vertebral column is the segmental muscle group, which includes the interspinales and intertransversarii muscles. These mus- cles bring together the spinous and transverse proce: bra. Finally, the scalene muscles work together to flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head. They also contribute to deep inhalation. The scalene muscles include the an- terior scalene muscle (anterior to the middle scalene), the middle scalene muscle (the longest, intermediate between the anterior and posterior scalenes), and the posterior scalene muscle (the smallest, posterior to the middle scalenc). of each consecutive verte- Muscles are either axial muscles or appendicular. The axial muscles are grouped based on location, function, or both. Some axial muscles cross over to the appendicular skeleton. The muscles of the head and neck are all axial. htpssopen.oregonstate.educaton/aandplchapterit?-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins nsortions-acions-and-innervations! 23410716722, 11:01 AM 1144 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology ing they originate outside of the eye and insert onto it. Tongue muscles are both extrinsic and intrinsic. The genioglossus depresses the tongue and moves it anteriorly; the styloglossus lifts the tongue and retracts it; the palatoglossus elevates the back of the tongue; and the hyoglossus depresses and flattens it. The muscles of the anterior neck facilitate swallowing and speech, stabilize the hyoid bone and position the larynx. The muscles of the neck stabilize and move the head. The sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles. The muscles of the back and neck that move the vertebral column are com- plex, overlapping, and can be divided into five groups. The splenius group in- cludes the splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis. The erector spinae has three subgroups. The iliocostalis group includes the iliocostalis cervicis, the iliocostalis thoracis, and the iliocostalis lumborum. The longissimus group includes the longissimus capitis, the longissimus cervicis, and the longis- simus thoracis. The spinalis group includes the spinalis capitis, the spinalis cervicis, and the spinalis thoracis. The transversospinales include the semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, and rotatores. The segmental muscles include the interspinales and inter- lenes include the anterior scalene, middle sca~ transversarii. Finally, the s lene, and posterior scalene. htpssopen.oregonstate.educaton/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigin insortions-acions-and-innervations! 24194so/t622, 4:01 AM ‘1 Aa Muscle of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology 1. Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion? O masseter O stemocleidomastoid © corrugator supercilii © occipitofrontalis DReuse <> Embed Ke 2. Where is the inferior oblique muscle located? © inthe eye socket O in the anterior neck CO inthe face oO in the abdomen ‘Reuse <> Embed HP htpssopen.oregonstate.educaton/aandplchapterit?-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins nsortions-acions-and-innervations! 2519410716722, 11:01 AM 1144 Axial Muscles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology 3. What is the action of the masseter? O swallowing O chewing © moving the lips O closing the eye DReuse <> Embed Ke 4. The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in O -glottis O -glossus O -hyoid oO -gluteus ‘Reuse <> Embed HP htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigin insortions-acions-and-innervations! 26094so/t622, 4:01 AM ‘1 Aa Muscle of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology 5. What is the function of the erector spinae? O rotating of the vertebral column © movement of the arms CO postural support CO stabilization of the pelvic girdle Reuse <> Embed HP 1. Explain the difference between axial and appendicular muscles. 2. Describe the muscles of the anterior neck. 3, Why are the muscles of the face different from typical skeletal muscle? Glossary anterior scalene a muscle anterior to the middle scalene annendieular htpssopen.cregonstate.educalon/aandplchapterit?-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins nsortions-acions-and-innervations! 27194sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology axial of the trunk and head buccinator muscle that compresses the cheek corrugator supercilii prime mover of the eyebrows deglutition swallowing digastric muscle that has anterior and posterior bellies and elevates the hyoid bone and lar- ynx when one swallows; it also depresses the mandible epicranial aponeurosis (also, galea aponeurosis) flat broad tendon that connects the frontalis and occipitalis erector spinae group large muscle mass of the back; primary extensor of the vertebral column extrinsic eye muscles originate outside the eye and insert onto the outer surface of the white of the eye, and create eyeball movement frontalis front part of the occipitofrontalis muscle genioglossus muscle that originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forward geniohyoid muscle that depresses the mandible, and raises and pulls the hyoid bone anteriorly hyoglossus ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 11.5 Axial muscles of thi inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educalon/aandplchapteit?-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigins insortions-acions-and-innervations! 2034tora, 101 AM 110 al Muscles ofthe Hea Neck and Back ~ Antony & Physiology iliocostalis cervicis muscle of the iliocostalis group associated with the cervical region iliocostalis group laterally placed muscles of the erector spinae iliocostalis lumborum muscle of the iliocostalis group associated with the lumbar region iliocostalis thoracis muscle of the ilioc lis group associated with the thoracic region infrahyoid muscles anterior neck muscles that are attached to, and inferior to the hyoid bone lateral pterygoid muscle that moves the mandible from side to side longissimus capitis muscle of the longissimus group associated with the head region longissimus cervicis muscle of the longissimus group associated with the cervical region longissimus group intermediately placed muscles of the erector spinae longissimus thoracis muscle of the longissimus group associated with the thoracic region masseter main muscle for chewing that elevates the mandible to close the mouth mastication chewing medial pterygoid ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 11.5 Axial muscles of thi inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-ther-ovigin insortions-acions-and-innervations! 20134sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology longest scalene muscle, located between the anterior and posterior scalenes multifidus muscle of the lumbar region that helps extend and laterally flex the vertebral column mylohyoid muscle that lifts the hyoid bone and helps press the tongue to the top of the mouth occipitalis posterior part of the occipitofrontalis muscle occipitofrontalis muscle that makes up the scalp with a frontal belly and an occipital belly omohyoid muscle that has superior and inferior bellies and depresses the hyoid bone orbicularis oculi circular muscle that closes the eye orbicularis oris circular muscle that moves the lips palatoglossus muscle that originates on the soft palate to elevate the back of the tongue posterior scalene smallest scalene muscle, located posterior to the middle scalene scalene muscles flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head; contribute to deep inhalation segmental muscle group interspinales and intertransversarii muscles that bring together the spinous and transverse processes of each consecutive vertebra ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 11.5 Axial muscles of thi inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins insortions-acions-and-innervations! 034tora, 101 AM 110 al Muscles ofthe Hea Neck and Back ~ Antony & Physiology semispinalis cervicis transversospinales muscle associated with the cervical region semispinalis thoracis transversospinales muscle associated with the thoracic region spinalis capitis muscle of the spinalis group associated with the head region spinalis cervicis muscle of the spinalis group associated with the cervical region spinalis group medially placed muscles of the erector spinae spinalis thoracis muscle of the spinalis group associated with the thoracic region splenius posterior neck muscles; includes the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis splenius capitis neck muscle that inserts into the head region splenius cervicis neck muscle that inserts into the cervical region sternocleidomastoid major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the head sternohyoid muscle that depres s the hyoid bone sternothyroid muscle that depresses the larynx’s thyroid cartilage styloglossus ‘evious: 113 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscl Next: 11.5 Axial muscles of thi inal wall and thorax htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins insortions-acions-and-innervations! 31194101162, 1101 AM 114 Ail Muscle ofthe Head Neck and Back Anatomy &Physlogy stylohyoid muscle that elevates the hyoid bone posteriorly suprahyoid muscles neck muscles that are superior to the hyoid bone temporalis muscle that retracts the mandible thyrohyoid muscle that depres s the hyoid bone and elevati the larynx's thyroid cartilage transversospinales muscles that originate at the transverse processes and insert at the spinous pro- cesses of the vertebrae trapezius muscle that stabilizes the upper part of the back Answers for Critical Thinking Questions 1, Axial muscles originate on the axial skeleton (the bones in the head, neck, and core of the body), whereas appendicular muscles originate on the bones that make up the body's limbs. 2. The muscles of the anterior neck are arranged to facilitate swallowing and speech. They work on the hyoid bone, with the suprahyoid mus- cles pulling up and the infrahyoid muscles pulling down. 3. Most ske Facial muscles are different in that they create facial movements and tal muscles create movement by actions on the skeleton. expressions by pulling on the skin—no bone movements are involved. htpssopen.cregonstate.educalon/aandplchapterit?-4-identlythe-skelelal muscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins nsortions-acions-and-innervations! 22194sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles ofthe Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology LICENSE SHARE THIS BOOK ©DO vy Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. htpssopen.oregonstate.educaon/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-ané-gve-ther-oigins insortions-acions-and-innervations! a3sort6122, 11:01 AM +14 Aol Musoles of the Head Neck and Back — Anatomy & Physiology htpssopen.oregonstate.educaton/aandplchapterit!-4-identlythe-skelelalmuscles-and-gve-ther-oigins insortions-acions-and-innervations! 034