Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Body Image
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bodyimage

Validation of an Italian version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards

Appearance Questionnaire-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R) on non-clinical
Italian women and men
Cristina Stefanile a , Amanda Nerini b,∗ , Camilla Matera b , Lauren M. Schaefer c ,
Joel Kevin Thompson d
a
Department of Health Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12 - Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy
b
Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12 - Pad.
26, 50135 Florence, Italy
c
Sanford Research, 120 Eighth Street South, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
d
Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, PCD4118G, Tampa, FL 33620, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Appearance-ideal internalization and appearance pressures are empirically-supported risk factors for
Received 9 November 2018 body image disturbance and disordered eating in Western countries. Such a relationship has emerged
Received in revised form 7 August 2019 also in the Italian context, where high rates of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating are present.
Accepted 7 August 2019
The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ) and its revisions are among the
Available online 22 August 2019
most commonly used instruments to assess the role of sociocultural influences on body image. Two stud-
ies were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the female (Study 1, N = 732) and male
Keywords:
(Study 2, N = 364) Italian versions of the SATAQ-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R-Female, SATAQ-4R-Male). Confir-
Sociocultural influence
Body image
matory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the original seven-factor structure was replicated for women
Pressures and men. The seven subscales (Internalization: Thin/Low Body Fat; Internalization: Muscular; Inter-
Internalization nalization: General Attractiveness; Pressures: Family; Pressures: Peers; Pressures: Significant Others;
SATAQ-4R and Pressures: Media) showed good internal consistency and 4-week test-retest reliability. Associations
between SATAQ-4R subscales and body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptomatology, drive for mus-
cularity, self-esteem, family influences, and peer influences, suggested good convergent validity among
both women and men. The present study provides evidence for the validity and reliability of the male
and female Italian versions of the SATAQ-4R.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction towards unnecessary cosmetic surgery interventions (Matera,

Much research has shown that body dissatisfaction is associ-
ated with negative consequences not only among women, but also
among men. Some of these deleterious outcomes are decreased
self-esteem (Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan, & Eisenberg,
2006; Tiggemann, 2005), as well as increased eating pathol-
ogy (Amaral & Ferreira, 2017; Girard, Rodgers, & Chabrol, 2018;
Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999), depressive
symptoms (Olivardia, Pope, Borowiecki, & Cohane, 2004; Paxton
et al., 2006), unhealthy behaviours aimed at increasing muscle size
(Parent & Moradi, 2011; Tylka, 2011), and favourable attitudes
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: stefanile@psico.unifi.it (C. Stefanile), nerini@psico.unifi.it
(A. Nerini), camilla.matera@unifi.it (C. Matera), lauren.m.schaefer@gmail.com
(L.M. Schaefer), jkthompson@usf.edu (J.K. Thompson).
Nerini, & Stefanile, 2018; Stefanile, Nerini, & Matera, 2014).
Given the detrimental effects that body dissatisfaction can have
on individuals’ physical and mental health, many studies have
tried to identify its most potent predictors. Research findings
consistently support the strong relationship between sociocul-
tural influences and body dissatisfaction (Stice & Shaw, 2002). In
particular, several studies have shown that thin-ideal internaliza-
tion and perceived appearance pressures are uniquely associated
with and predict body dissatisfaction (Girard et al., 2018; Knauss,
Paxton, & Alsaker, 2007; Lovering, Rodgers, George, & Franko, 2018;
Nerini, 2009; Shroff & Thompson, 2006; Stefanile, Matera, Pisani,
& Zambrini, 2009). Appearance-ideal internalization refers to the
acceptance of culturally-endorsed appearance ideals (e.g., thinness
for females, muscularity for males) as one’s own personal appear-
ance standard (Thompson & Stice, 2001), while perceived pressures
can be defined as the feeling of being encouraged to modify one’s

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.005
1740-1445/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58
physical appearance in order to reach such ideals (Thompson, van
den Berg, Roehrig, Guarda, & Heinberg, 2004).
The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire
(SATAQ) is one of the most commonly used instruments to assess
the role of sociocultural influences on body image. Following
publication of the initial version of this instrument (Heinberg,
Thompson, & Stormer, 1995), the SATAQ has undergone multi-
ple revisions in order to adapt to shifts in cultural appearance
ideals, as well as to examine specific appearance ideals and pres-
sures most relevant to males and females (Cusumano & Thompson,
1997; Schaefer et al., 2015; Thompson et al., 2004). In 2015, Schae-
fer and colleagues developed the SATAQ-4, which contains five
subscales assessing three distinct sources of perceived weight
and appearance pressures from family, peers, and media, as well
as internalization of the thin and muscular/athletic ideals. This
version proved to have good psychometric properties and con-
vergent validity, demonstrating medium to strong associations
with measures of body dissatisfaction and eating pathology in
diverse samples, including women from Italy (Schaefer et al., 2015).
Despite the scale’s strong psychometric properties and conceptual
advantages over previous iterations of the measure, the authors
suggested further revision of the scale in order to address several
remaining limitations (Schaefer, Harriger, Heinberg, Soderberg, &
Thompson, 2017).
Specifically, the authors developed the SATAQ-4-Revised to
achieve five primary aims. The SATAQ-4 assesses desire for a
muscular and athletic physique. However, the authors suggest
that athleticism may connote a broad range of competence-based
attributes such as agility and coordination that are independent
of aesthetic standards. Therefore, the newly revised SATAQ-4R
focuses exclusively on desire for muscularity, eliminating previ-
ous references to an “athletic” physique. Second, the SATAQ-4R
eliminated behavioral internalization items, focusing exclusively
on the cognitive aspects of internalization, consistent with def-
initions of the internalization construct. Third, items that assess
internalization of a more general dimension of appearance (not
specifically linked to thinness/low body fat or muscularity) were
included in this new version of the scale. Fourth, the SATAQ-4R
incorporated an additional pressures subscale to assess perceived
appearance pressures from significant others including romantic
partners, teachers, and coaches. Finally, the authors noted that pre-
vious versions of the SATAQ had been initially developed among
primarily female respondents, which had important implications
for the item retention and deletion process and resulted in a
reduced emphasis on male appearance concerns such as muscular-
ity pressures (Law & Labre, 2002). Therefore, with the SATAQ-4R,
the authors sought to produce two separate versions of the mea-
sure (i.e., the SATAQ-4R-Male and SATAQ-4R-Female), which were
each developed and validated within large samples of college
men and women, respectively. As such, this revision significantly
advanced the measurement of appearance-ideal internalization
and appearance-related pressures among males.
Both the male and female versions of the SATAQ-4R are
comprised of seven thematically-consistent subscales. The three
internalization subscales are labelled Internalization: Thin/Low
Body Fat (reflecting a desire to attain a thin figure); Internaliza-
tion: Muscular (reflecting a desire to attain a muscular figure); and
Internalization: General Attractiveness (reflecting an overall con-
cern with appearance). The four pressures subscales are labeled
Pressures: Family; Pressures: Peers; Pressures: Significant Others;
and Pressures: Media. Each pressures subscale assesses perceived
pressures from a specific sociocultural source to improve one’s
appearance and attain a thin body (in the SATAQ-4R-Female) or
a muscular physique (in the SATAQ-4R-Male).
The female version of the SATAQ-4R is composed of 31 items,
and its scores have demonstrated good internal consistency (with
49
Cronbach’s alpha values for each subscale at .82 or higher) and
good test–retest reliability among college women from the United
States (Schaefer et al., 2017). Regarding construct validity, positive
relations between the SATAQ-4R-Female subscales and both eating
disorder symptomatology and body dissatisfaction were observed
in the same college female sample. Negative associations were
observed with self-esteem, consistent with theory. Notably, factor
analysis of the SATAQ-4R-Female among adolescent girls, resulted
in a six-factor structure, where items assessing appearance related
pressure from peers and significant others loaded onto a single fac-
tor (Schaefer et al., 2017). The male version of the SATAQ-4R is
composed of 28 items. It has demonstrated good internal consis-
tency (with Cronbach’s alpha values at .75 or higher) among college
men from the United States (Schaefer et al., 2017). In the same sam-
ple, positive correlations were observed between the SATAQ-4R
subscales and eating disorder symptomatology and body dissat-
isfaction, while negative associations were observed between the
SATAQ-4R subscales and self-esteem.
Although, earlier versions of the SATAQ have been translated
for use with Italian samples (Bagnara, Huon, & Donazzolo, 2004;
Schaefer et al., 2015; Stefanile, Matera, Nerini, & Pisani, 2011;), to
the best of our knowledge, only one published study to date has
adapted the SATAQ-4R for use with other populations outside of
the United States. Specifically, the factor structure of this scale was
explored by Cihan, Bozo, Schaefer, and Thompson (2016) among
Turkish college women. The exploratory factor analysis revealed
a six-factor solution with items assessing perceived appearance
pressure from peers and significant others contributing to a sin-
gle factor, rather than two separate factors as was observed among
women from the United States. The authors speculated that this
difference might reflect Turkish culture and language, where sig-
nificant others and peers may not represent highly distinct groups.
Given the advantages of the SATAQ-4R over earlier versions of
the measure, validation of the scale in other sociocultural con-
texts where body image and disordered eating is a significant
concern, represents an important line of research. A recent sur-
vey conducted with nearly 8000 Italian participants indicated that
26.5% of young adults were almost or completely unsatisfied with
their current body (Pirani & Matera, 2018). Moreover, almost 3
million people are affected by eating disorders in Italy (Ministero
della Salute, 2017), with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 1.7%
(Carta et al., 2014). Although 95% of patients are women, the phe-
nomenon is also increasing among the male population (Ministero
della Salute, 2017). Importantly, sociocultural influences such as
desire to be similar to TV characters, consumption of reality and
entertainment TV, and the perceived discrepancy between one’s
own body and those of TV characters, have been identified as sig-
nificant factors contributing to Italian women’s eating-disordered
behaviors (Barcaccia et al., 2018). Italian men also pay great atten-
tion to their own physical appearance (Ruspini, 2007). In Italy, men
desire a more muscular body than the average male body shape
(Gilli & Ruspini, 2014; Zelli, Lucidi, & Mallia, 2010) and are par-
ticularly concerned with the care of their appearance (Capellani,
Codazzi, Del Greco, & Rossi, 2014). Moreover, sociocultural influ-
ences and internalization processes seem to be particularly relevant
in explaining Italian men’s body dissatisfaction (Matera, Nerini, &
Stefanile, 2019). Therefore, further examination of these influences
among Italians represents an important area of research. To facili-
tate this work, the current project sought to translate and validate
Italian versions of the SATAQ-4R among Italian women (Study 1)
and men (Study 2).
2. Study 1
Given the high rates of body dissatisfaction among Italian
women (Pirani & Matera, 2018) and the role played by sociocul-
50 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58
tural influences (Barcaccia et al., 2018), the present study aimed
to examine the psychometric properties of an Italian version of
the SATAQ-4R-Female. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was per-
formed to examine the factor structure of the Italian version among
women. As the SATAQ-4R-Female has demonstrated two differ-
ent factor structures both among differently aged women in the
United States (Schaefer et al., 2017) and among Turkish (Cihan,
Bozo, Schaefer, & Thompson, 2016) college women, the fit of both
the six- and the seven-factor models was tested. Internal con-
sistency and test-retest reliability were examined for the model
that presented the best fit to the data. Convergent validity for
the best-fitting model was also assessed via Pearson correlation
coefficients between the SATAQ-4R and measures of body dissat-
isfaction, eating disorder symptomatology, drive for muscularity,
self-esteem, family, and peer influences. Based on findings from the
validation of the English version of the SATAQ-4R-Female (Schaefer
et al., 2017), we expected that the Pressures subscales, Internal-
ization: Thin/Low Body Fat subscale, and Internalization: General
Attractiveness subscale would demonstrate medium to large pos-
itive associations with eating disorder symptomatology, small to
medium positive associations with body dissatisfaction, and small
to medium negative associations with self-esteem. The Internal-
ization: Muscular subscale was expected to exhibit a large positive
association with drive for muscularity, but small positive associa-
tions with eating disorder symptomatology, and body dissatisfac-
tion. The subscale was expected to demonstrate a small negative
association with self-esteem. The SATAQ-4R-Female Pressures:
Family subscale, Pressures: Peers subscale, and Pressures: Signif-
icant Others subscale were expected to exhibit medium to large
positive associations with measures of family and peer influence.
2.1. Method
2.1.1. Participants
Participants for the CFA and reliability analyses were 732 Ital-
ian women aged between 18 and 65 years (89.6% of women aged
from 18 to 30 years, consistent with the original United States
validation sample). All participants had Italian nationality and
were born in Italy (age M = 25.13, SD = 8.34; body mass index, BMI,
M = 21.25, SD = 3.08). Given pragmatic limitations, only a subset
of participants from the overall sample were administered addi-
tional self-report measures to assess the convergent validity and
test-retest reliability of the SATAQ-4R-Female. Convergent valid-
ity was assessed using a subset of 335 participants from the larger
sample (age M = 26.10, SD = 8.74; BMI M = 20.94, SD = 2.88), which
conferred adequate power to detect small to moderate effects
(Hulley, Cummings, Browner, Grady, & Newman, 2013). The four-
week test-retest reliability of the SATAQ-4R was examined among a
subset of 70 participants (age M = 26.76, SD = 11.47; BMI M = 21.21,
SD = 3.38), which conferred adequate power to detect moderate-
large effects (Hulley et al., 2013). Socio-demographic information
for each sample is reported in Table 1.
2.1.2. Measures
2.1.2.1. Sociocultural attitudes towards appearance. The Italian
version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance
Questionnaire-4-Revised-Female (SATAQ-4R-Female) was used to
assess internalization of appearance ideals and appearance-related
sociocultural pressures (see the Procedure section for the transla-
tion steps). The SATAQ-4R-Female is a 31-item scale composed of
seven subscales: Thin/Low Body Fat (four items, e.g., “I want my
body to look very thin”), Internalization: Muscular (five items, e.g.,
“It is important for me to look muscular”), Internalization: General
Attractiveness (six items, e.g., “I think a lot about my appearance”),
and Pressures: Family (four items, e.g., “I feel pressure from family
members to look thinner”), Pressures: Peers (four items, e.g., “My
peers encourage me to get thinner”), Pressures: Significant Others
(four items, e.g., “I feel pressure from significant others to improve
my appearance”), and Pressures: Media (four items, e.g., “I feel pres-
sure from the media to look in better shape”). Items were rated
on a 5-point Likert scale with response options from 1 (definitely
disagree) to 5 (definitely agree).
2.1.2.2. Body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction was measured
through the Italian version (Matera, Nerini, & Stefanile, 2013) of the
Body Shape Questionnaire-14 (Dowson & Henderson, 2001), which
is composed of 14 items (e.g., “Have you felt that it is not fair that
other people are thinner than you?”) with a 6-point response for-
mat (1 = never; 6 = always). Higher scores indicate higher levels of
body dissatisfaction. In previous work, exploratory and confirma-
tory factor analyses supported the structural validity of the Italian
version of the BSQ-14, Cronbach’s alpha was high, and convergent
validity was found to be good (Matera et al., 2013; Stefanile, Matera,
& Pisani, 2009). Scores on this scale demonstrated high reliability
in the current study (␣ = .95).
2.1.2.3. Disordered eating. The Italian translation (Dalle Grave &
Calugi, 2010) of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire
(EDE-Q; Fairburn and Beglin, 2008) was used to measure disordered
eating symptomatology. The EDE-Q global score is composed of 22
Likert-type items (e.g., “Has your weight influence how you think
about [judge] yourself as a person?”) assessing the frequency of
eating-disordered thoughts and behaviors over the previous four
weeks. Items are rated on a 7-point scale (0 = no days; 6 = every
day). Higher scores on the EDE-Q indicate greater levels of eating
pathology. Prior work using the Italian version of the EDE-Q sup-
ports the validity and reliability of its scores (Calugi et al., 2017).
The EDE-Q global score demonstrated high internal consistency in
the present study (␣ = .94).
2.1.2.4. Drive for muscularity. The Italian version (Nerini, Matera,
Baroni, & Stefanile, 2016) of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS;
McCreary & Sasse, 2000) was used to measure participants’ desire
for muscularity and engagement in behaviors aimed at achieving
a muscular physique. This version of the scale is composed of 14
items scored on a 6-point Likert-type response format (1 = never;
6 = always). Higher scores indicate higher levels of drive for mus-
cularity. In prior work, scores on the Italian version of the DMS
have demonstrated good validity and reliability within male and
female samples (Nerini, Matera, & Stefanile, 2016; Nerini, Matera,
Baroni et al., 2016; Stefanile, Nerini, Matera, & Antonelli, 2012). In
the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was .80.
2.1.2.5. Self-esteem. The Italian version (Prezza, Trombaccia, &
Armento, 1997) of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES;
Rosenberg, 1965) was used. The SES is a 10-item scale measuring
global feelings of self-worth or self-acceptance. Items were rated
on a four-point scale (1 = strongly disagree; 4 = strongly agree) with
higher scores reflecting greater self-esteem. Previous work with the
Italian version of the SES has demonstrated good construct valid-
ity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency with men and
women (Prezza et al., 1997). In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha
was .83.
2.1.2.6. Feedback on physical appearance. The Italian version
(Nerini & Massai, 2010) of the Feedback On Physical Appearance
Scale-Female (Tantleff-Dunn, Thompson, & Dunn, 1995) is an 8-
item self-report instrument assessing comments or behaviors from
family that could be interpreted as negative feedback on one’s
weight or other aspects of physical appearance (e.g., “Some of your
relatives watched closely what you ate”). Responses range from 1
 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58 51

Table 1
Demographic Characteristics for all Samples.

Study 1 Study 1 Study 1 Study 2 Study 2 Study 2

Women Women Women Men Men Men
N = 732 n = 335 n = 70 N = 364 n = 110 n = 28
CFA sample Convergent validity Test-retest CFA sample Convergent validity Test-retest
subsample subsample subsample subsample

Educational level
Lower secondary school 4.5% 3% 1.4% 4.7% 8.2% –
Secondary school 74.2% 75.8% 87.1% 67.3% 58.2% 75%
Undergraduate degree 10.8% 10.4% – 15.7% 16.4% 25%
Graduate degree 8.6% 8.1% 11.4% 11.0% 15.5% –
Other qualification 1.8% 2.7% – 1.4% 1.8% –

Marital status
Married 14.9% 13.1% 20.0% 14.4% 25.5% –
Not married 83.6% 85.1% 78.6% 82.0% 68.2% 100%
Separate/Divorced/Other 1.5% 1.8% 1.4% 3.6% 6.4% –

(never) to 5 (always). Higher scores indicate higher perceived pres-
sures from one’s family. Scores on the Italian version of the FOPAS-F
have demonstrated good internal consistency among women and
men (Matera, Nerini, Marconi, & Stefanile, 2015; Matera, Nerini, Di
Gesto, Policardo, & Stefanile, 2019; Nerini & Massai, 2010). In the
present study, Cronbach’s alpha was.78.
2.1.2.7. Peer appearance attribution. The Italian version (Stefanile,
Pisani, Matera, & Guiderdoni, 2010) of the Peer Attribution Scale
(PAS), developed by Lieberman (see Shroff, 2004), was used to
measure to what extent people feel that peers give importance
to appearance for popularity. This is a 4-item scale ranging from
1 (false) to 6 (true) (e.g., “My friends would like me more if I lost
weight”). Higher scores indicate higher peer appearance attribu-
tion. This scale has been found to be unidimensional, with evidence
of good reliability among both women and men (Matera et al.,
2018; Nerini, Matera, & Stefanile, 2017; Stefanile et al., 2010). In
the present study, Cronbach’s ␣ was .87.
2.1.2.8. Body mass index. Participants reported their heights and
weights, which were used to calculate BMI (kg/m2 ).
2.1.3. Procedure
The English version of the SATAQ-4R-Female was translated
following widely accepted guidelines (Brislin, 1986). A native Ital-
ian speaker translated the SATAQ-4R-Female and Male items from
English into Italian. It was then independently back translated into
English to ensure accuracy by another native Italian speaker who
was not affiliated with the study. The back-translated English ver-
sion and the original version were carefully compared in order to
arrive at a final Italian version (see Appendix A), which could be
considered as clear, accurate and able to capture the meaning of
the original scale.
Participants were asked to take part in a study on body image
and completed a paper-pencil version of the scales in the pres-
ence of a researcher, and in the same place where they were
recruited. Participants for the CFA and internal consistency analyses
(n = 732) completed only the SATAQ-4R-Female, and were recruited
from public places such as libraries, leisure centers, universities,
and study rooms. Participants for the analysis of both conver-
gent validity and test-retest reliability were recruited exclusively
from university settings to facilitate greater recruitment and reten-
tion. Although all 732 women completed the SATAQ-4R-Female, a
smaller subset sample (n = 335) was asked to complete a longer
questionnaire containing six additional measures, which were uti-
lized to assess the scale’s convergent validity. These participants
were recruited from university classes and study rooms. Another
subset sample (n = 70), drawn from the total sample, was used for
the test-retest reliability analyses. Given that the analysis of test-
retest reliability involved completing a single questionnaire at two
different time-points four weeks apart, we decided to recruit stu-
dents who attended small university courses, who were more likely
to be present at retest, for this task. Consequently, a smaller number
of participants was obtained for this kind of analysis. Participa-
tion was voluntary and no incentives were offered to respondents.
Participants were informed that all data were held confidential
and their responses were recorded anonymously. They provided
informed consent prior to completing study questionnaires. Study
procedures were approved by the Ethical Committee of the Univer-
sity of Florence.
2.1.4. Data analyses
Item distributions were first examined to identify items with
excessive skew (> 2) and/or kurtosis (> 7; West, Finch, &
Curran, 1995) values. CFA was implemented through LISREL 8.80
(Jöreskog & Sörbom, 2006). Starting from a matrix of polychoric
correlations (Holgado-Tello, Chacón-Moscoso, Barbero-García, &
Vila-Abad, 2010; Jöreskog, 1994), the Robust Diagonally Weighted
Least Squares were estimated. Model fit was evaluated using the
Satorra-Bentler Scaled Chi-Square (S–B ␹ 2 ), and several absolute,
comparative and parsimonious fit indices: the Root Mean Square
Error of Approximation (RMSEA), the Standardized Root Mean
Square Residual (SRMR), the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and the
Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI). The Akaike Information Criterion
(AIC) was used to compare nested models. According to the criteria
suggested by Schermelleh-Engel, Moosbrugger, and Müller (2003)),
CFI and NNFI values between .95 and .97 suggest an acceptable
model fit, while values greater than .97 indicate a good model fit. An
RMSEA value between .05 and .08 suggests an acceptable fit, while
an RMSEA value lower than .05 suggests a good fit. With respect to
SRMR, well-fitting models obtain values lower than .05; however,
values below .10 are deemed acceptable. With respect to the AIC,
the model that produces the lowest value is superior. Cronbach’s
alpha was used to determine the internal consistency reliabil-
ity of the SATAQ-4R-Female subscales. Given the large range of
participants’ age, bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients among
this variable and SATAQ-4R subscales were examined. Convergent
validity was assessed via bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients
between SATAQ-4R-Female subscales and measures of body dissat-
isfaction, eating disorder symptomatology, drive for muscularity,
self-esteem, family, and peer influences. A correlation between .10
and .30 was considered small, between .30 and .50 was medium,
and above .50 was considered large (Cohen, 1988). Pearson’s r was
used to establish evidence of test-retest reliability. Correlations of
.70 or higher indicate good test-retest reliability, while correla-
tions between .60 and .70 indicate acceptable reliability (Crocker &
Algina, 2008).
52 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58

Table 2
Italian SATAQ-4R Factor Loadings and Internal Consistency (Study 1, N = 732; Study 2, N = 364).

Internalization Pressures

Thin/Low Body Muscular General Family Peers Significant Media

Fat attractiveness Others

Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men

Item 1 .88 .89

Item 2 .81 .68
Item 3 .87 .88
Item 4 .88 .86
Item 5 .91 .81
Item 6 .88 .93
Item 7 .70 .89
Item 8 .93 .77
Item 9 -.69 .75
Item 10 -.62 .78
Item 11 .76 .71
Item 12 .73 .93
Item 13 .58 .82
Item 14 -.66 .92
Item 15 .79 .93
Item 16 .93 .96
Item 17 .88 .83
Item 18 .92 .86
Item 19 .66 .88
Item 20 .90 .79
Item 21 .91 .93
Item 22 .88 .89
Item 23 .87 .95
Item 24 .86 .90
Item 25 .91 .98
Item 26 .90 .91
Item 27 .85 .95
Item 28 .96 .92
Item 29 .96
Item 30 .84
Item 31 .82

Cronbach’s alpha .83 .80 .88 .90 .82 .88 .85 .84 .88 .92 .90 .91 .95 .97

Note. Robust Maximum Likelihood method of estimation.

2.2. Results Table 3

Means and Standard Deviations of the Italian SATAQ-4R Subscales (Study 1, N = 732;
Study 2, N = 364).
2.2.1. Factor structure and reliability
Descriptive statistics were computed for all of the SATAQ-4R- Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Women Men
Female items. For Item 23, skew was higher than 2, while kurtosis
for all items was lower than 7 (West et al., 1995). Given that the Thin/Low Body Fat 2.92 (0.01) 2.16 (1.02)
assumption of multivariate normality was not met for one of the Internalization Muscular 2.22 (0.88) 2.66 (1.03)
General attractiveness 3.82 (0.73) 3.37 (1.14)
items, CFA was conducted using the Robust Maximum Likelihood
Family 1.91 (0.94) 1.68 (0.79)
method of estimation along with the Satorra-Bentler Scaled Chi- Peers 1.64 (0.85) 1.91 (0.98)
Pressures
Square, which corrects for non-normality. Significant Others 1.84 (0.97) 1.87 (0.93)
The six-factor model had a poor fit to the data. The S–B ␹ 2 was Media 3.08 (1.33) 2.14 (1.24)
significant (3217.65, p < .001), the CFI (.93) and the NNFI (.92) were
not within the standard recommended range. The RMSEA (.10) and
were positive and significant. Age showed only small correlations
the SRMR (.13) suggested a poor fit. The AIC was 3371.65. The seven-
with the scores that women obtained on the seven subscales of the
factor model had a good fit to the data. The S–B ␹ 2 was significant
SATAQ-4R (rs ranged from -.05 to -.20).
(1590.47, p < .001), but the CFI (.97) and the NNFI (.97) were within
the standard recommended range, suggesting a good fit. The RMSEA
2.2.2. Convergent validity
(.06) and the SRMR (.05) indicated an acceptable fit. The AIC was
Table 5 summarizes the correlations between SATAQ-4R-
1191.28. The seven-factor model provided the best fit according to
Female subscales and convergent measures (i.e., EDE-Q, BSQ-14,
both absolute and comparative fit indices. Moreover, it had the low-
RSES, DMS, FOPAS-F, PAS). The Pressures subscales, as well as
est AIC value, which suggests it was more parsimonious than the
the Thin/Low Body Fat and General Attractiveness Internaliza-
six-factor model, and it was the model that most plausibly gener-
tion subscales, demonstrated small to large positive associations
ated the data. Factor loadings for the seven subscales are presented
with eating disorder symptomatology and body dissatisfaction. As
in Table 2. Each item loaded strongly onto its intended subscale. All
predicted, these SATAQ-4R-Female subscales exhibited small to
of the primary loadings were greater than .30, ranging from .58 to
medium negative associations with global self-esteem. The Inter-
.96. The internal consistency of the seven subscales was good, rang-
nalization: Muscular subscale exhibited large positive associations
ing from .82 to .95 (see Table 2). Means and intercorrelations among
with drive for muscularity, but was not significantly associated
the subscales are presented respectively in Tables 3 and 4. Gener-
with eating disorder symptomatology, body dissatisfaction, or self-
ally, the intercorrelations between the SATAQ-4R-Female subscales
esteem. As predicted, the SATAQ-4R-Female Family, Peers, and
 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58 53

Table 4
Intercorrelations Among the Italian SATAQ-4R Subscales (Study 1, N = 732; Study 2, N = 364).

Pressures Internalization

Thin/Low Body Fat Muscular General attractiveness PeersFamily Significant Others Media

Thin/Low Body Fat – .43*** .27*** .36***.45*** .43*** .35***

Internalization Muscular .17*** – .44*** .53***.39*** .46*** .36***
General attractiveness .55*** .20*** – .24***.20*** .25*** .26***
Family .12** .05 .06 .52***– .64*** .37***
Peers .21*** .13*** .10** – .55*** .71*** .46***
Pressures
Significant Others .19*** .13*** .12** .66***.62*** – .41***
Media .38*** .05 .33*** .36***.23*** .28*** –

Note. Women are below the diagonal, men are above the diagonal.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

Table 5
Correlations Between the Italian SATAQ-4R Subscales and Convergent Measures (Study 1, n = 335; Study 2, n = 110).

Internalization Pressures

Thin/Low Body Fat Muscular General attractiveness Family Peers Significant Others Media

Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men

EDE-Q .55*** .65*** .04 .50*** .39*** .44*** .23*** .55*** .30*** .36*** .31*** .52*** .38*** .65***
BSQ-14 .60*** – .08 – .41*** – .23*** – .32*** – .30*** – .40*** –
MBAS – .59*** – .44*** – .35*** – .51*** – .40*** – .51*** – .51***
RSES -.32*** -.37*** .02 -.28** -.19** -.14 -.11* -.32** -.24*** -.30** -.16** -.39*** -.19** -.27**
PAS .34*** .52*** .08 .42*** .23*** .32** .38*** .52*** .45*** .42*** .41*** .55*** .28*** .55***
FOPAS-F .25*** .57*** .11* .33*** .14* .27** .61*** .62*** .44*** .37*** .47*** .51*** .28*** .38***
DMS .12* .41*** .50*** .76*** .07 .45*** .04 .30** .04 .62*** .08 .54*** .03 .46***

Note. EDE-Q = Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire; BSQ-14 = Body Shape Questionnaire-14; MBAS = Male Body Attitudes Scale; RSES = Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale;
PAS = Peer Attribution Scale; FOPAS-F = Feedback on Physical Appearance Scale-Family; DMS = Drive for Muscularity Scale.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

Significant Others Pressures subscales presented medium to large 3. Study 2

positive associations with measures of family and peer influence.
2.2.3. Test-retest reliability
Test-retest reliability for each subscale was quite good, with
r values ranging from .68 to .88 (Internalization: Thin/Low Body
Fat = .84; Internalization: Muscular = .73; Internalization: General
Attractiveness = .88; Pressures: Family = .86; Pressures: Peers = .70;
Pressures: Significant Others = .74; and Pressures: Media = .68).
2.3. Discussion
The present study provides evidence for the validity and relia-
bility of the Italian version of the SATAQ-4R-Female among Italian
women. The original seven-factor structure identified among
college women from the United States (Schaefer et al., 2017)
was confirmed. Each of the original subscales cleanly replicated
and showed good internal consistency and acceptable test-retest
reliability. Results also support the convergent validity of the
SATAQ-4R-Female among Italian women. Each Pressures sub-
scale, the Thin/Low Body Fat, and the General Attractiveness
Internalization subscales were significantly associated with body
dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and disordered eating symptomatol-
ogy. These findings are consistent with theory suggesting that
thinness pressures and internalization of the thin ideal contribute
to negative eating and body image outcomes (Thompson et al.,
1999). In contrast, the Internalization: Muscular subscale was
highly related to drive for muscularity but was not associated with
disordered eating or body image. This finding is consistent with pre-
vious work indicating that the muscular ideal is more relevant to
negative eating outcomes for boys and men than girls and women
(Cafri et al., 2005). Family, Peers, and Significant Others Pressures
subscales demonstrated moderate to large positive associations
with measures of general family and peer influence, supporting the
convergent validity of these scales.
While body dissatisfaction appears to be more prevalent among
women, Italian men pay great attention to the body (Ruspini, 2007),
desire a more muscular body than the average male body shape
(Gilli & Ruspini, 2014; Zelli et al., 2010), and are particularly con-
cerned with the care of their appearance (Capellani et al., 2014). To
help facilitate further research related to the influence of sociocul-
tural factors on Italian men’s eating and body image, the aim of the
present study was to translate and validate an Italian version of the
SATAQ-4R-Male. A CFA was performed to evaluate the factor struc-
ture of the Italian version among men, and internal consistency and
test-retest reliability of the scale were examined. Exploratory factor
analysis on the English male version revealed a seven-factor struc-
ture. The structure of the English male version was examined with
college men, while no studies analysed it with male adolescents.
However, as the SATAQ-4R-Female demonstrated two different
factor structures among differently aged women, we decided to
examine the fit of both the six- and the seven-factor model also for
men. Convergent validity was examined in relation to body dissat-
isfaction, eating disorder symptomatology, drive for muscularity,
self-esteem, family, and peer influences. Consistent with previous
work examining the SATAQ-4R-Male among a sample of college
men in the United States (Schaefer et al., 2017), the Pressures sub-
scales and the Internalization: Thin/Low Body Fat subscale were
expected to demonstrated small to medium positive associations
with eating disorder symptomatology and body dissatisfaction, and
a medium negative association with self-esteem. The Internaliza-
tion: General Attractiveness subscale was expected to exhibit a
small positive association with eating disorder symptomatology.
The Internalization: Muscular subscale was expected to exhibit a
large positive association with drive for muscularity, but small pos-
itive association with eating disorder symptomatology, and a small
negative association with self-esteem. The SATAQ-4R Family, Peers
and Significant Others Pressures subscales were expected to exhibit
54 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58
medium to large positive associations with measures of family and
peer influence.
3.1. Method
3.1.1. Participants
Participants were 364 Italian men aged between 18 and 72
(77.5% of men aged from 18 to 30 years, consistent with the orig-
inal United States. validation sample). All participants had Italian
nationality and were born in Italy (age M = 27.26, SD = 8.94; BMI
M = 24.45, SD = 4.06). All participants were utilized for the CFA.
Convergent validity analyses were conducted using a subset of
110 participants (drawn from the larger sample) who completed
the convergent measures (age M = 34.43, SD = 11.70; BMI M = 27.06,
SD = 5.22). This sample size conferred adequate power to detect
small to moderate effects (Hulley et al., 2013). The test-retest reli-
ability of the SATAQ-4R-Male was examined among a subset of
28 participants (age M = 23.29, SD = 4.62; BMI M = 22.57, SD = 2.50),
drawn from the larger sample, who completed the questionnaire
on two occasions four weeks apart. This sample size conferred
adequate power to detect a large effect (Hulley et al., 2013). Socio-
demographic information for each of the samples is displayed in
Table 1.
3.1.2. Measures
Participants completed the Italian version of the SATAQ-4R-
Male (see Appendix B), which is composed of 28 items rated on
a 5-point Likert scale with response options ranging from 1 (def-
initely disagree) to 5 (definitely agree). The translation steps were
the same that we followed for the SATAQ-4R-Female; the transla-
tors for the male and female versions of the scale were the same
individuals. Similar to Study 1, participants completed the SATAQ-
4R-Male as well as the Italian versions of the EDE-Q (␣ = .94), DMS
(␣ = .91), RSES (␣ = .82), FOPAS-F (␣ = .84), and PAS (␣ = .92). Stud-
ies examining the reliability and validity for the Italian versions of
these scales are discussed in Study 1.
Additionally, participants completed the Male Body Attitudes
Scale (MBAS). Male body dissatisfaction was assessed through the
Italian version (Stefanile, Nerini, & Matera, 2016) of the MBAS
(Tylka, Bergeron, & Schwartz, 2005). The MBAS is composed of 24
items (e.g., “I think my arms should be more muscular”) rated along
a 6-point scale (1 = never, 6 = always). Higher scores reflect more
negative body attitudes. Previous work using the Italian version of
the MBAS (Stefanile et al., 2016) confirmed the same 3-factor struc-
ture of the English version and good reliability for the scale’s scores.
Cronbach’s alpha in the current study was good (␣ = .86).
3.1.3. Procedure and data analyses
The procedure for data-collection and analysis in Study 2 was
identical to the procedures described in Study 1.
3.2. Results
3.2.1. Factor structure and reliability
Three of the SATAQ-4R-Male items (Items 9, 12, and 13) exhib-
ited skew was higher than 2, while kurtosis values for all items were
lower than 7 (West et al., 1995). Given that the assumption of mul-
tivariate normality was not met for some items, CFA was conducted
using the Robust Maximum Likelihood method of estimation along
with the Satorra-Bentler Scaled Chi-Square, which corrects for non-
normality. The six-factor model had a good fit to the data. Although
the S–B ␹ 2 was significant (1205.65, p < .001), the CFI (.97) and the
NNFI (.97) were within the standard recommended range, show-
ing a good fit. The RMSEA (.09) and the SRMR (.06) suggested an
acceptable fit. The AIC was 1347.65. The seven-factor model had a
good fit to the data. The S–B ␹ 2 was significant also for this model
(1016.16, p < .001), but the CFI (.98) and the NNFI (.97) were within
the standard recommended range, suggesting a good fit; the RMSEA
(.08) and the SRMR (.06) suggested an acceptable fit. The AIC was
1170.16. If we compare the fit indices of the two models, we can
observe that the seven-factor model provided a slightly better fit
according to both absolute and comparative fit indices. Moreover, it
had the lowest AIC value, which suggests it was more parsimonious
than the other, and it was the model that most plausibly generated
the data. Factor loadings for the seven subscales are presented in
Table 2. All items loaded strongly onto their intended subscale. All
primary loadings were greater than .30, ranging from .71 to .98.
The internal consistency of the seven subscales was good, with
Cronbach’s alpha ranging from .80 to .97 (see Table 2). Means and
intercorrelations among the subscales are presented respectively
in Tables 3 and 4. All associations were significant and positive.
Age showed only small correlations with the scores men obtained
on the seven subscales of the SATAQ-4R (r ranged from .01 to -.16).
3.2.2. Convergent validity
The correlations between the SATAQ-4R-Male subscales and
body dissatisfaction (BSQ-14), drive for muscularity (DMS), eat-
ing disorder symptomatology (EDE-Q), self-esteem (RSES), family
influence (FOPAS-F), and peer attributions (PAS) are presented
in Table 5. The Pressures subscales and the Internalization:
Thin/Low Body Fat subscale demonstrated medium to large positive
associations with eating disorder symptomatology and body dissat-
isfaction, and small to medium negative associations with global
self-esteem. The Internalization: General Attractiveness subscale
exhibited medium positive associations with eating disorder symp-
tomatology and body dissatisfaction. The Internalization: Muscular
subscale exhibited large positive associations with drive for mus-
cularity and with eating disorder symptomatology, and a small
negative association with self-esteem. The SATAQ-4R-Male Family,
Peers and Significant Others Pressures subscales exhibited medium
to large positive associations with measures of family and peer
influence.
3.2.3. Test-retest reliability
Test-retest reliability for the seven subscales was acceptable,
with values ranging from .60 to .86 (Internalization: Thin/Low Body
Fat = .76; Internalization: Muscular = .77; Internalization: General
Attractiveness = .60; Pressures: Family = .76; Pressures: Peers = .67;
Pressures: Significant Others = .60; and Pressures: Media = .86).
3.3. Discussion
The present study provides evidence for the validity and relia-
bility of the Italian versions of the SATAQ-4R-Male among Italian
men. The original seven-factor structure identified among college
men from the United States (Schaefer et al., 2017) was confirmed.
Each of the original subscales cleanly replicated and demonstrated
good internal consistency and acceptable test-retest reliability.
Results also support the convergent validity of the SATAQ-4R-Male
among Italian men. Each Pressures subscale and the Internaliza-
tion: Thin/Low Body Fat subscale was significantly associated with
body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, disordered eating symptoma-
tology, and drive for muscularity. In contrast to results obtained
within the female sample, the Internalization: Muscular subscale
was highly related to each of the unhealthy outcomes assessed. This
finding suggests that Italian men who aspire to muscular aesthetic
ideals are more likely to experience decreased self-esteem, higher
levels body dissatisfaction and eating symptomatology, as well as
and greater engagement in behaviors aimed at increasing muscu-
larity. While the Internalization: General Attractiveness subscale
was associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating
among males, it did not correlate with self-esteem in the male sam-
 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58 55

ple. These results suggest that Italian men’s self-esteem might be
more linked to specific features of appearance, such as thinness and
muscularity, rather than to a general idea of attractiveness, which
can be a more abstract and general concept.
4. General discussion
The current set of studies examined the psychometric properties
of the Italian versions of the SATAQ-4R-Male and SATAQ-4R-
Female. Results indicate that these measures provide a valid
and reliable assessment of appearance-ideal internalization and
appearance pressures among Italian men and women. The original
seven-factor structure identified among college men and women
from the United States (Schaefer et al., 2017) was confirmed in the
current samples of Italian community men and women. Each of
the original subscales cleanly replicated and showed good inter-
nal consistency and acceptable test-retest reliability. Notably, some
scales presented lower test-retest reliability among men, which
suggests that men’s sociocultural attitudes towards appearance
might be more variable than the ones of women, for whom beauty
ideals are more likely to be consolidated and socially shared. Over-
all, these results support the distinctiveness of thin, muscular,
and general appearance-ideal internalization among Italian adults.
Moreover, results support the presence of distinct sources of per-
ceived appearance pressures in Italian culture. Notably, Italian
men and women considered significant others to be distinct from
peers and family members, in contrast to findings from Turkish
women (Cihan et al., 2016). These findings are consistent with
a growing body of research using Italian samples which sug-
gests that significant others (such as one’s romantic partner) are
relevant additional sources of appearance-related pressures for
both women and men (i.e., Policardo, Matera, Nerini, & Stefanile,
2018). Results also support the convergent validity of the SATAQ-
4R-Male and SATAQ-4R-Female among Italian men and women.
Overall, these findings confirm the association between sociocul-
tural influences and unhealthy outcomes, such as dissatisfaction
with one’s body (Blond, 2008; Galioto, Karazsia, & Crowther, 2012;
Grammas & Schwartz, 2009; Keery, van den Berg, & Thompson,
2004; Knauss et al., 2007; Shroff & Thompson, 2006; Stice & Shaw,
2002; Thompson & Stice, 2001; Thompson et al., 2004; Tylka,
2011), eating pathology (Thompson et al., 1999; Tylka, 2011),
and decreased self-esteem (Paxton et al., 2006; Tiggemann, 2005)
among Italian men and women.
Some limitations of this study should be acknowledged. First,
in the current study, the psychometric properties of the scale were
examined among adults, but not among adolescents. Given that
the SATAQ-4R-Female demonstrated a slightly different factor-
structure among adolescent girls compared to college women in
the United States, additional psychometric testing of the Italian
versions of the scales among younger Italians is recommended.
Similarly, the scale may evidence a different structure or psycho-
metric properties among older Italians. While age demonstrated
only small, often nonsignificant associations with SATAQ-4R sub-
scales in the current sample, further work may seek to evaluate
the psychometric properties of the scale using larger samples
of older adults. Second, the current study is unable to assess
the degree to which other important demographic variables may
influence the psychometric properties of the scale and its associ-
ation with relevant constructs. For example, although the impact
of appearance-ideal internalization and appearance pressures on
body image and disordered eating may vary by sexual orientation
(Cella, Iannaccone, & Cotrufo, 2013; Cohen & Tannenbaum, 2001;
Hazzard et al., 2019; Nerini, Matera, & Stefanile, 2018; Yean et al.,
2013), the current study is unable examine the impact of sexual
orientation on the scale structure or associations with convergent
measures. Third, the SATAQ-4R assesses the influence of significant
others as a whole (i.e., romantic partners, teachers, coaches) and is
unable to examine the specific impact that more narrowly defined
groups may have on body image and disordered eating (Francisco,
Narciso, & Alarcão, 2012; Markey & Markey, 2014; Nerini, Matera &
Stefanile, 2016; Policardo et al., 2018; Schaefer & Blodgett Salafia,
2014). Finally, the decision to recruit participants from university
classes led to obtain very small samples for the analysis of the
test-retest reliability, especially for men; therefore, future studies
should seek to evaluate the stability of scale scores within larger
samples.
In sum, internalization of appearance ideals and appearance-
related pressures are strongly implicated in the development of
negative body image and disordered eating. Further, as evidence
suggests high rates of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating
among Italian men and women (Carta et al., 2014; Ministero della
Salute, 2017; Pirani & Matera, 2018), continued examination of
sociocultural influences among Italians is needed. The current set
of studies supports the psychometric properties of commonly used
measures of appearance-ideal internalization and appearance pres-
sures, the SATAQ-4R-Male and SATAQ-4R-Female, in Italian men
and women. Thus, this research contributes to a growing body of
work examining risk and maintenance factors among Italians and
provides an important tool for pursing further sociocultural risk
factor work in this population.
Appendix A
SATAQ 4R- Female version
Legga adesso attentamente ognuna delle seguenti affermazioni
e indichi con una crocetta il Suo grado di accordo o disaccordo con
ciascuna di esse. Nel rispondere pensi al Suo aspetto e a come si
sente riguardo al modo in cui appare. Le affermazioni che seguono
riguardano elementi diversi del Suo aspetto, inclusi peso, forma,
muscoli, grasso corporeo e aspetto globale.
molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

01. Per me è importante apparire muscolosa 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5

02. Per me è importante avere un bell’aspetto con gli abiti che indosso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
03. Voglio che il mio corpo sembri molto magro 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
04. Penso molto a sembrare muscolosa 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
05. Penso molto al mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
06. Penso molto a sembrare magra 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
07. Voglio essere bella 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
08. Voglio che il mio corpo sembri muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
09. Non penso molto al mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
10. Non voglio che il mio corpo sembri muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
11. Voglio che il mio corpo sembri molto snello 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
12. Per me è importante essere attraente 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
13. Penso molto ad avere poco grasso corporeo 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
14. Non penso molto a come appaio 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
15. Vorrei avere un corpo che sembri molto muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
La preghiamo di rispondere alle seguenti domande attinenti alla Sua famiglia (inclusi genitori, fratelli, sorelle, parenti).
56 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58

molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

16. Sento le pressioni dei membri della mia famiglia a sembrare più magra 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
17. Sento le pressioni dei membri della mia famiglia a migliorare il mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
18. I membri della mia famiglia mi incoraggiano a diminuire la quantità di grasso del mio corpo 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
19. I membri della mia famiglia mi incoraggiano ad essere in gran forma 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
Risponda alle seguenti domande attinenti ai Suoi coetanei (inclusi amici, colleghi di corso o di lavoro, altre persone della Sua età).
molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

20. I miei coetanei mi incoraggiano ad essere più magra 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5

21. Sento le pressioni dei miei coetanei a migliorare il mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
22. Sento le pressioni dei miei coetanei a sembrare in gran forma 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
23. Ricevo pressioni da parte dei miei coetanei a diminuire la quantità di grasso del mio corpo 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
Risponda alle seguenti domande attinenti alle persone significative nella Sua vita (inclusi il partner, insegnanti, allenatore, altre persone
particolarmente importanti per Lei).
molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

24. Persone significative per me mi incoraggiano ad essere più magra 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5

25. Sento le pressioni di persone significative a migliorare il mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
26. Sento le pressioni di persone significative a sembrare in gran forma 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
27. Ricevo pressioni da parte di persone significative a diminuire la quantità di grasso del mio corpo 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
Risponda alle seguenti domande attinenti ai media (inclusi TV, riviste, internet, film, tabelloni e avvisi pubblicitari).
molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

28. Sento le pressioni dei media ad apparire in gran forma 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5

29. Sento le pressioni dei media a sembrare più magra 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
30. Sento le pressioni dei media a migliorare il mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
31. Sento le pressioni dei media a diminuire la quantità di grasso del mio corpo 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5

Appendix B

SATAQ 4-R Male version

Legga adesso attentamente ognuna delle seguenti affermazioni e indichi con una crocetta il Suo grado di accordo o disaccordo con
ciascuna di esse. Nel rispondere pensi al Suo aspetto e a come si sente riguardo al modo in cui appare. Le affermazioni che seguono
riguardano elementi diversi del Suo aspetto, inclusi peso, forma, muscoli, grasso corporeo e aspetto globale.
molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

01. Per me è importante apparire muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5

02. Voglio che il mio corpo sembri molto magro 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
03. Penso molto a sembrare muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
04. Penso molto a sembrare magro 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
05. Voglio che il mio corpo sembri muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
06. Non penso davvero molto al mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
07. Non penso molto a come appaio 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
08. Vorrei avere un corpo che sembri molto muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
La preghiamo di rispondere alle seguenti domande attinenti alla Sua famiglia (inclusi genitori, fratelli, sorelle, parenti).
molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

09. Sento le pressioni dei membri della mia famiglia a sembrare più magro 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
10. Sento le pressioni dei membri della mia famiglia a migliorare il mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
11. I membri della mia famiglia mi incoraggiano ad essere in gran forma 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
12. Sento le pressioni dei membri della mia famiglia ad essere più muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
13. I membri della mia famiglia mi incoraggiano ad aumentare la dimensione o la definizione dei miei muscoli 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
Risponda alle seguenti domande attinenti ai Suoi coetanei (inclusi amici, colleghi di corso o di lavoro, altre persone della Sua età).
molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

14. Sento le pressioni dei miei coetanei a migliorare il mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5

15. Sento le pressioni dei miei coetanei a sembrare in gran forma 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
16. Sento le pressioni da parte dei miei coetanei ad essere più muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
17. I miei coetanei mi incoraggiano ad aumentare la dimensione o la definizione dei miei muscoli 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
Risponda alle seguenti domande attinenti alle persone significative nella Sua vita (inclusi il partner, insegnanti, allenatore, altre persone
particolarmente importanti per Lei).
molto in disaccordo molto d’accordo

18. Sento le pressioni di persone significative a migliorare il mio aspetto 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5

19. Sento le pressioni di persone significative a sembrare in gran forma 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
20. Ricevo pressioni da parte di persone significative a diminuire la quantità di grasso del mio corpo 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
21. Ricevo pressioni da parte di persone significative ad essere più muscoloso 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
22. Sento le pressioni di persone significative ad aumentare la dimensione o la definizione dei miei muscoli 䊐1 䊐2 䊐3 䊐4 䊐5
Risponda alle seguenti domande attinenti ai media (inclusi TV, riviste, internet, film, tabelloni e avvisi pubblicitari).
 C. Stefanile et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 48–58
23. Sento le pressioni dei media ad apparire in gran forma
24. Sento le pressioni dei media a sembrare più magro
25. Sento le pressioni dei media a migliorare il mio aspetto
26. Sento le pressioni dei media a diminuire la quantità di grasso del mio corpo
27. Sento le pressioni dei media ad essere più muscoloso
28. Sento le pressioni dei media ad aumentare la dimensione o la definizione dei miei muscoli
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest con-
cerning this article.
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