TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC

Pythagorean FUNCTIONS
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 1
𝑑
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑
2. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
Reciprocal 3. (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥
1. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 4.
𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 5.
1 𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑑
(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 6.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Even-odd 7. (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
1. sin(−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 8. (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. cos(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑
3. tan(−𝑥) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 9. (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
10. (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Product to Sum 𝑑
1 11. (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos (𝑥 + 𝑦)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2.
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) + cos (𝑥 + 𝑦)] 12. (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin (𝑥 − 𝑦)]
1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) − sin (𝑥 − 𝑦)]

Sum to Product
𝑥±𝑦 𝑥∓𝑦
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

Double-angle
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 1
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = 2
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃

Sum and Difference

1. sin(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
2. cos(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ± 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
3. tan(𝑥 ± 𝑦) =
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
4.
Half-angle
𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1. sin ( ) = ±√
2 2
𝑥 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2. cos ( ) = ±√
2 2
𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3. tan ( ) =
2 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑥
BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS 2. ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 0𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
2. ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑢
= 2x
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫[𝑓 (𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 1
∫(𝑥 2 + 1)2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1 2
5. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶, where n ≠ -1
𝑛+1 Multiply x by 2 to satisfy du, and
multiply 1/2 to balance the equation
BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS 1 1 𝑢3 𝑢3
INVOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = ∙ +𝐶 = +𝐶
2 2 3 6
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS (𝑥 2 + 1)3
1 2 2
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝐶 ∫(𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
6
2. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥 INTEGRALS OF POWERS OF SECANT
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝐶, where a > 0, a ≠ 1
AND TANGENT
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
FUNCTIONS
1. If n is even, split off a factor of sec2 x
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶 2. If m is odd, split off a factor of
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 secxtanx
3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 | + 𝐶 3. If m is even and n is odd, use relevant
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 | + 𝐶 identities to reduce the integral to
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 | + 𝐶 powers of sec x alone
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 | + 𝐶
7. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶 Relevant Identities:
8. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 1. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1
9. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶 2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 − 1
10. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶
INTEGRALS OF POWERS OF SINE
U-SUBSTITUTION AND COSINE
1. ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑢 1. If n is odd, split off a factor of cos x
= 2x 2. If m is odd, split off a factor of sin x
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢3 Relevant Identities:
2
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
3
(𝑥 2 + 1)3 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
∫(𝑥 2 + 1)2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
3
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION 1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8𝑥+1
1. ∫ 4𝑥−3 (x is algebraic and sin x is
√
trigonometric, therefore, use x for u as
Let 𝑧 = √4𝑥 − 3 algebraic functions are more
(express in terms of x) prioritized than trigonometric
𝑧 2 = 4𝑥 − 3 functions.)
𝑧2 + 3 𝑢=𝑥
𝑥=
4 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
(derive both sides) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (dv is the remaining
1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 function of the integrand)
2 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (integrate
(substitute)
dv)
𝑧2 + 3
8( 4 )+1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2
1 = 𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ∫ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫(2𝑧 2 + 7) ∙ 𝑑𝑧
2
1 2 1 2𝑧 3 = −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑢
2
∫(2𝑧 + 7) 𝑑𝑧 = [ + 7𝑧] + 𝐶
2 3
𝑧 3 7𝑧 = −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
= + +𝐶
3 2
(√4𝑥−3)3 7(√4𝑥−3) INTEGRATION BY PARTS (TABULAR
= + +𝐶 METHOD)
3 2
3 1
(4𝑥 − 3)2 7(4𝑥 − 3)2 ∫(4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= + +𝐶
3 2 (identify the u and dv)
(differentiate u until 0, and integrate dv the
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
same number of times as u was
𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 differentiated)
Two General Rules:
1. The part selected dv must be readily 𝑢 𝑑𝑣
integrable. 𝑒 −𝑥
4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3
2. Integral of v du must not be more
complex than integral of u dv. 12𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 7 −𝑒 −𝑥

Priority in choosing u: 24𝑥 − 18 𝑒 −𝑥

1. Logarithmic 24 −𝑒 −𝑥
2. Inverse
3. Algebraic 0 𝑒 −𝑥
4. Trigonometric
5. Exponential
(multiply u to its corresponding dv according
to the arrows and alternate the signs of each
term starting with a positive)
=+(4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 7𝑥)(−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − (12𝑥 2 − Example 1
18𝑥 + 7)(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (24𝑥 − 18)(−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥2 √4+𝑥2 (use form 2)
24𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧 𝑥
𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧
=−𝑒 −𝑥 (4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 7𝑥) − 𝑒 −𝑥 (12𝑥 2 − 𝑥 opposite 𝑧
18𝑥 + 7)−𝑒 −𝑥 (24𝑥 − 18) − 24𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧 = adjacent
2 2
(To get dx, derive 𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧 both sides)
=−𝑒 −𝑥 (4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧
7 + 24𝑥 − 18 + 24) + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(We already have substitutions for dx and x2.
=−𝑒 −𝑥 (4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 16) + 𝐶 Our goal is to eliminate all the x and make the
equation an equation with the variable z.
BASIC INTEGRATION OF
What’s left in the equation is
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 2
√4 + 𝑥 . Use the triangle above while
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 + 𝐶 avoiding any expressions with the variable x.
3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 + 𝐶 Since x is the opposite angle, we can use
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 + 𝐶 cosine to avoid it, and since we are using
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 + 𝐶 tangent and secant on our previous equations,
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 + 𝐶 we can reciprocate cosine and make it
7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 + 𝐶 secant.)
8. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 | + 𝐶 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Other relevant equations:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑢 √4+𝑥 2
1. ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 arctan (𝑎 ) + 𝐶 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧 = 2 √4 + 𝑥 2 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 Equation Summary:
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 =
2 2 1. 𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧
2. 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC
SUBSTITUTION 3. √4 + 𝑥 2 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧
If the integrand has the following form: (substitute)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1. √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 ∫ 𝑥2 √4+𝑥2 = ∫ (2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧)2(2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧) = ∫ 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑧
2. √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧 𝑑𝑧 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
1
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑧
∫ = 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑧
3. √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑧 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑧
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑧
4. √𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑥 2 , 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑏 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 1
5. √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 2 , 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧 4
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 4
∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧)−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑎
6. √𝑏 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑧 Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1 1 𝑢 −1 1
4
∫(𝑢)−2 𝑑𝑢 = [ ] + 𝐶 = − + 𝐶
4 −1 4𝑢
Where: a and b are constants 1
− 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 𝐶 (use the triangle above for 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧)
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 =
√4+𝑥 2
1 1 √4+𝑥 2
− 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 𝐶 = − 𝑥 +𝐶 = − +𝐶
4( ) 4𝑥
√4+𝑥2