CHAPTER II:

Conceptual
Framework as an
Illustration of the
Research Study
Practical Research II- First Quarter- Lesson7
Objectives:
At the end of this module, the learners should be able to:

01 define what a conceptual framework is;

02 describe the different models of conceptual

framework commonly used in research studies;

03 determine the steps in writing the

conceptual framework;

04 construct a conceptual framework applying the

knowledge and skills in writing research;
LESSON PROPER
Conceptual
Framework as an
Illustration of the
Research Study
I. Conceptual Framework
The following terms are important for you to understand
conceptual framework:
Framework - basic structure of ideas and it also refers to a skeletal,
openwork, or structural frame.
Concept - something conceived in the mind; it is an abstract or generic idea
generalized from particular instances.
Conceptual framework - an outline on how to proceed with the research study.
It shows the relationship of the variables involved and illustrates the research
design of the study
Conceptual Paradigm - a diagram that visually illustrates the concepts of a
research study. It presents variables that are related with one another based
from the researcher’s ideas before the actual exploration of its relationship.
Purposes of Conceptual Framework
• To clarify concepts and show the relationships with one
another;
• To provide a context to help in the interpretation of data;
• To illustrate observations made by the researcher before
actual investigation;
• To encourage development of theory that is useful; and
• To easily show readers the components of the study
at a glance.
 II. Three Major
Models of Conceptual
Framework
 1. IV-DV Framework: where IV stands for independent variable
and DV stands for dependent variable. This is mostly used for
descriptive research or other non-experimental research studies.

Remember: Independent variable is known as “cause variable” because it

is the one causing change to the dependent variable which is called the
“effect variable”.
2. IV-MV/IV-DV Framework: this is a variation of the IV-DV
framework. The MV/IV which means mediating variable or
intervening variable are referred to as “stand between” the
independent and dependent variable because it can affect the
relationship of these variables.
3. IPO Framework: where I stands for input, P for process and O
stands for output. This framework is used in action research or in
studies that include intervention like an experimental research. The
input is usually the independent variable or the one you are
working on; the process includes instruments and analysis used;
and the output is the solution to solve the main problem of the
study.
Other Models for
Conceptual
Framework
III. Steps in Writing
the Conceptual
Framework
1. Choose your topic.

2. Do a literature review.

3. Identify the important variables.

4. Generate the conceptual framework.

5. Do the narrative. (The textual explanation of your paradigm since it

consists of lines, arrows and shapes; you have to elaborate each detail.)
CHAPTER II: Review of
Related Literature
Practical Research II- First Quarter- Lesson 8
Presenting a
Written
Review of
Related
Literature
I. Review of Related Literature
The review of related literature on a particular topic is important to be
able to investigate comprehensively those segments in written
materials to compare previous research studies and to prevent
duplication of research.
A literature broadly refers to:
• Information related to your research interest;
• Compilation and evaluation of the previous researches and
studies on a certain topic or issue that you are researching and
writing about; and
• Information obtained from primary and secondary sources
that can support your research.
-Primary sources
are original materials on which other
research is based, including the original
written, court records, interviews,
survey and original research/fieldwork,
research published in academic
journals.
-Secondary sources
are those written materials that
describe or analyze primary sources
such as general reference materials
such as dictionaries, encyclopedia,
textbooks, books and articles that
interpret or synthesize original
research works.
A good literature review must be:
• organized;
• related to your research questions;
• synthesize results into a summary of
familiar and unfamiliar;
• identify the controversy in the
literature that will need further
research; and
• must have strong evidence of
analytical thinking as illustrated in the
connection you make between the
literature you reviewed.
 • to familiarize yourself with technical terms
related to your research;
• to identify more theories and concept
underlying to your research;
• to discover the relation of your research
with previous studies;
• to compare/contrast previous research
studies;
• to prevent duplication of research;
II. Purposes of reviewing • to identify gaps, problems and needs of
related studies;
of literature
• to provide rationale of the study and the
reasons of conducting the study; and
• to support the findings of your research
Steps in Conducting
the Review of
Related Literature
Steps in Conducting the Review of Related Literature
1. Define a topic.
2. List down all important variables and write your research
questions
3. Find relevant source materials
If possible use primary source materials or web search engine most
relevant and to your research questions (e.g. Google Scholar). Use
books, thesis, dissertations and web sites from other credible
sources.
Read and take note the main points, conclusion of relevant source.
Steps in Conducting the Review of Related Literature
4. Know how to write citation and editorial style formats for
bibliographical sources.

5. Cite, compare, contrast, critique and connect, synthesize the

literature
6. Write a research statement
7. Write Literature Review

Writing a literature review can be a huge effort and need long

period of time. You should also be guided in writing the review of
related literature.
Steps in Conducting the Review of Related Literature
7.1. Develop organization
In writing a review of related literature, the basic elements should
be present such as: introduction, body and conclusion.
Introduction should contain background information of the
literature like the participant or what the literature is about. The
body part contains the discussion of results or methodology of the
related studies either in chronological, thematic or methodological
way. Conclusion should contain the discussion of what you have
drawn, or your interpretation from reading the literature.
7.2. Use several sources of information
Steps in Conducting the Review of Related Literature
7.3. Select and emphasize
A thematic literature review is when you write based on the topic
or issue rather than the progression of time. Methodological review
is when you write based on how the literature came about.
Chronological review is when you write based on the date of
literature had been published.
7.4. Use quotes carefully
7.5. Summarize and Synthesize
7.6. Keep your own voice
7.7. Be careful when paraphrasing
Presenting
the
Conceptual
Framework
I. Considerations
in Making the
Conceptual
Framework
1. Choose the topic.
2. Choose the title.
3. Isolate the key concepts and/or constructs in the title.
4. Do a literature review and identify related concepts and
variables.
5. Generate the conceptual framework.

Conceptual paradigm is also called a research paradigm or

schematic paradigm that serves as a map of your research. The
basic shapes you will use are boxes, lines and arrows in designing
the conceptual framework.
II. Steps in Designing
the Conceptual
Framework
1. Identify what is the independent and dependent
variables in the research title and other variables in the
research statement.
2. Create a box for independent and dependent
variable.
3. Use arrow to show the cause and effect relationship.
4. Draw a line when you expect a correlation between
the independent and dependent variable.
Take note that conceptual framework is not only limited to
independent and dependent variables. It can be developed by
adding other types of variables in the framework such as
moderating, mediating, control or by using input-process-output
process.
Moderating variable is an independent variable that affects the
system of the relationship between independent and dependent
variables.
Mediating variable or Intervening variable is a factor that exists
between the independent to the dependent variable. It is a special
type of independent variable that researchers measure because
they potentially influence the dependent variable.
Control Variable is a variable that remain unchanged or held in
constant to prevent its effects on the outcome.
III. Examples of
Conceptual
Framework
A. Research Title: Nursing Intervention and the Extent of Recovery of
Post-Operative Patients

In this conceptual framework, the assumed moderating variables

are the work experience of the nurses and health care facilities.
B. Research Title: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Food Safety
among the Manobo Tribe: Basis for a Proposed Intervention Program

In this conceptual framework, the result and findings of the

research will be a basis for proposed Intervention Program.
DO YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS?